US3619615A - Method and apparatus for controlling electric charges on moving webs - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for controlling electric charges on moving webs Download PDF

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Publication number
US3619615A
US3619615A US833307A US3619615DA US3619615A US 3619615 A US3619615 A US 3619615A US 833307 A US833307 A US 833307A US 3619615D A US3619615D A US 3619615DA US 3619615 A US3619615 A US 3619615A
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Prior art keywords
polarity
charge
ions
magnitude
source
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US833307A
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English (en)
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Walter Y Fish
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NUCLEONIC IND
NUCLEONIC INDUSTRIES
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NUCLEONIC IND
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H37/00—Article or web delivery apparatus incorporating devices for performing specified auxiliary operations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T23/00—Apparatus for generating ions to be introduced into non-enclosed gases, e.g. into the atmosphere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05F—STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY
    • H05F3/00—Carrying-off electrostatic charges
    • H05F3/06—Carrying-off electrostatic charges by means of ionising radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
    • B65H2301/50—Auxiliary process performed during handling process
    • B65H2301/51—Modifying a characteristic of handled material
    • B65H2301/513—Modifying electric properties
    • B65H2301/5133—Removing electrostatic charge

Definitions

  • Willis Attorney-Silverrnan & Cass ABSTRACT Ions of determinable polarity and concentration are applied to a material or member, such as a nonconductive moving web, to impart a resultantor residual charge, in a preferred embodiment a neutral charge.
  • the resultant charge is continuously monitored and fed back to a power source and controller, which invert the polarity of the monitored charge and apply it to an ion emitter, preferably comprising a radioactive isotope.
  • an electrostatic field is created in the immediate vicinity of the ion emitter and the member. One pole of this field is within the emitter and the sign of this pole is made to correspond to that of the selected ions.
  • Ions of the opposite, unselected, polarity are attracted to this pole and it repels the selected ions.
  • the opposite pole of the field is so disposed in relation to the emitter and the member that the selected ions seeking this pole are directed into contact with and are captured by the member.
  • SHEET 2 [IF 4 0 Inventor WALTER Y. FISH wl4w ATTYS.
  • PATENTEDuuv 9 IQTI SHEET BF 4 Inventor WALTER Y. FiSH BY MW rA/J ATTYS.
  • ion-producing devices such as electrically energized wires, needlelike protrusions, etc.
  • Such devices require the use of extremely high voltage and substantial amperage, usually accompanied by a corona discharge. While they are more effective at high material speeds than simple grounding devices, they create the hazard of electric shock to personnel and the danger of arcing. Fires are not uncommon when arcing or even an intense corona develops and in hazardous areas such as gravure pressrooms there is danger of explosion.
  • this invention obviates the hazards of electrical shock, fire and explosion which attend the use of high electrical energy devices such as those which produce a corona.
  • field potentials which do not exceed 1,000 to 2,000 volts, with extremely low amperage, an electrostatic field is used in conjunction with a radioactive isotope and there is no corona discharge under these conditions.
  • Selectivity with respect to the predominant polarity of the ions imparted to the member undergoing treatment is a primary feature of the invention. This is accomplished by creating an electrostatic field in the immediate vicinity of the radiant energy source and the member. Preferably one pole of this field is within the ion emitter. The sign, positive or negative, as the case may be, of this pole is kept the same as that of the selected ions. Thus, it attracts ions of the opposite, unselected, polarity and repels ions of the selected polarity, making a predominance of the latter available for transmission to the member.
  • the opposite pole of the field is so disposed in relation to the emitter and the member, that, in their inherent seeking of this pole, ions of the selected polarity, expelled from the emitter, are brought into contact with the member. Once in contact with the member the selected ions either impart to it a charge or their same polarity or, if the member is carrying an opposite charge, they will reduce, neutralize or reverse it, depending upon their quantity in relation to the magnitude of the preexisting charge.
  • the ratio between the quantities of selected to unselected ions transmitted to the member is controllable. This, in effect, gives control over the magnitude of any residual charge on the member as the result of its treatment.
  • Increasing the potential of the field decreases the escape of unselected ions from the emitter and increases its proportionate output of selected ions, making a greater predominance of the latter available for application to the member.
  • decreasing the field potential reduces the proportion of the total unselected ions which are separated within the emitter from the selected ions, making a smaller proportion of the latter available for application to the member.
