US3628054A - Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform - Google Patents

Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform Download PDF

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Publication number
US3628054A
US3628054A US10195A US3628054DA US3628054A US 3628054 A US3628054 A US 3628054A US 10195 A US10195 A US 10195A US 3628054D A US3628054D A US 3628054DA US 3628054 A US3628054 A US 3628054A
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Prior art keywords
voltage
circuit
frequency
wave
transistor
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Expired - Lifetime
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US10195A
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English (en)
Inventor
Yasuji Uchiyama
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Nippon Gakki Co Ltd
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Nippon Gakki Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from JP6910866A external-priority patent/JPS509463B1/ja
Priority claimed from JP6910867A external-priority patent/JPS509464B1/ja
Priority claimed from JP44033435A external-priority patent/JPS509510B1/ja
Priority claimed from JP44045039A external-priority patent/JPS4911026B1/ja
Application filed by Nippon Gakki Co Ltd filed Critical Nippon Gakki Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K4/00—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions
    • H03K4/06—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape
    • H03K4/08—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape
    • H03K4/48—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices
    • H03K4/50—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor
    • H03K4/52—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor using two semiconductor devices so coupled that the input of each one is derived from the output of the other, e.g. multivibrator
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H5/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators
    • G10H5/02—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators using generation of basic tones
    • G10H5/06—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators using generation of basic tones tones generated by frequency multiplication or division of a basic tone
    • G10H5/07—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators using generation of basic tones tones generated by frequency multiplication or division of a basic tone resulting in complex waveforms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B19/00—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source
    • H03B19/06—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes
    • H03B19/14—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes by means of a semiconductor device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K23/00—Pulse counters comprising counting chains; Frequency dividers comprising counting chains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K6/00—Manipulating pulses having a finite slope and not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass

