US3620909A - Method for reclaiming pulp from waste papers - Google Patents
Method for reclaiming pulp from waste papers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3620909A US3620909A US3620909DA US3620909A US 3620909 A US3620909 A US 3620909A US 3620909D A US3620909D A US 3620909DA US 3620909 A US3620909 A US 3620909A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- paper
- solution
- alkali metal
- weight
- pulp
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 alkali metal borate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000318 alkali metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 9
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 76
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229940010556 ammonium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940116349 dibasic ammonium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000287231 Serinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002761 deinking Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940061607 dibasic sodium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004599 sodium borate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940001593 sodium carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940083608 sodium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
- D21C5/025—De-inking
- D21C5/027—Chemicals therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/64—Paper recycling
Definitions
- This invention relates to the reclamation of purified and reusable pulp from paper which may be in the form of claycoated paper, printed paper, or paperboard, envelopes, magazines and trade papers and bond .and ledger papers, printed, embossed or lined with various types of colored printing inks, magazine cover sheets, book paper, binders and the like.
- EXAMPLE I A definite weight of printed magazines, etc. to be recovered, from cover to cover with no pages removed or without removal of any of its inserts, is chopped or shredded while the waste paper is preferably dry. If certain large equipment is available, the magazines can be run in their entirety without cutting or without shredding.
- the cut-up paper is weighed, as to volume to be processed, and then introduced into tanks for boiling with water, preferably in the ratio of 2 gallons of water per l pound of paper, with four different chemicals added to the water. Boiling with agitation is carried out for at least 10 minutes per hatch.
- the chemicals are believed to react synergistically in solution to form sodium borocarbonate as a reactive compound.
- the boiled paper is pulped with cold water in a conventional Hydropulper, Holland or Jordan, or a heater until it reaches a pulp stage and is again cold-water washed and screened.
- the washed pulp is drained and then taken up with hot water at a temperature within the range of l l0-l 40 F. and a conventional chlorine-type bleach, such as sodium hypochlorite 5.25 active ingredient and 94.75 inert, is added in the amount up to 95 gallons per ton by weight of original cook. After bleaching for from 2 to 5 minutes, the pulp is again washed in cold water for removal of the chlorine bleach solution. Thereafter the pulp is ready. to form into wet laps or briquetted for use in equipment for the manufacture of paper or paperboard stock, etc.
- a conventional chlorine-type bleach such as sodium hypochlorite 5.25 active ingredient and 94.75 inert
- the wet laps can be shipped to nearby paper mills without the necessity for drying or excessive rehydrolyzing thereby to save time while avoiding overheating or deterioration of the pulp fibers or shortening of the pulp fibers.
- the briquettes can be quickly rebeaten for pulp formation.
- the fiber that is recovered is entirely free of inks, clay coatings, adhesives, fillers and sizing of the type originally present in the waste paper stock and is thoroughly antiseptic and free of slimicides and fungicides. Also, germs and bacteria are killed in the chemical boiling and treatment so that the end product is relatively pure and safe for further reuse.
- the pulp fibers can be used along or in combination with other pulps or with rag or cotton containing pulp for use in the manufacture of fine white papers or bonds or ledgers. Kraft paper can be reclaimed from bags, envelopes, printing papers, paperboard, carton stock or the like in high yields.
- the pulp can be used in controlled mixtures and percentages that can be standardized to meet uniform specifications. Recovery of bonds and ledgers and bleached Kraft are most desirous and give high yields of percent and some percent yield and offer greater demand and profit.
- EXAMPLE 2 Cancelled and used bank checks and stock certificates, usually printed on yellow, green or blue safety paper in any proportion can be substituted for other high-grade papers and processed, as in Example 1.
- the reclaimed pulp is pure white with better than 80 percent recovery.