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse section through the ion generator and emitter of FIG. 1, as assembled; and also illustrates the power source and general cross-sectional contour and nature of the electrostatic field maintained between the inner electrode of the emitter and the member undergoing treatment;
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an ion detecting or sensing element suitable for use in the practice of the invention, FIG. 38 being a sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 3A;
  • FIG. 4 is an exterior view of a control cabinet suitable for housing the power supply and automatic control equipment provided by the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the power supply and control equipment housed within the cabinet of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevation, broken partially away, of a rotary sheet stacker and illustrates the general physical relationship and interconnection between the major components of the system herein provided as applied to the specific use.
  • a plug 16 mates with the socket l5 and receives a shielded cable 17, the shield 18 of which is soldered to the shell of the plug.
  • the central conductor 19 of the cable 17 is insulated from both the shield I8 and the shell of the plug and is secured to a terminal 20 of an electrode 21.
  • the electrode 21 is supported at two or more spaced locations within and along the bottom wall of the shell II by standoff insulators 22 which are attached to the base of shell.
  • the electrode extends through substantially the entire length of shell 11, except for a sufficient airgap between its opposite ends and the end caps 3. The airgap prevents short circuiting and arcing.
  • Inner rails 23, which are an integral part of the electrode 21, are shaped to receive and retain a channel-shaped foil holder 24, which is secured at its opposite ends to the base of the electrode.
  • the source of radiant energy from which ions are derived comprises a foillike metallic strip 25, having the central 50 percent or thereabouts of its width, along its entire length coated with a thin layer of radioactive substance 26.
  • Foil-carrying isotopes such as polonium 210, American 214 and tritium are commercially available to firms holding an appropriate license issued by the Atomic Energy Commission.
  • the strip 25 constitutes a part of the electrode 21.
  • the combination of the electrode 2i, the foil holder 24, and the radioactive foil 25 forms one pole of an electrostatic field, when connected to a suitable source of direct current.
  • the opposite pole of this field which is insulated from the electrode 21 by the insulators 22, is formed by the outer shell 11 and its end caps 3.
  • the grill 12, being nonconductive, quickly becomes saturated with the selected ions, thereafter permitting them to pass through its openings and, then being of the same polarity, actually repelling them outward.
  • a member of essentially nonconductive material is interposed in the path of positive ions seeking the opposite polarity of the field, they will be accumulated on the surface of this body, since an electrostatic charge is essentially a surface phenomenon. Since, the essentially nonconductive material or member 28 is interposed in the normal path of ions expelled from the ion generator and emitter, those ions which strike the member, do not penetrate it but their paths terminate on or slightly beneath its surface as indicated by the arrowheads 29.
  • the positive ions which it attracts and captures will either reduce or neutralize this negative charge or, if they are sufficient in number, they will reverse the charge on the member.
  • a substantially neutralized condition is indicated by the plus-minus designation 32 at the right end of the member 28.
  • any positive charge carried by the member as it enters the field will either be reduced, neutralized or reversed, depending upon the number of negative ions applied to the member in relation to the magnitude of its initial, positive charge. This, in turn, is governed by the total ion output of the radioactive source employed and the potential maintained within the electrostatic field.
  • the invention provides for applying to it a charge of either positive or negative polarity. Selection of the polarity of the charge to be imparted is dependent upon whether the positive or negative terminal of the power supply is connected to electrode 21 and will correspond to the polarity of the terminal so connected.
  • an ionization detector assembly 40 has a sensing element M which is a conductive, light-gauge metal tube that extends through a pair of mounting fixtures 42 provided at its opposite ends. These fixtures are similar except that one is provided with a connector 43 for a shielded cable 44, which has its shield grounded to the connector, and its central conductor coupled to the sensing tube ll. Suitable nonconductive sleeves insulate the sensing tube from the mounting fixtures and a supporting framework 46.
  • the member 28 undergoing treatment is a running web, moving in the direction of the arrow 30.
  • the sensing tube would be spaced some 2 to 4 inches from the web and, in conjunction with that portion of the circuitry of FIG. 5 to which the cable 4 leads, it functions to detect the polarity and magnitude of the electro static charge on the web and provides electrical signals indicative of such polarity and magnitude.