Definitions

  • Krawczewicz AnorneyHolman & Stern ABSTRACT A frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform, comprising: a buffer transistor to the base of which an input sawtooth wave and an output square wave of asquare-wave frequency divider are applied in their states of equal peak amplitude through mixing resistors having equal value, and a mixing circuit for obtaining an output of a frequency-divided sawtooth wave from the emitter of said buffer transistor, a compensating DC voltage being superposed at any point of the circuit so that the lower ends of the mixed signal appearing at said base are offset from said emitter potential by a voltage value which is greater than the forward voltage drop between the base and the emitter of the transistor thereby to cause said buffer transistor to perform a perfect class A" amplifying operation. Furthermore. modifications of the circuits mentioned above are described.
  • the present invention relates to a frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform in which a frequency-divided sawtooth wave can be obtained by mixing a square wave and a sawtooth wave, and more particularly relates to frequencydividing circuits for signals of sawtooth waveform, which can be connected in cascade from a point of view of direct current.
  • a frequency-dividing circuit constructed by connecting a plurality of flip-flop circuits or a plurality of blocking oscillators in cascade has been conventionally used as a frequency divider for use in electronic musical instruments.
  • the conventional frequency dividers mentioned above have various disadvantages as well as various advantages. That is, since the frequency divider utilizing flip-flop circuits can carry out frequency-dividing operation within a broad frequency range having no limitation, it is very easy to manufacture said frequency divider in the case when a plurality of the frequency dividers are to be used, but since their out put waves are of square form and contain only harmonic frequencies of odd order without containing harmonic frequencies of even order, said output waves are incomplete for practical use as a sound source in electronic musical instruments.
  • an output wave of a frequency divider comprising cascaded blocking oscillator circuits is of sawtooth waveform, so that said output wave has all of harmonic components, thus causing favorable production of timbres of any musical instrument, which means that said frequency divider is ideal as the sound source.
  • the blocking oscillator circuit itself is liable to produce a self-running oscillation of a particular frequency in the case when any synchronizing means is not applied thereto, that is, said circuit includes therein a time-constant circuit the time constant of which is determined by a capacitance, a resistance, characteristics of active elements, bias voltage, power source voltage, and the like.
  • the blocking oscillator circuit is affected by fluctuation of the above-mentioned values of various elements and variation of voltages and temperature, whereby frequency of the free-running oscillation is liable to be varied. Furthermore, when the blocking oscillator circuit is used as one-half frequency divider by applying synchronization thereto, frequency of the input synchronous signal is required to be higher than double value and lower than triple value of its free-running oscillation frequency, so that its operating frequency is limited.
  • values of the circuit elements such as capacitors and resistors should be selected to be matched with said desired frequency, and in the case of using the frequency divider as a sound source circuit of any musical instrument, elements of the circuit should be individually designed so as to be mutually different from elements of other circuits in order to cover frequency range over several octaves, thus causing difficulty of manufacture of the circuits.
  • elements of the circuit should be individually designed so as to be mutually different from elements of other circuits in order to cover frequency range over several octaves, thus causing difficulty of manufacture of the circuits.
  • larger time constant is required. In this case, capacitor of a larger capacitance is required, thus causing higher cost and bulkiness of the circuit.
  • a frequency-dividing circuit comprising a buffer transistor to the base of which an input sawtooth wave and an output square wave of a square-wave: frequency divider are applied in their states of equal peak amplitude through mixing resistors having equal value; and a mixing circuit for obtaining an output of a frequency-divided sawtooth wave from the emitter of said buffer transistor, characterized in that a means is provided for causing superposition of a compensating DC voltage at any portion of the circuit in such a manner that the lower ends of the mixed signal appearing at the base is offset from the emitter potential by a voltage value sufficient to compensate a base-to-emitter forward voltage which means the forward voltage drop between the base and the emitter, thereby causing said buffer transistor to perform a perfect class A" amplifying operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit connection diagram showing an embodiment of the invention
  • FIGS. 2(a) to 20) are waveform diagrams showing the signal relationships in the circuit shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit connection diagram showing a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 4(a) to 40) are waveform diagrams showing the signal relationships in the circuit shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit connection diagram showing a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 6(a) to 6(d) are waveform diagrams showing the signal relationships in the circuit shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a circuit connection diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a waveform chart illustrating the operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a circuit connection diagram showing a fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 10(a) to 10(d) are waveform diagrams illustrating the signal relationships in the circuit shown in FIG. 9.
  • a sawtooth wave shown in FIG. 2(a) is applied to a square-wave frequency-dividing circuit 1 comprising transistors Tr, and Tr from its input terminal 0 whereby a square wave shown in FIG. 2(b) is derived from output terminal 0,, of said circuit ll.