- EXAMPLE 3 25-50 percent rag or cotton content paper in the form of bond paper with engraved letterheads was processed in accordance with example l. Pads formed by filtering the reclaimed fiber showed highest recovery yields of the rag and cellulose fiber without noticeable deterioration in the fiber. White bond waste carries a premium and thus limits the available supply, but using all colored or all mixed, greatly increases the tonnage available for reclamation in accordance with example 1. These papers offer no problems when processed as in example 1.
- EXAMPLE 4 Large heavy envelopes of Kraft paper, with variously colored tags pasted on the surface and with cancelled postage stamps left on were processed in various amounts. Some were unbleached and left as natural Kraft and some were bleached to different stages on up to real white. The paper was treated as in example 1, but with the original vigorous boiling cook lasting for to minutes and use was made of slightly longer bleaching.
- a Kraft pulp was reclaimed having a slight yellowish tinge with a recovery yield of more than 80 percent of the fiber originally present in the envelopes. When processed a little longer in bleach, the yield was the same but the pulp was very white.
- the sodium hydroxide in the chemical bath, in which the disintegrated paper is cooked, can be substituted in whole or in part in example 1 by other alkali metal hydroxides, such as potassium hydroxide.
- the sodium phosphate can be substituted by ammonium phosphate or other alkali metal phosphates such as potassium phosphate.
- the amount of chemical solids per pound of paper can vary within the range of 1 part by weight of chemical solids per 5 to parts by weight of paper, the best results being secured in the ratio employed in example 1 of 1 part by weight chemical solids per 10 :parts by weight of paper.
- the solution can be formulated to contain the described amounts of chemicals in solution in the ratio of 20 gallons solution per 0.5 to 2 pounds of chemicals and preferably in the ratio of 20 gallons solution per 0.8 to 1.2 pounds by weight of chemicals.
- the paper can be boiled in the chemical solution at pressures above atmospheric pressure with corresponding higher temperatures but it is undesirable to make use of such higher temperatures as might cause deterioration of the fibers. It is preferred to process the paper at atmospheric pressure at a temperature of about boiling point temperature for the solution for about 10 to 15 minutes and for longer periods of time at lower temperature but it is not desirable to make use of a cooking temperature of less than about 180 F. and preferably not less than 200 F.
- the chlorine bleach can be carried out at temperatures up to 140 F. to below the 110 F. of example 1 but it is undesirable to make use of a temperature for bleaching much below 100 F., otherwise the desired bleach will take an excessively long period of time, or in additional stages, with the danger of subjecting the pulp fibers to deterioration and increased costs.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3398870A | 1970-05-01 | 1970-05-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3620909A true US3620909A (en) | 1971-11-16 |
Family
ID=21873627
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3620909D Expired - Lifetime US3620909A (en) | 1970-05-01 | 1970-05-01 | Method for reclaiming pulp from waste papers |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3620909A (index.php) |
| AU (1) | AU467596B2 (index.php) |
| FR (1) | FR2148992A5 (index.php) |
| GB (1) | GB1325505A (index.php) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3766001A (en) * | 1971-08-17 | 1973-10-16 | World Wide Paper Reclamation I | Reclaiming pulp from waste papers by treating with a solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium or ammonium bicarbonate, and sodium borate |
| US3767524A (en) * | 1970-05-01 | 1973-10-23 | World Wide Paper Reclamation I | Composition for reclaiming pulp from waste papers |
| US3873411A (en) * | 1973-06-29 | 1975-03-25 | Johnson & Johnson | Methods of recovering reusable fibers |
| US3884750A (en) * | 1972-09-25 | 1975-05-20 | Little Inc A | Method of recovering separate fiber fractions from corrugated board |
| US4278471A (en) * | 1979-10-05 | 1981-07-14 | Carl Eugene Dedlow | Process for extracting sugar from cellulose and cellulosic materials |
| US6001218A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1999-12-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Production of soft paper products from old newspaper |
| US6027610A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 2000-02-22 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Production of soft paper products from old newspaper |