  • a cabinet 50 houses the power supply and control sections of the system and includes a hinged front panel 51 and a handle 52. Cable connectors 53 and 54 are providedfor the shielded cables 17 and 44 leading to the ion generator and to the ionization detecting means 40. A conduit 55 is also provided for a three-conductor cable, having one conductor grounded, which leads to any conventional source of ll5-volt, 60 Hz. current. This powerline is suitably fused at 56.
  • meter 60 Near the top of the front panel are three indicator lights 57, 58 and 59, respectively, labeled Negative,” Normal” and Positive, which operate in conjunction with a meter 60 to in dicate when the signals received from the ionization detector signify that the member undergoing treatment carries either a negative or a positive charge which is greater than desired, or that the charge is within satisfactory, i.e., normal tolerance limits.
  • a power on-off switch 61 and a test switch 62 both can be of the pushbutton type.
  • the test button When the test button is depressed, it disconnects the signals of the ionization detector 40 from the meter 60 and the meter needle should come to rest at the exact center of the meter dial. If it does not, the meter can be properly zeroed by turning a potentiometer adjustment knob 63 in the direction opposite to that in which the meter needle is deflected from center.
  • the meter needle can be deflected to the left or right of center scale while the test button is depressed in order to induce a charge of either positive or negative polarity on the member undergoing treatment, instead of causing the member to become substantially neutral.
  • the electronic circuit which is contained in the cabinet 50 is illustrated. Basically, the circuit detects the residual or resultant electrostatic charge on the member 28 and produces an output for controlling the electrostatic field to select ions of the opposite polarity to the charge detected, and in an amount which will be proportional to the charge.
  • the power supply 27 is energized from a conventional 115-volt, 60 Hz. alternating current main.
  • the power supply contains transformers, rectifiers, filters and the like, as needed to provide the several DC voltages for the circuit. Included in these voltages are two which are regulated, namely a H 5 volts DC and a l5 volts DC as for example by means of suitable zener diodes.
  • the power on-off switch 61, fuse .56, circuit breakers, and the like are included in the power supply and need not be illustrated.
  • the detected charge on the member 28 will be transmitted to a comparison circuit 72 where polarity and magnitude of the charge are determined by comparing the same with a known DC voltage. In the absence of charge, the output of the comparison circuit, appearing on a line 74 will be zero, and the meter 60 should be centered at zero as well.
  • the zero adjustment is provided by moving the wiper of a potentiometer R3 until the meter 60 reads zero. The wiper is connected to the adjustment knob 63. The ends of the potentiometer are connected to +18 volts and 18 volts.
  • a test circuit 76 has provision for short circuiting the input 78 to the comparison circuit by means of the test switch 62.
  • a neon tube Nel protects the comparison circuit, and an RC parallel network R7 and C1 averages the signals produced by the ionization detector 40.
  • the heart of the comparison circuit is a differential amplifier 80 which has inverted inputs. A balanced condition is achieved by a network of resistors R3, R4, R5, R6, so that there will be no output on the line 74 when there is no signal to the input 78.
  • An amplifier feedback through a resistor R9 assists'in the balance, and the regulated power supplies of volts and -15 volts promote the stability thereof.
  • An RC network R8 and C2 controls the high-frequency response of the amplifier 80.
  • a positive signal from the ionization detector on the line 44 will produce an amplified positive-going signal at the output 74 which is applied to the positive and negative output circuit blocks 81 and 82 and to an indicator circuit 84.
  • the three lamps 57, 58 and 59 in the indicator circuit are enabled according to the polarity of the signal on the output line 74 which can swing several volts plus and minus.
  • a pair of transistors 01 and 02 have this signal applied to their bases by way of resistors R10 and R11. Since Q] is an NPN-transistor, it will conduct when its input signal is positive going, while the transistor 02 is in its normal, nonconducti'ng state. With the transistor 01 conducting, a pair of NPN-transistors Q3 and 04 cannot conduct, since their bases are not positive.
  • the only lamp which lights, therefore, is the lamp 57, since it is in series with the emitter and collector of the transistor Q1 and is connected between a 2.5-volt DC supply and ground.
  • the transistor O3 is enabled through the resistor R12 and turns on the lamp 58, while at the same time the transistor 04 is held off, by way of the resistor R14.
  • each has an input to a transistor through a resistor.
  • a resistor R15 is coupled to ground through a diode D4 and is connected to the base of an NPN-transistor Q5.
