US3632455A - Ductile ultrahigh strength steel mainly consisting of quenched and tempered steel and a method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Ductile ultrahigh strength steel mainly consisting of quenched and tempered steel and a method of manufacturing the same Download PDF

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US3632455A
US3632455A US829644A US3632455DA US3632455A US 3632455 A US3632455 A US 3632455A US 829644 A US829644 A US 829644A US 3632455D A US3632455D A US 3632455DA US 3632455 A US3632455 A US 3632455A
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steel
tempered
thickness
quenched
single layer
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Hajime Nakamura
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IHI Corp
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IHI Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • B32B15/015—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
    • B23K20/227—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded with ferrous layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
    • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2251/00—Treating composite or clad material
    • C21D2251/02—Clad material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
    • Y10S428/924—Composite
    • Y10S428/926—Thickness of individual layer specified
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12632—Four or more distinct components with alternate recurrence of each type component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • Ductile ultrahigh strength steel composed of multiple layers formed by combining quenched and tempered steel plates with nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy plates whose modulus of elasticity is not higher than and whose percentage of elongation and rate of reduction of area are greater than those of the quenched and tempered steel and being characterized by extremely low difiusion of iron and carbon which are the principal components of the steel and the wetting phenomenon with the quenched and tempered steel, which steel product does not exhibit unstable fractures but retains suitable elongation and ductility and has a tensile strength of more than 180 kg./mm,.
  • SHEET 7 [IF 7 v ATTORNEYS DUCTILE ULTRAIIIGH STRENGTH STEEL MAINLY CONSISTING OF QUENCHED AND TEMPERED STEEL AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
  • the quenched and tempered steel in which the carbon which has been subjected to such heat treatments as quenching and tempering so as to obtain high strength plays a major role in quenching and tempering may fail to attain the expected maximum strength or may be broken under substantially lower stress than the maximum value of its strength when such quenched and tempered steel is subjected to tension, i.e., stretching or pulling action.
  • This invention relates to multilayer ultra-high-strength steel consisting of l) a nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy as unstable fracture arresting material which has a modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus) not higher than that of quenched and tempered steel and a greater percentage of elongation and reduction of area than that of quenched and tempered steel and which shows a minimum diffusion of iron and carbon which are the principal components of the steel and a wetting phenomenon against the quenched and tempered steel and of (2) quenched and tempered steel which may incur unstable fracture (the said quenched and tempered steel being carbon steel and alloy steel in which carbon plays a major part in the quenching and tempering processes).
  • This invention also relates to a method of manufacturing ultra-high-strength steel having high ductility and consisting mainly of quenched and tempered steel comprising the steps of combining and pressing together a nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy, as an unstable fracture arresting material, which has a modulus of elasticity not higher than that of the quenched and tempered steel and greater percentages of elongation and reduction of area than that of the quenched and tempered steel, and shows a minimum diffusion of iron and carbon which are the principal components of the steel and further a wetting phenomenon against the quenched and tempered steel, and such quenched and tempered steel as may incur unstable fracture in a ratio of thickness of 100 for the said steel to 2.5 to for said nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy in a solid state after heating the materials to temperatures higher than their respective recrystallization temperatures, applying such combinations of the two materials one on top of the other to thereby form a multilayer steel, processing such multilayer steel so that the thickness of the single layer of steel thereby formed amounts to
  • the quenched and tempered steels which are liable to unstable fracture although high strength can be obtained by such heat treatment as quenching and tempering include carbon steel and low-alloy steels consisting of such carbon steel containing in addition of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt or other alloy elements.
  • high-carbon steel containing 0.85 percent of carbon for the quenched and tempered steel as a typical example of such steels and pure nickel, pure copper, monel metal as a typical example of nickel-copper alloys, and their alloys for the unstable fracture arresting material. The results of the tests conducted on such materials will be described below.