| US6074527A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 2000-06-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Production of soft paper products from coarse cellulosic fibers |
| US6296736B1 (en) | 1997-10-30 | 2001-10-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for modifying pulp from recycled newspapers |
| US6387210B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2002-05-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method of making sanitary paper product from coarse fibers |
| WO2003057985A1 (en) * | 2001-12-31 | 2003-07-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for manufacturing a cellulosic paper product exhibiting reduced malodor |
| CN102535225A (zh) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-04 | 广东轻工职业技术学院 | 一种包装纸容器的再制浆方法及其应用 |
| CN109112872A (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-01-01 | 泉州市大创机械制造有限公司 | 一种多功能的制浆机 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2070317T3 (es) * | 1989-03-15 | 1995-06-01 | Woodfree Ltd | Metodo para destintar materiales de papel de desecho. |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1870358A (en) * | 1930-12-02 | 1932-08-09 | Kellogg Dils Inc | Process of treating printed paper for use as paper making stock |
-
1970
- 1970-05-01 US US3620909D patent/US3620909A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1971
- 1971-08-02 GB GB1325505D patent/GB1325505A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-08-03 AU AU31939/71A patent/AU467596B2/en not_active Expired
- 1971-08-12 FR FR7129501A patent/FR2148992A5/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1870358A (en) * | 1930-12-02 | 1932-08-09 | Kellogg Dils Inc | Process of treating printed paper for use as paper making stock |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| West, Deinking of Paper, published by Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wis. Apr. 1943. * |
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3767524A (en) * | 1970-05-01 | 1973-10-23 | World Wide Paper Reclamation I | Composition for reclaiming pulp from waste papers |
| US3766001A (en) * | 1971-08-17 | 1973-10-16 | World Wide Paper Reclamation I | Reclaiming pulp from waste papers by treating with a solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium or ammonium bicarbonate, and sodium borate |
| US3884750A (en) * | 1972-09-25 | 1975-05-20 | Little Inc A | Method of recovering separate fiber fractions from corrugated board |
| US3873411A (en) * | 1973-06-29 | 1975-03-25 | Johnson & Johnson | Methods of recovering reusable fibers |
| US4278471A (en) * | 1979-10-05 | 1981-07-14 | Carl Eugene Dedlow | Process for extracting sugar from cellulose and cellulosic materials |
| US6001218A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1999-12-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Production of soft paper products from old newspaper |
| US6027610A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 2000-02-22 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Production of soft paper products from old newspaper |
| US6074527A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 2000-06-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Production of soft paper products from coarse cellulosic fibers |
| US6296736B1 (en) | 1997-10-30 | 2001-10-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for modifying pulp from recycled newspapers |
| US6387210B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2002-05-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method of making sanitary paper product from coarse fibers |
| WO2003057985A1 (en) * | 2001-12-31 | 2003-07-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for manufacturing a cellulosic paper product exhibiting reduced malodor |
| US20030131961A1 (en) * | 2001-12-31 | 2003-07-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for manufacturing a cellulosic paper product exhibiting reduced malodor |
| US6716310B2 (en) | 2001-12-31 | 2004-04-06 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Process for manufacturing a cellulosic paper product exhibiting reduced malodor |
| CN102535225A (zh) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-04 | 广东轻工职业技术学院 | 一种包装纸容器的再制浆方法及其应用 |
| CN109112872A (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-01-01 | 泉州市大创机械制造有限公司 | 一种多功能的制浆机 |
| CN109112872B (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2023-12-05 | 厦门中乾机械有限公司 | 一种多功能的制浆机 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1325505A (en) | 1973-08-01 |
| DE2139040B2 (index.php) | 1975-04-10 |
| DE2139040A1 (de) | 1973-02-15 |
| AU3193971A (en) | 1973-02-08 |
| FR2148992A5 (index.php) | 1973-03-23 |
| AU467596B2 (en) | 1975-12-04 |
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