  • the transistor Tr, in the output side of said frequency-dividing circuit 1 is in conductive state, the output voltage is equal to a saturation voltage of said transistor and is nearly zero, but when the transistor Tr is in cutoff state, the output voltage comes to have a voltage nearly equal to that of normal source voltage +V and this alternating operation produces square wave having a considerable large amplitude.
  • This output sawtooth wave is applied to the base of the buffer transistor Tr, having a high input impedance, whereby an output wave is derived from the emitter 0,, of said transistor Tr
  • the emitter of the transistor Tr is connected through an emitter resistor R to the ground
  • the transistor Tr does not perform class A" amplifying operation below the base-to-emitter forward voltage V which is the nonconducting forward voltage between the base and the emitter, which results in that an imperfect sawtooth wave with its under side shown by a dotted line cut is obtained, as shown in FIG. 2(d).
  • the above-mentioned voltage is about 0.6 volt.
  • FIG. 1 it is constructed that a resistor Rb is connected between the base and collector of the transistor Tr and a DC voltage nearly equal to said V is superposed to the signal brought at the base of the transistor Tr That is, sawtooth wave shown in FIG. 2(e) can be obtained by superposing a direct current component V to sawtooth wave at the connection point M.
  • class A" operation of the transistor Tr can be surely obtained, whereby a perfect output sawtooth wave as shown in FIG. 2(e) can be obtained.
  • the peak amplitude of the mixed resultant sawtooth wave shown in FIG. 2(2) reduces by a smaller amount than that of each of the two signals before mixing, because of the load effect of the resistor R, connected between the base and collector of the transistor Tr
  • a source voltage +V for the collector of the transistor T is selected sufficiently high and a value of the resistor Rb is also selected sufficiently high
  • the above-mentioned reduction of the peak amplitude of the mixed resultant sawtooth wave becomes so small that it has no problem in practical use.
  • the emitter of the transistor Tr is connected not only to the output terminal 0, but also to one input side of the succeeding mixing circuit 20, and output square wave at the terminal O is applied not only to the mixing circuit 2 as one input thereof, but also to the succeeding square-wave frequency-dividing circuit la as a trigger input thereof.
  • output terminal 0,, of the above-mentioned circuit is connected to the other input side of the mixing circuit 2a. Since the mixing circuit is constructed the same as the mixing circuit 2 and buffer transistor Tr of the mixing circuit 2a performs normally class A" operation, a frequency-divided perfect sawtooth wave can be obtained from the terminal 0 at the output side of the mixing circuit 2a.
  • Furthennore by connecting in cascade a plurality of frequency-dividing stages, each being composed of a set of square-wave frequency-dividing circuit (1, 1a...or) and a mixing circuit (2, 2a7), the desired frequency-divided sawtooth waves can be easily ob tained from the output terminal of each frequency-dividing stage.
  • a DC voltage is superposed to an input sawtooth wave in response to the number of frequency-dividing stages connected in cascade so as to obtain surely class A" operation of buffer transistors in the mixing circuits to be connected in cascade.
  • a sawtooth wave obtained by superposition of a pure sawtooth wave and a positive DC voltage corresponding to six times as large as the base-to-emitter forward voltage V between the base and the emitter of the butter transistor Tr said voltage V corresponding to minimum voltage adapted to operate said transistor, is applied to the input terminal 0,, as shown in FIG. 4(e).
  • class A" operation of the bufier transistor TrMl is established, thereby a frequency-divided sawtooth wave shown in FIG. 40) can be obtained from the emitter of the buffer transistor Tr when a sawtooth wave at the terminal 0 and a square wave from the square-wave frequency-dividing circuit 1 are mixed in the mixing resistors R and R
  • class A" operation of the buffer transistor Tr is similarly established, because the minimum voltage of the above-mentioned resultant sawtooth wave is larger than the voltage V of the buffer transistor Tr whereby a perfect frequency-divided sawtooth wave can be obtained from the terminal 0,
  • class A operation of the buffer transistor in each frequency-dividing stage can be surely obtained by applying a sawtooth
  • square-wave frequency-dividing circuit 1 consisting of a flip-flop circuit is caused to operate by a positive source voltage (+V.) and the ground potential.
  • the collector of the buffer transistor Tm] in the mixing circuit 2 is connected to a positive source voltage (+V and the emitter thereof is connected through an emitter resistor R to an emitter source voltage (V;,) biased negatively with respect to the ground potential.
  • the negative DC voltage (V superposed to the sawtooth wave at the input terminal O is equal to -2V,,,;, a negative DC voltage superposed to a frequency-divided sawtooth wave at the output terminal 0,, comes to 2V,; also. That is, the negative DC voltages superposed to the sawtooth wave come to 2V respectively at both the input terminal 0 and the output terminal 0
  • the emitter source voltage (V;,) of the buffer transistor Tr is selected to a value equal to or more negative than the negative DC voltage 2V,,,; superposed to a frequency-divided sawtooth wave
  • the buffer transistor Tr makes sure A" operation, whereby a perfect sawtooth wave can be obtained from the emitter thereof.
  • the circuit is constructed so that the emitter source voltage of the buffer transistor in the mixing circuit is biased more negatively than the ground potential.
  • the emitter of the buffer transistor Tr, in the mixing circuit 2 is connected through the emitter resistor R to the source voltage biased more negatively than the ground potential.
  • a frequency-divided sawtooth wave superposed with a DC voltage (-V,,,;) can be obtained at the emitter (at the output terminal 0, of the transistor Tr, and similarly each of frequency-divided sawtooth waves, superposed DC voltages I.SV l.75V ,,..respectively, having one-half frequency of the output frequency of the preceding frequency-dividing stage can be obtained successively at the output terminal of each frequency-dividing stage.