  • the samples used for the test of mechanical properties in the following examples are a plate having a width at its parallel portion of 4 mm. a gauge length of 20 mm. and a thickness of 2 mm.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the tempering temperature, tensile strength and percentage of elongation with respect to high-carbon steel containing 0.85 percent of carbon as it is tempered at the various temperatures after quenching, said high-carbon steel being an object of this invention and well-known relatively inexpensive quenched and tempered steel having high strength.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the resulting single layer of steel (including the alloy layer), tensile strength and percentage of elongation of the multilayer steel according to this invention as it is tempered at various temperatures the said multilayer steel consisting of high-carbon steel plates containing 0.85 percent of car bon and of nickel plates as unstable fracture arresting material each of which is placed on top of each of the said high-carbon plates and pressed together at the ratio of parts of the high-carbon plates and 20 parts of the nickel plates.
  • FIG. 3 shows the results of the tensile test of the multilayer steel according to the present invention consisting of the steel plates and nickel plates laid on top of each other and pressed together in the same manner as described in FIG. 2 but at the ratio of 100 of the steel plates to 10 of the nickel plates.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are graphs showing the results of the similar tensile test of the multilayer steel according to the present invention consisting of the steel plates and the pure nickel plates combined and pressed together but this time at the ratio of 100 of the steel plates to 5.0 and 2.5 respectively of the nickel plates.
  • FIG. 6 indicates the results of the tensile test similar to those described in FIGS. 2 to 5 carried out on the multilayer steel of this invention which is in this case composed of 100 parts of the steel plate and 10 parts of the pure copper plate as an unstable fracture arresting material.
  • FIG. 7 shows the results of the tensile test of the multilayer steel according to the present invention which in this case consists of 100 parts of steel plates and 10 parts of monel metal plates as an unstable fracture arresting material which is a typical example of the copper-nickel alloys.
  • nickel was employed as the unstable fracture arresting material.
  • Nickel plates were combined with carbon steel plates in the ratios in the mean value of plate thickness of 100 of the steel plate to 2.5, 5, l0 and 20 respectively of the nickel plate.
  • Such materials were heated at temperatures higher than their respective recrystallization temperatures then combined in a solid state and pressed together thereby forming multilayers.
  • the multilayer samples thus formed were then rolled so that the thickness of the single layer of the steel could be in the range of 100 to 0.00] am.
  • the multilayer steel samples were then quenched at 800 C. and tempered at 100 C. or higher temperatures.
  • FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the thickness of the single layer of the steel, the tensile strength and percentage of elongation with respect to the samples of the multilayer steel consisting of carbon steel plates and nickel plates combined and pressed together in a manner described above at the ratio of 100 to 20 as they were tempered at 200 C., 250 C. and 300 C. respectively. All the samples which were tempered at temperatures lower than 150 C. showed unstable fracture and therefore were not included in the FIGURE. As is clear from the FIGURE, the sample with the thickness of the single steel layer of 100 pm. which was tempered at 250 C. showed a maximum tensile strength of 200 kgjmm. but incurred unstable fracture.
  • the sample having a thickness of the single layer of the steel of pm. which was tempered at 250 C. showed a maximum tensile strength of 190 kg./mm. and exhibited ductile fractures.
  • the one tempered at 200 C. showed ductile fracture and a tensile strength of approximately 200 kgJmmF.
  • All the samples having a thickness of the single layer of the steel of 1 pm. or less showed ductile fracture and the tensile strength is seen in the neighborhood of 150 kg./mm. regardless of the tempering temperatures and the thickness of the single layer of the steel.
  • the sample with the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 100 pm. which was tempered at 300 C. showed ductile fracture at a maximum tensile strength of 178 kg.lmm. and the elongation percentage of approximately 6.5 percent.
  • the sample with the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 10 am. showed ductile fracture at a tensile strength of 160 kg./mm. and elongation percentage of 9.5 percent.
