US3630696A - Combustion adjuvant - Google Patents
Combustion adjuvant Download PDFInfo
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- US3630696A US3630696A US869866A US86986669A US3630696A US 3630696 A US3630696 A US 3630696A US 869866 A US869866 A US 869866A US 86986669 A US86986669 A US 86986669A US 3630696 A US3630696 A US 3630696A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- combustion
- adjuvant
- weight percent
- calcium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 136
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 230000000240 adjuvant Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- KARVSHNNUWMXFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane;hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KARVSHNNUWMXFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910000281 calcium bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000001737 promoting Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- HWKQNAWCHQMZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trolnitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCCN(CCO[N+]([O-])=O)CCO[N+]([O-])=O HWKQNAWCHQMZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000318 alkali metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 231100000078 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 8
- 231100001010 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000001473 noxious Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 32
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- -1 and of this amount Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 8
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001627 detrimental Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241001088417 Ammodytes americanus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010006451 Bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010014561 Emphysema Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000001508 Eye Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000001331 Nose Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003800 Pharynx Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003466 anti-cipated Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001423 beryllium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000271 cardiovascular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000001684 chronic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010883 coal ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid Chemical compound OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004952 furnace firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010763 heavy fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052816 inorganic phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001455 metallic ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000008041 oiling agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- 239000002367 phosphate rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011020 pilot scale process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004450 types of analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium(0) Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
Definitions
- An adjuvant for hydrocarbon fuels comprising a calcium based montmorillonite clay, a phosphate, and a source of boron oxide.
- a preferred formulation comprises 85 weight percent calcium bentonite, 10 weight percent anhydrous trisodium phosphate, and 5 weight percent sodium borate.
- the adjuvant is combined with the hydrocarbon fuel or with combustion air in an amount of about 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent, based on the weight of the hydrocarbon fuel.
- Combustion efficiency is substantially improved and oxidation is substantially more complete, so that combustion products are produced in less noxious forms.
- the nature of slag or other deposits upon surfaces in a furnace or combustion chamber are substantially altered, so that corrosive conditions do not occur and the deposition of slag is prevented or materially reduced, and the ash is produced in a soft, friable form. 1
- This invention relates to an adjuvant for combustion processes, and to a method for increasing the efficiency thereof. Additionally, the utilization of the method and the product of this invention substantially reduces the relative amounts of undesirable, harmful and toxic components in the end products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion.
- Pulverized coal is 50 percent combusted in 0.05 second after the particles leave the burner port. At 0.1 and 0.3 second, approximately 5 percent remains unburned. Further reduction of unburned fixed carbon proceeds very slowly; elementary carbon does not vaporize at ordinary flame'temperatures.
- combustion'flame front impinges on furnace walls and other heat absorbing surfaces, particularly under the conditions of hard firing. Although such surfaces may initiate some combustion 'stepsthrough production of free radical chain carriers, other combustion intermediates are destroyed by such contact. Additionally, in the presence of insufficient air for complete combustion, lighter fractions evaporate, but the more complex compounds decompose and form carbonaceous deposits. Other factors contributing to carbon deposition include insufficient secondary air, insufficient mixing of air with volatile matter, temperature of air and fuel falling below the critical temperature, insufficient time of contact between air and fuel, or impingementupon a cool" surface. lncomplete secondary combustion results in formation of tarry vapors, solid carbon, gaseous hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Finely divided carbon is swept away in suspension in the flue gases to cooler zones of the furnace or is discharged from the stack as smoke or soot.
- the-composition of the combustion adjuvant of the present invention comprising a calcium-based montmorillonite, a phosphate, and a source of boron oxide.
- the calcium based montmorillonite constitutes at least about 75 weight percent of the adjuvant, while the phosphate makes up about 5 to l5 weight percent and the boron oxide source constitutes about 1 to 10 weight percent.
- the adjuvant can further include, if desired, an essentially inert diluent in amounts ranging from 0 up to several hundred, or even several thousand weight percent, based on the weight of the adjuvant.
- the diluent can be a hydrocarbon fuel oil, a substantially inert solid, such as a diatomaceous earth, or even an excess of the calcium-based montmorillonite.
- the calcium-based montmorillonite is preferably one of the naturally occuring montmorillonite based clays, such as bentonite.
- the material known as Southern Bentonite" is preferred, since it is readily available at low cost in aform which is directly usable in the combustion adjuvant of the present invention, i.e., it is a calcium-based montmorillonite.