  • each of the emitter source voltage (--V,,) of the buffer transistors is selected to be equal to 2V,,,; or more negative than 2V the buffer transistors in each of the frequency-dividing stages make sure class A" operation, thereby perfect sawtooth waves can be obtained at each of the emitters of the buffer transistors as shown in FIG. 8.
  • the emitter source voltage of the buffer transistor may be selected to be equal to a value of 2( l-%")V or more negative than that of-2( 1-%" v,
  • the circuit is constructed so that a DC Voltage biased positively may be superposed to a frequency-divided square wave from a squarewave frequency-dividing circuit 1 so as to obtain surely class "A" operation of the buffer transistor in each of the mixing circuits connected by the desired numbers in cascade.
  • a DC Voltage biased positively may be superposed to a frequency-divided square wave from a squarewave frequency-dividing circuit 1 so as to obtain surely class "A" operation of the buffer transistor in each of the mixing circuits connected by the desired numbers in cascade.
  • each of the square-wave frequency-dividing circuits 1 and la is connected between positive source voltages +V, and +V
  • the output of the above-mentioned square-wave frequency-dividing circuit 1 is equal to voltage having a value corresponding to sum of the source voltage +V and saturation voltage of the transistor Tr, when the transistor Tr in the output side of the square-wave frequency-dividing circuit I is in conductive state, but it comes to be nearly equal to the source voltage +V because the above-mentioned saturation voltage is nearly equal to zero.
  • the positive DC voltage (+V to be superposed to the frequency-divided squane wave is selected to be equal to +2V a DC voltage to be superposed to the frequency-divided sawtooth wave at the output terminal 0 comes to zero. That is, the DC voltages to be superposed to the sawtooth wave come to zero respectively at both the input terminal O and the output terminal 0 Accordingly, when the source voltage (+V of the square-wave frequencydividing circuit is selected to a value equal to 2V the buffer transistor Tr makes sure class "A" operation, whereby a perfect sawtooth wave can be obtained from the emitter thereof.
  • a source voltage (+V of the square-wave frequency-dividing circuit it is preferable to set a source voltage (+V of the square-wave frequency-dividing circuit to a voltage somewhat larger than 2V
  • a common source voltage (+V to each of the square-wave frequency-dividing circuits is utilized as a means to superpose a positive DC voltage to frequency-divided square wave, but it is possible to connect each of the circuits through resistor or diode and the like to the ground without connecting each of the square-wave frequency'dividing circuits to the common source voltage (+V
  • a sawtooth wave frequencydividing circuit composed of a plurality of a frequency-dividing stages which can be connected in cascade successively and to provide an improved sawtooth frequency-dividing circuit adapted for sound source of electronic musical instruments and more particularly adapted for integrated circuit thereof.
  • a circuit for producing signals of sawtooth wave having at least one stage comprising: a buffer transistor; at least two mixing resistors of equal value feeding at the base of the transistor an input sawtooth wave and a square wave of equal peak amplitude; a frequency mixing circuit including said buffer transistor and said resistors to mix the input sawtooth wave and square wave to produce a required sawtooth signal; a square-wave frequency-dividing circuit having an output thereof connected to one of said mixing resistors to feed said square wave into the frequency-mixing circuit; and means to superpose a DC voltage at a portion of the circuit so as to lower ends of said divided frequency output signal to an extent sufficient to compensate the voltage drop between the transistor base and emitter causing said buffer transistor to perform as a perfect class A" amplifier.
  • the circuit as claimed in claim l. which includes an emitter resistor connected at one end thereof to the emitter of said buffer transistor the other end being earthed, and a DC voltage superposing resistor connected between the base and collector of the buffer transistor.
  • said means to superpose a DC voltage includes connections to superpose the DC voltage to said input sawtooth wave, and means to set the emitter source voltage of said buffer transistor to a value at least equal to the DC voltage and to so set the direction of said emitter source voltage that the buffer transistor is conductive.
  • circuit as in claim 5 which comprises a plurality of said stages and means connecting them in cascade.
  • a circuit for producing signals of sawtooth wave having one or more stages n," each comprising: a buffer transistor; at least two mixing resistors of equal value feeding at the base of the transistor an input sawtooth wave and a square wave of equal peak amplitude; a frequency mixing circuit including said butter transistor and said resistors to mix the input sawtooth wave and square wave to produce a required sawtooth signal; a square-wave frequency-dividing circuit having an output thereof connected to one of said mixing resistors to feed said square wave into the frequency-mixing circuit; and means including a DC voltage source to make an emitter source voltage of said buffer transistor equal to or larger than 1 2 (1- n) VBE serving to start said transistor and, with the direction of said emitter source voltage set suitably, maintain the transistor conductive.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Details Of Television Scanning (AREA)
  • Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
US10195A 1969-02-13 1970-02-10 Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform Expired - Lifetime US3628054A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1086869 1969-02-13
JP6910866A JPS509463B1 (enExample) 1969-02-14 1969-02-14
JP6910867A JPS509464B1 (enExample) 1969-02-14 1969-02-14
JP44033435A JPS509510B1 (enExample) 1969-04-30 1969-04-30
JP3343469 1969-04-30
JP44045039A JPS4911026B1 (enExample) 1969-06-10 1969-06-10