  • the lower, positive output circuit has its input connected through a resistor R18, coupled to ground through a diode D5, and applied to the base of a PHP- transistor 07.
  • the circuits are protected from reverse signals, and each will pass only signals of one polarity.
  • the diode D5 conducts and shunts the signal to ground, the current being limited by the resistor R18.
  • the positive input signal is coupled through a resistor R15 to the base of the transistor 05, since the diode D4 is blocked.
  • the transistor Q5 conducting, and acting as an emitter follower, +4.5 volts are applied through a resistor R16 and the lower half of the primary winding of a transformer T3 to the base of a transistor Q6.
  • the resulting effect is that of a blocking oscillator, with the primary windings of the transformer T3 providing the inductance, capacitors C18 and C3 providing the capacitive reactance, and the resistance of the circuit serving to coact to achieve the oscillation.
  • the signal which is of the order of 1,000 l-Iz., is stepped up in the secondary winding, rectified and doubled by a pair of diodes D6 and D7 and a pair of capacitors C5 and C6 and filtered by another pair of capacitors C9 and C10 to appear across a resistor R22 as a negative voltage, considering the polarities of the diodes.
  • the output from the positive and negative circuits 8] and 82 will be applied to the ion generator through the cable 17 to effect the magnitude and polarity control over the emission of the ions which impinge against the material 28, as has been explained previously.
  • FIG. 6 shows a rotary sheeter and sheet stacker to which is coupled the control system of this invention.
  • the continuous web 28 enters from the left of the figure and progresses in the general path indicated over conventional idler rollers 92, under the trolley 93 and beneath the ion generator and emitter 10 to a cutting cylinder 94.
  • the resulting sheets are delivered to a sheet stack 95.
  • the ion generator and emitter 10 can be mounted relatively close to the inlet end of the machine and, preferably, above and close to the web 28. Even when the incoming web carries little or no charge but a substantial charge ordinarily would be built up on it in traveling through the machine, the emitter 10 can be located at a point prior to such buildup. This is because when used as here shown, the control system will cause application to the web at the emitter ions of opposite polarity to that of the charge which, otherwise, would occur subsequently, neutralizing or substantially reducing it. This cannot be done in other systems of static neutralization which do not have the ion selectivity of the system herein provided.
  • the ionization detector 40 is located relatively close to the stack 95 at about the point where the top sheet begins to slide over the one beneath it in coming onto the stack. This usually is an area of highest static accumulation and makes the sheets tend to cling together, preventing their sliding into proper place on the stack.
  • the control cabinet 50 can be mounted on a side frame of the machine 90 or on a nearby wall or column. Preferably it is located on the same side of the machine as that on which the cable connectors of emitter l and the sensing element 4B are located.
  • the cable M leads from the sensing element 41 to the control cabinet 5%), and the cable 17 leads from the control cabinet to the ion generator and emitter 10.
  • the power cable 55 leads to a suitable outlet box 96 for ll5-volt, 60 Hz. current.
  • the shielded wire or one of the conductors of each of the cables is well grounded at both ends, as previously explained.
  • the method according to claim 2 wherein the member carried a substantially neutral initial charge and said adjusting is in inverse relation to the detected deviations in the magnitude of the resultant charge.
  • the emitter comprises a radioactive isotope.
  • the emitter comprises polonium 210.
  • the emitter comprises americium 214.
  • the ion emitter comprises tritium. 12.
  • the method of neutralizing the electrostatic charge accumulated on a running web to enable an operation to be performed upon the web in a substantially neutral zone on the path of the web which comprises:
  • each said network comprising the combination of a transformer, a voltage doubler and a load from which is obtained a magnitude and polarity of voltage for establishing said electrostatic field which is variable in both magnitude and polarity in response to said monitored electrostatic charge.
  • Apparatus according to claim 18 which further comprises an ionization detector for producing electrical signals indicative of the polarity and magnitude of an electrostatic charge to which it is exposed, and circuitry connected with said supply and said ionization detector for applying control signals to said supply, such that the polarities within said field and its potential are controlled in response to variations in the signals from said ionization detector.