- Other montmorillonite based clays can be used, but, since such materials are not ordinarily calcium based,” it isnecessary that they be treated to replace at least part of another metal with calcium.
- the term calcium based is used to indicate that a substantial proportion of the metallic ions replacing aluminum in the montmorillonite crystalline lattice are calcium.
- the montmorillonite clays are crystalline alumino-silicates of a specific, known composition, having a planar structure of alternating sheets" of silica and alumina layer bonded to two silica layers. In other clays, such as kaolinite and illite, the structure differs by bonding of each silica layer to two layers of alumina,
- the montmorillonite has each silica layer bonded to one alumina layer and one silica layer.
- silica designating silica as Si" and alumina by Al, the C-dimension" of the montmorillonite crystal lattice can be represented by the formula:
- SiAl-SiSiAl-Si The adjacent "Si layers of the montmorillonite lattice gives the clay its distinctive properties.
- clays of the montmorillonite type ordinarily predominate in sodium, which is detrimental in the combustion adjuvant of the present invention, and such clays, if used, must be ion exchanged to remove sodium and add calcium.
- the sodium content should not exceed 1.0 weight percent. Since such manipulations add considerably to the cost of the product, it is preferred to use a calcium-based montmorillonite of a naturally occuring variety, e.g., "Southern Bentonite.”
- the phosphate component of the combustion adjuvant can be, insofar as is presently known, any phosphate functional material, although some will, of course, be preferred for reasons of availability cost, or efficiency.
- organo phosphates e.g., tricresyl phosphate and the like
- Common phosphate rock might be effective but for the highly corrosive nature of the hydroflouric acid produced upon combustion.
- alkali metal phosphates particularly anhydrous trisodium phosphate, which is inexpensive, readily available, and in a form conducive to ease of handling and formulation.
- the boron oxide can be supplied by any convenient source, so long as it does not further contain any constituent which is corrosive or detrimental to combustion. Boron oxide per se can be used, but a cheaper, more readily available, source is sodium borate or common borax, which is accordingly preferred. Other alkali and alkaline earth metal borates and boric acid are further examples, of suitable sources of the boron oxide.
- the adjuvant composition is formed of the foregoing essential components as an intimate admixture in finely divided particulate form.
- the materials should be ground or pulverized to pass a ZOO-mesh, preferably a 325-mesh screen (to provide a maximum particle size of not more than about 44a).
- the finer particle sizes enhance dispersion in the hydrocarbon fuel and minimize atomizer wear.
- the materials in such finely divided form are often subject to dusting, which can be effectively prevent by including a minor amount of a light oil or other suitable oiling agent.
- the composition is effective in rather broad relative proportions of the essential components, with at least about 75 weight percent of the calcium-based montmorillonite being used, preferably about 80 to 94 weight percent, while the phosphate is preferably about 5 to weight percent and the boron oxide source is l to 10 weight percent.
- the essential components can be combined with varying amounts of an inert diluent. For example, when large scale furnaces are utilized, their operation is often automated, and the introduction ofthe adjuvant of the present invention is also desirably automated. Measurement, handling and distribution are often facilitated by increasing the bulk of the adjuvant.
- the inert diluent can be utilized in amounts ranging from 0 to several hundred, or even several thousand percent, e.g., 5,000 percent, based on the weight of the adjuvant.
- the nature of such an inert diluent is limited only to materials which do not detrimentally affect the operation of the furnace or of the adjuvant. Many such materials will be readily apparent to those or ordinary skill in the art, and can include, for example, both solid and liquid materials.
- solid diluents which can be used, there can be mentioned coal, coke, carbon blacks,
- Liquid diluents can include such materials as kerosene, fuel oil, cycle oil, residual oils or the like.
- the amount of the combustion additive to be added to a furnace will vary with the size and type of furnace and with the nature of the fuel. The considerations vary greatly and no general rule can be given, although in most cases, about I to 3 pounds of the combustion adjuvant per l,000 square feet of furnace or boiler surface per day, not including any inert diluent, will be highly effective, although some operations require less, e.g., down to as little as 0.! pound per day per 1,000 square feet of surface, while in still other operations as much as 5 to even 10 pounds per day is required. Excessive amounts of the combustion adjuvant are not at all detrimental, but, of course, economic considerations ordinarily dictate that the minimum effective amount be used, which will ordinarily fall within the above ranges.