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US10195A Expired - Lifetime US3628054A (en) 1969-02-13 1970-02-10 Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform
US31152A Expired - Lifetime US3651336A (en) 1969-02-13 1970-04-23 Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform
US42705A Expired - Lifetime US3651337A (en) 1969-02-13 1970-06-02 Saw-tooth wave frequency divider circuit

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US31152A Expired - Lifetime US3651336A (en) 1969-02-13 1970-04-23 Frequency-dividing circuit for signals of sawtooth waveform
US42705A Expired - Lifetime US3651337A (en) 1969-02-13 1970-06-02 Saw-tooth wave frequency divider circuit

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US (3) US3628054A (enExample)
DE (1) DE2028251C3 (enExample)
NL (2) NL7006170A (enExample)

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2589807A (en) * 1945-01-24 1952-03-18 Us Sec War Electrical integration circuit
US2845532A (en) * 1955-02-28 1958-07-29 Gilfillan Bros Inc Circuit for eliminating the hysteresis effect resulting from time delays inherent intrack-while-scan systems
US2892980A (en) * 1956-06-04 1959-06-30 Holzer Johann Binary pulse modulator
US2895784A (en) * 1957-06-24 1959-07-21 Gen Electric Time base converter
US2998573A (en) * 1957-01-28 1961-08-29 Rca Corp Signal generator having an output linearly related to an input function
US3255363A (en) * 1963-07-05 1966-06-07 Servo Corp Of America Triangular to sawtooth wave form converter
US3440566A (en) * 1966-02-10 1969-04-22 Gates Radio Co Pulse duration modulator having trigger circuit utilizing a modified triangular waveform
US3469109A (en) * 1966-04-14 1969-09-23 Hammond Organ Co Musical instrument frequency divider which divides by two and by four

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2783382A (en) * 1954-07-06 1957-02-26 Estey Organ Corp Frequency divider circuit for musical instruments
US3384766A (en) * 1966-06-17 1968-05-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Bistable logic circuit

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2589807A (en) * 1945-01-24 1952-03-18 Us Sec War Electrical integration circuit
US2845532A (en) * 1955-02-28 1958-07-29 Gilfillan Bros Inc Circuit for eliminating the hysteresis effect resulting from time delays inherent intrack-while-scan systems
US2892980A (en) * 1956-06-04 1959-06-30 Holzer Johann Binary pulse modulator
US2998573A (en) * 1957-01-28 1961-08-29 Rca Corp Signal generator having an output linearly related to an input function
US2895784A (en) * 1957-06-24 1959-07-21 Gen Electric Time base converter
US3255363A (en) * 1963-07-05 1966-06-07 Servo Corp Of America Triangular to sawtooth wave form converter
US3440566A (en) * 1966-02-10 1969-04-22 Gates Radio Co Pulse duration modulator having trigger circuit utilizing a modified triangular waveform
US3469109A (en) * 1966-04-14 1969-09-23 Hammond Organ Co Musical instrument frequency divider which divides by two and by four

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL152140B (nl) 1977-01-17
NL7006170A (enExample) 1970-11-03
US3651336A (en) 1972-03-21
DE2020934B2 (de) 1973-02-15
DE2020934A1 (de) 1970-11-05
US3651337A (en) 1972-03-21
NL7008414A (enExample) 1970-12-14
DE2028251C3 (de) 1975-07-24
DE2028251A1 (enExample) 1970-12-17
DE2028251B2 (de) 1973-07-19

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