  • said source of radiant energy comprises a radioactive isotope.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Supply, Installation And Extraction Of Printed Sheets Or Plates (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
US833307A 1969-06-16 1969-06-16 Method and apparatus for controlling electric charges on moving webs Expired - Lifetime US3619615A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4438479A (en) 1981-03-13 1984-03-20 Falcon Safety Products, Inc. Self-contained anti-static adapter for compressed gas dust blowing devices
US4721942A (en) * 1983-03-11 1988-01-26 Benedek Robin A Calibration warning apparatus
FR2610199A1 (fr) * 1987-02-02 1988-08-05 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Appareil pour la generation d'ions dans l'air et systeme d'ionisation d'air
USH1857H (en) * 1995-12-21 2000-09-05 Eastman Chemical Company Method for reducing peel defects in adhesive bonded plastics
US6166550A (en) * 1998-11-16 2000-12-26 Xerox Corporation Charge measuring instrument
US6320387B1 (en) 1998-11-16 2001-11-20 Xerox Corporation Charge measuring instrument for flexible materials
US6368675B1 (en) 2000-04-06 2002-04-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating method and apparatus with focused electrode field
US6475572B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2002-11-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating method with focused web-borne charges
US20070053135A1 (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-03-08 Pitney Bowes Incorporated System and method for eliminating electrostatic charge in a mailing machine
US20080290591A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-11-27 Komori Corporation Static eliminator of sheet handling device
US20130118119A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-16 Fuji Seal Europe B.V. Sleeving device and method for arranging tubular sleeves around containers
US20150296601A1 (en) * 2012-04-30 2015-10-15 Hildebrand Technology Antistatic device and associated operating method

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS51109012U (show.php) * 1975-02-28 1976-09-01

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2972086A (en) * 1954-07-28 1961-02-14 Ct Tech Ind Dit I Textile De F Removal of static electricity in fibers, textile materials, and other materials capable of being charged with static electricity
US2972680A (en) * 1956-04-26 1961-02-21 Ionaire Inc Ion generator and method
US3191094A (en) * 1962-07-27 1965-06-22 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Static electricity discharger

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2972086A (en) * 1954-07-28 1961-02-14 Ct Tech Ind Dit I Textile De F Removal of static electricity in fibers, textile materials, and other materials capable of being charged with static electricity
US2972680A (en) * 1956-04-26 1961-02-21 Ionaire Inc Ion generator and method
US3191094A (en) * 1962-07-27 1965-06-22 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Static electricity discharger

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4438479A (en) 1981-03-13 1984-03-20 Falcon Safety Products, Inc. Self-contained anti-static adapter for compressed gas dust blowing devices
US4721942A (en) * 1983-03-11 1988-01-26 Benedek Robin A Calibration warning apparatus
FR2610199A1 (fr) * 1987-02-02 1988-08-05 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Appareil pour la generation d'ions dans l'air et systeme d'ionisation d'air
USH1857H (en) * 1995-12-21 2000-09-05 Eastman Chemical Company Method for reducing peel defects in adhesive bonded plastics
US6166550A (en) * 1998-11-16 2000-12-26 Xerox Corporation Charge measuring instrument
US6320387B1 (en) 1998-11-16 2001-11-20 Xerox Corporation Charge measuring instrument for flexible materials
US6666918B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2003-12-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating apparatus with focused web charge field
US6475572B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2002-11-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating method with focused web-borne charges
US6368675B1 (en) 2000-04-06 2002-04-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating method and apparatus with focused electrode field
US6716286B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2004-04-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrostatically assisted coating method and apparatus with focused electrode field
US20070053135A1 (en) * 2005-08-23 2007-03-08 Pitney Bowes Incorporated System and method for eliminating electrostatic charge in a mailing machine
US20080290591A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-11-27 Komori Corporation Static eliminator of sheet handling device
EP1995199A3 (en) * 2007-05-22 2011-03-09 Komori Corporation Static eliminator of sheet handling device
EP2604558A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2013-06-19 Komori Corporation Static eliminator of sheet handling device
US20130118119A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-16 Fuji Seal Europe B.V. Sleeving device and method for arranging tubular sleeves around containers
US9643743B2 (en) * 2011-11-14 2017-05-09 Fuji Seal International, Inc. Sleeving device and method for arranging tubular sleeves around containers
US20150296601A1 (en) * 2012-04-30 2015-10-15 Hildebrand Technology Antistatic device and associated operating method
US9730305B2 (en) * 2012-04-30 2017-08-08 Gema Switzerland Gmbh Antistatic device and associated operating method

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