- the combustion adjuvant can be introduced into the combustion zone directly or in combination with either the fuel or the combustion air.
- the addition can be either continuous or intermittent.
- About 0.] to 2.0 percent by weight of the adjuvant, based on the weight of the fuel is a convenient amount when the adjuvant is added combined with the fuel.
- EXAMPLE 1 A heavy fuel oil was burned in a small, pilot scale furnace, and an analysis of the stack gases was conducted. The analysis was conducted after running the furnace for about 3 hours at fixed, equilibrium conditions. Then i percent by weight of the adjuvant of the present invention was combined with the fuel,
- the adjuvant of the example comprises 85 weight percent calcium based bentonite, 10 weight percent anhydrous trisodium phosphate, and 5 weight percent sodium borate.
- bentonite when used as the silicate, it must be of low sodium content, not more than percent and preferably less than 1 percent as Na O. Likewise, in order to preclude slagging, the bentonite should possess not more than percent by weight of ion, calculated as Fe O Should either sodium or iron exceed the indicated maxima, these can be reduced in amount by partial proxying of the exchangeable bases with hydrogen ions, utilizing acid treatment. Such procedure is familiar to those skilled in the art.
- An adjuvant for combustible hydrocarbons fuels comprising from about 80 to 93 weight percent calcium montmorillonite, 5 to weight percent an alkali metal phosphate, and l to 10 weight percent of a source of boron oxide, selected from the group consisting of boron oxide, boric acid, alkali metal borates, and alkaline earth borates.
- composition of claim 1, wherein said alkali metal phosphate is anhydrous trisodium phosphate.
- composition of claim 1, wherein said source of boron oxide is sodium borate.
- composition of claim 1, wherein said calcium montmorillonite is calcium-based bentonite.
- An adjuvant for combustible hydrocarbon fuels comprising 85 weight percent calcium bentonite, 10 weight percent anhydrous trisodium phosphate, and 5 weight percent sodium borate.
- a fuel having improved combustion properties comprising a combustible hydrocarbon and about l weight percent of the adjuvant of claim 2.
- the method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 10 pounds per day of the adjuvant of claim 1 per 1,000 square feet of exposed surface area of said combustion zone.
- the method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 10 pounds per day of the adjuvant of claim 5 per 1,000 square feet of exposed surface area of said cgmgust ion zone.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (11)
- 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said alkali metal phosphate is anhydrous trisodium phosphate.
- 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said source of boron oxide is sodium borate.
- 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said calcium montmorillonite is calcium-based bentonite.
- 5. An adjuvant for combustible hydrocarbon fuels comprising 85 weight percent calcium bentonite, 10 weight percent anhydrous trisodium phosphate, and 5 weight percent sodium borate.
- 6. A fuel having improved combustion properties comprising a combustible hydrocarbon and about 1 weight percent of the adjuvant of claim 2.
- 7. The fuel of claim 3, wherein said combustible hydrocarbon is a liquid petroleum oil.
- 8. The fuel of claim 3, wherein said combustible hydrocarbon is coal.
- 9. The method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent of the adjuvant of claim 1, base on the weight of the fuel.
- 10. The method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent of the adjuvant of claim 5, base on the weight of the fuel.
- 11. The method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 10 pounds per day of the adjuvant of claim 1 per 1,000 square feet of exposed surface area of said combustion zone.