  • FIG. 3 shows the results of the similar test carried out on samples composed of carbon steel plates and nickel plates at the ratio of 100 to 10. All the samples tempered at 100 C. showed unstable fracture and brittle fracture with the tensile strengths unstably varying between 150 and 235 kg./mm. and elongation percentages being almost zero. The sample tempered at 150 C. showed increased tensile strength as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased, reaching a maximum of 245 kgJmm. at 0.1 pm. and from that point on gradually decreasing as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased. On the other hand, its percentage of elongation increased as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased reaching a maximum of 9.4 percent at 0.01 pm. but thereafter decreased sharply as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased.
  • the tensile strength was seen to increase as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased, to reach a maximum at 0.1 am. but thereafter to decrease gradually.
  • the maximum tensile strength in this case in 226 kg./mm.
  • the percentage of elongation is 6 to 7 percent when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 10 pm, but it is seen to increase as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreases, to reach a maximum of 9 percent at 0.1 pm. and from that point on to decline with the decrease of the thickness of the single layer of the steel.
  • the sample tempered at 250 C. shows brittle fracture when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 100 ,um. and ductile fracture when it is 10 pm. It will thus be understood that its tensile strength increases as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreases with the maximum of approximately 200 kg./mm.
  • the percentage of elongation also increases with the decrease of the thickness of the single layer of the steel, reaching the maximum of approximately 10 percent.
  • the samples tempered at 400 C. or higher temperatures show ductile fracture at atensile strength of approximately 140 kg./mm. irrespective. of the thickness of the single layer of the steel and their elongation percentage is about 12 percent when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 0.01 pm. but is seen to decrease as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreases.
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of the similar tests conducted on samples composed of the carbon steel plates and the nickel plates at the ratio of to 5.
  • all the samples tempered at 100 C. showed unstable fracture, but their maximum tensile strength was as high as 220 kg./mm.
  • the sample tempered at C. showed ductile fracture at 0.1 pm. or less depending upon the variation of the thickness of the single layer of the steel.
  • the tensile strength is about 210 kg./mm. for those which incurred ductile fracture and the percentage of elongation is 5.8 percent and 7.5 percent when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 0.1 pm. and 0.01 pm. respectively.
  • the samples tempered at 200 C. exhibited brittle fracture both with respect to one with the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 10 pm. and another with the thickness of 1 pm.
  • the samples having the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 0.1 pm. and 0.01 am. showed ductile fracture. Their tensile strength are 193 kg./mm. and 188 kg./mm. and percentage of elongation were 6 percent and 10 percent respectively.
  • the samples tempered at 250 C. show brittle fracture when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 100 am. but they indicate ductile fracture when such thickness is 10 pm. or less. When the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 10 ,u.m., the tensile strength is 197 kgJmm? and the percentage of elongation is 5.8 percent. All the samples tempered at 300 C. show ductile fracture with its maximum tensile strength of 195 kg./mm.
  • the percentage of elongation is approximately 5 percent, which gradually increases as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreases.
  • the maximum tensile strength of the samples tempered at 400 C. is 150 kg./mm. and the tensile strength decreases as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreases.
  • FIG. 5 reveals the results of the similar tests conducted on the samples consisting of 100 parts of the carbon steel plates and 2.5 parts of the nickel plates combined and pressed together.
  • the samples tempered at 250 C. or lower temperature showed brittle fracture irrespective of their thickness of the single layer of the steel and therefore were not shown in the FIGURE.
  • the tensile strengths of the samples tempered at 300 C. were in the neighborhood of 200 kg./mm. and did not so widely vary depending upon the different thickness of the single layer of the steel except when the thickness of the single layer of the steel was 100 pm.
  • the maximum tensile strength is 215 lag/mm. and the elongation percentage is 6.3 percent when the thickness of the single layer of the steel is 0.1 pm.
  • the samples consisting of 100 parts of the carbon plates and 20 parts of the nickel plates had tensile strengths of more than kg.lmm. and percentages of elongation of more than 5 percent without showing any unstable fracture when they were tempered at 200 C. and 250 C. and the thickness of the single layer of the steel was approximately 10am.
  • the samples consisting of the steel plates and the nickel plates in a ratio of 100 to 10 and having a thickness of the single layer of the steel of from 10 to 0.001 um. had tensile strengths of 180 kgJmm. or more and the elongation percentage of 5 percent or more when they were tempered at a temperature range of 150 C. to 250 C. and the thickness of the single layer of the steel was up to 0.01 pm.
  • the samples consisting of the steel plates and the nickel plates at the ratio of 100 to 5 showed a tensile strength of 180 kg./mm. or more and the elongation percentage of 5 percent or more when they had the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 0.1 pm. to 0.01 pm. and were tempered at a temperature range of 150 C. to 200 C. and when they had a thickness of the single layer of the steel of 10 to 1 pm. and were tempered at 250C.
  • the samples composed of the steel plates and the nickel plates at the ratio of 100 to 2.5 those having the thickness of the single layer of the steel of l to 0.01 am. and tempered at 300 C. and those having the thickness of the single layer of the steel of l pm. and tempered at 350 C.
  • the kinds of multilayer steel which are suitable for the arrest of unstable fracture are those composed of steel plates and nickel plates in a ratio of 100 to 2.5-20 with the thickness of a single layer of steel of to 0.01 pm.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The percentage of pure copper to the carbon steel when the former is employed as unstable fracture arresting material may be varied as in the case of the nickel plate.
  • the samples tempered at 250 C. showed the similar trend as the samples tempered at 200 C. However, a tensile strength reached the maximum of 240 kg./mm. in the sample with the thickness of the single layer of the steel of 1 pm. In the samples having less thickness of the single layer of the steel, the tensile strength decreased as the thickness of the single layer of the steel decreased but in any case did not become less that 200 kg./mm. The elongation percentage was 5 percent or higher when the thickness of the single layer of the steel was 1 am. or less. In the samples tempered at 300 C., the tensile strength gradually decreased with the decrease of the thickness of the single layer of the steel and was 175 kg./mm. at 1.0 pm.
  • the elongation percentage was 5 percent or higher at 1 am. or less. In the samples tempered at 400 C., the tensile strength remained rather fixed around 150 kg./mm. re gardless of the thickness of the single layer of the steel, and the elongation percentage was seen to decrease as the thickness of the single layer of the steel was reduced. The elongation percentage was 10.5 percent at 100 um. and was found to be reduced to as low as 6 percent at 0.01 pm.
  • EXAMPLE 3 The composition ratio of the monel metal, which is a typical nickel-copper alloy, to the steel when the former is used as an unstable fracture arresting material may be varied as in the case of the nickel plates.
  • those having the single layer of the steel of 10 pm. or more suffered from unstable fracture and those having thickness for the single layer of the steel of 1pm. or less showed ductile fracture.
  • the tensile strength of the sample with the thickness for a single layer of the steel of 1pm. was 250 kg./mm. with the percentage of elongation of 6 to 7 percent.
  • those having the thickness of the single layer of the steel of p.m. surrendered to brittle fracture and those having such thickness of 10 pm. showed ductile fracture.
  • the tensile strength remained approximately 235 kg./mm. up to l pm. but was seen to decrease when the thickness became less than the said value.
  • the percentage of elongation was approximately 5 percent in the samples whose thickness of the single layer of the steel was 10 um. and approximately 8 percent in the samples with such thickness of 1 pm.
  • the percentage of elongation was seen to decrease as the thickness of the single layer of the steel was further reduced.
  • the tensile strength remained almost unchanged up to 10 to 0.1 nm. and was 220 kgJmm. at 1 pm.
  • the elongation percentage increased. with the decrease of the thickness of the single layer of the steel and reached about 5 percent at 10 pm.
  • the tensile strength was in the neighborhood of 200 kg./mm. irrespective of the thickness of the single layer of the steel and the elongation percentage was roughly 5 to 7 percent.
  • the thickness of the single layer of the steel be in the range of 10 run. to 0.01 pm. in order to produce multilayer steel having a tensile strength of 180 kg./mm. or more and an elongation percentage of 5 percent or higher.