- 12. The method of promoting combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels comprising burning said fuel in a combustion zone in combination with about 0.1 to 10 pounds per day of the adjuvant of claim 5 per 1,000 square feet of exposed surface area of said combustion zone.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2041575A DE2041575C3 (en) | 1969-08-25 | 1970-08-21 | Additive for solid and liquid fuels |
FR7030879A FR2059662A1 (en) | 1969-08-25 | 1970-08-24 | Combustion improver for hydrocarbon fuel |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3630696A true US3630696A (en) | 1971-12-28 |
Family
ID=3460456
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US869866A Expired - Lifetime US3630696A (en) | 1969-08-25 | 1969-10-27 | Combustion adjuvant |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3630696A (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3765848A (en) * | 1971-01-22 | 1973-10-16 | G Brent | Motor fuel composition |
US4159683A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-07-03 | American Colloid Company | Method for reducing the formation of slag and soot formed from the combustion of carbonaceous waste material |
US4481010A (en) * | 1983-09-22 | 1984-11-06 | Hercules Chemical Company, Inc. | Non-corrosive creosote and soot removing composition |
US4505716A (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-03-19 | Itt Corporation | Combustible coal/water mixture for fuels and methods of preparing same |
US4602918A (en) * | 1984-10-17 | 1986-07-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Stabilizing coal-water mixtures with portland cement |
WO1986007602A1 (en) * | 1985-06-20 | 1986-12-31 | Sparol International Aps | A powder additive for use in the combustion of solid materials, and the use of the powder additive |
WO2001005911A2 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Reatech | A method for reducing agglomeration, sintering and deposit formation |
US20090186309A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2009-07-23 | Atlantic Combustion Technologies Inc. | Increasing the efficiency of combustion processes |
US20130213282A1 (en) * | 2010-10-04 | 2013-08-22 | Donald A Meskers, JR. | Method of operating a combusion installation and use of such a method for inhibiting vanadium corrosion |
Citations (6)
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US1167471A (en) * | 1914-08-17 | 1916-01-11 | Midvale Steel Company | Process of modifying the ash resulting from the combustion of powdered fuel. |
US2137727A (en) * | 1937-03-27 | 1938-11-22 | Edward F Quirke | Materials for treatment of hydrocarbons |
US2139398A (en) * | 1936-08-11 | 1938-12-06 | Samuel W Allen | Fuel, and compositions of matter for treating solid carbonaceous fuel |
US2217994A (en) * | 1938-11-18 | 1940-10-15 | Andersonstolz Corp | Fuel briquette and method of making same |
CA544113A (en) * | 1957-07-30 | Lewis Alun | Combustion of residual fuels | |
US3004836A (en) * | 1958-08-13 | 1961-10-17 | Nalco Chemical Co | Reduction of slag formation in coalfired furnaces, boilers and the like |
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1969
- 1969-10-27 US US869866A patent/US3630696A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CA544113A (en) * | 1957-07-30 | Lewis Alun | Combustion of residual fuels | |
US1167471A (en) * | 1914-08-17 | 1916-01-11 | Midvale Steel Company | Process of modifying the ash resulting from the combustion of powdered fuel. |
US2139398A (en) * | 1936-08-11 | 1938-12-06 | Samuel W Allen | Fuel, and compositions of matter for treating solid carbonaceous fuel |
US2137727A (en) * | 1937-03-27 | 1938-11-22 | Edward F Quirke | Materials for treatment of hydrocarbons |
US2217994A (en) * | 1938-11-18 | 1940-10-15 | Andersonstolz Corp | Fuel briquette and method of making same |
US3004836A (en) * | 1958-08-13 | 1961-10-17 | Nalco Chemical Co | Reduction of slag formation in coalfired furnaces, boilers and the like |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3765848A (en) * | 1971-01-22 | 1973-10-16 | G Brent | Motor fuel composition |
US4159683A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-07-03 | American Colloid Company | Method for reducing the formation of slag and soot formed from the combustion of carbonaceous waste material |
US4481010A (en) * | 1983-09-22 | 1984-11-06 | Hercules Chemical Company, Inc. | Non-corrosive creosote and soot removing composition |
US4505716A (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-03-19 | Itt Corporation | Combustible coal/water mixture for fuels and methods of preparing same |
US4602918A (en) * | 1984-10-17 | 1986-07-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Stabilizing coal-water mixtures with portland cement |
WO1986007602A1 (en) * | 1985-06-20 | 1986-12-31 | Sparol International Aps | A powder additive for use in the combustion of solid materials, and the use of the powder additive |
WO2001005911A2 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Reatech | A method for reducing agglomeration, sintering and deposit formation |
WO2001005911A3 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-08-09 | Reatech | A method for reducing agglomeration, sintering and deposit formation |
US6615751B1 (en) | 1999-07-16 | 2003-09-09 | Raetech | Method for reducing agglomeration, sintering and deposit formation in gasification and combustion of biomass |
US20090186309A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2009-07-23 | Atlantic Combustion Technologies Inc. | Increasing the efficiency of combustion processes |
US8408148B2 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2013-04-02 | Atlantic Combustion Technologies Inc. | Increasing the efficiency of combustion processes |
US20130213282A1 (en) * | 2010-10-04 | 2013-08-22 | Donald A Meskers, JR. | Method of operating a combusion installation and use of such a method for inhibiting vanadium corrosion |
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