  • the optimum thickness of the single layer of the steel is in the range of approximately 10 to 0.01 pm. when such steel as can retain its maximum strength without surrendering to unstable fracture is produced from quenched and tempered steel by placing plates of nonferrous metals or their allows and steel plates on top of another so as to form multiple layers of such plates and pressing them together. Also the examples described above indicate that the optimum ratio for the means value of thickness between the steel and the unstable fracture arresting materials is 100 to 2.5-20, as can be seen in the case of the nickel plates. However, such recommended unstable fracture arresting materials as copper, nickel and their alloys are generally more expensive than steel and therefore it is not desirable to use a large quantity of any of such materials because it will increase the price of the finished product.
  • the most economical ratio for the mean value of thicknesses between the steel plates and the plates of such unstable fracture arresting metals and their alloys is 100 to 2.5-l5 for the purpose of obtaining the steel of the present invention whicliis free from unstable fracture and which has a tensile strength of 180 kg./mm. or more and a percentage of elongation of 5 percent or higher.
  • a multilayer ductile ultra-high-strength steel comprising a plurality of integrally joined layers wherein each single layer is formed of an integrally joined quenched and tempered steel and nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy plate whose modulus of elasticity is not higher than that of the quenched and tempered steel and whose percentage of elongation and rate of reduction of area are greater than those of the quenched and tempered steel and further having such characteristics as the extremely low diffusion of iron and carbon which are the principal components of the steel phenomenon with the quenched and tempered steel, wherein the ratio between the quenched and tempered steel and the nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy in said multilayer steel and the wetting amounts to from 100 to 2.5l based on the mean value of the thickness of the plates of such materials and wherein the thickness of each single layer'of steel in the composite of the quenched and tempered steel and nonferrous metal or nonferrous allo'y amounts to from 10 to 0.01 pm, said layers in said multilayer steel providing an alternating sequence of
  • Method of manufacturing a multilayer ductile ultra-highstrength steel which comprises the steps of applying a layer of nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy on top of a layer of steel, pressing said combined layer together to form a single layer having a ratio of thickness of steel to nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy of 100 to 2.5- thereafter applying said single layers one over the other to form a multilayer body having alternating steel and nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy layers and pressing said multilayer body so that the thickness of said single layer of steel and nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy formed from said pressing will amount to from 10 to 0.01 pm.
  • quenching and tempering are carried out by heating said multilayer body to a temperature higher than the recrystallization temperatures of said layers and nonferrous metal or nonferrous alloy layers having modulus of elasticity not higher than that of the quenched and tempered steel and a percentage of elongation and rate of reduction of area greater than that of said quenched and tempered steel and having such characteristics as an extremely low diffusion of iron and carbon which are the principal components of steel and the wetting phenomenon with the quenched and tempered steel.

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US829644A 1968-06-05 1969-06-02 Ductile ultrahigh strength steel mainly consisting of quenched and tempered steel and a method of manufacturing the same Expired - Lifetime US3632455A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030101705A1 (en) * 2001-12-03 2003-06-05 Martin Dykstra Forage harvester with tapered feed trough
US20070144648A1 (en) * 2005-12-22 2007-06-28 Sinopoli Italo M Steel cord for reinforcement of off-the-road tires

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3212865A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-10-19 Texas Instruments Inc Composite electrically conductive spring materials

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB903851A (en) * 1958-08-06 1962-08-22 Phoenix Rheinrohr Ag Improvements in or relating to the cladding of metal

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3212865A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-10-19 Texas Instruments Inc Composite electrically conductive spring materials

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030101705A1 (en) * 2001-12-03 2003-06-05 Martin Dykstra Forage harvester with tapered feed trough
US6817167B2 (en) * 2001-12-03 2004-11-16 Claas Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen Gmbh Forage harvester with tapered feed trough
US20070144648A1 (en) * 2005-12-22 2007-06-28 Sinopoli Italo M Steel cord for reinforcement of off-the-road tires
US7775247B2 (en) 2005-12-22 2010-08-17 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Steel cord for reinforcement of off-the-road tires

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