US3611389A - Vor antenna - Google Patents

Vor antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US3611389A
US3611389A US1651A US3611389DA US3611389A US 3611389 A US3611389 A US 3611389A US 1651 A US1651 A US 1651A US 3611389D A US3611389D A US 3611389DA US 3611389 A US3611389 A US 3611389A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
antenna
disposed
coatings
printed circuit
additional
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US1651A
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English (en)
Inventor
Erich Coors
Kurt Tanzer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcatel Lucent NV
Original Assignee
International Standard Electric Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19691902884 external-priority patent/DE1902884C/de
Application filed by International Standard Electric Corp filed Critical International Standard Electric Corp
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Publication of US3611389A publication Critical patent/US3611389A/en
Assigned to ALCATEL N.V., DE LAIRESSESTRAAT 153, 1075 HK AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, A CORP OF THE NETHERLANDS reassignment ALCATEL N.V., DE LAIRESSESTRAAT 153, 1075 HK AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, A CORP OF THE NETHERLANDS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ELECTRIC CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/29—Combinations of different interacting antenna units for giving a desired directional characteristic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H01Q21/26—Turnstile or like antennas comprising arrangements of three or more elongated elements disposed radially and symmetrically in a horizontal plane about a common centre
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole

Definitions

  • the printed circuit loop antenna includes eight arcuate 8953 333/84 M sections surrounding four printed circuit half-dipoles disposed 56 R (med in a cross configuration to form the turnstile antenna.
  • the ar- 1 e erences cuate sections are all fed in balance from a central feed point UNITED STATES PATENTS by printed circuit slotted transformers.
  • the VOR antenna may 2,493,569 l/1950 Brown, Jr. 343/821 X be enclosed in a polarization cage.
  • the invention relates to an antenna system for short electromagnetic waves, in particular for the VHF and UHF- ranges. It chiefly serves to radiate the VOR-signal (rotating cardioid) in conjunction with a corresponding transmitter.
  • the antenna system may also be used for other items, for example, in connection with a single-channel direction-finding receiver.
  • the rotating directional pattern (cardioid) is generated by stationary antennas. Both the reception and the evaluation of the signal in the receiver may be carried out in the usual way.
  • the rotating directional pattern results from a superposition of the patterns generated by two antenna systems. For instance, a disk antenna (mnidirectional pattern) and a mechanically rotating folded dipole antenna (rotating dipole pattern) together generate the cardioid pattern rotating at a frequency of Hz.
  • This antenna arrangement requires a considerable mechanical investment and owing to the rotating parts (bearing, rotating joint) it is subjected to wear and susceptible to interferences.
  • each antennas are symmetrically arranged around a center antenna which is used for transmitting the omnidirectional characteristic.
  • Each the two oppositely disposed antennas are connected together in opposite phases.
  • Each pair generates a figure-of-eight pattern (similar to a dipole).
  • the two pairs are spatially shifted by 90 and receive their energy from a rotating capacitive goniometer having displaced electrodes according to a sine or cosine function respectively.
  • the two generated partial fields form one resulting field rotating synchronously with the goniorneter rotation.
  • the center antenna has been omitted, and the four remaining antennas are also used for radiating the omnidirectional pattern by having all four antennas supplied in-phase with carrier energy.
  • a further disadvantage of these systems comprising four or five stationary antennas resides in the fact that, when radiating, there exists a considerable vertical component in addition to the desired horizontal component. This vertical component is likely to cause errors when measuring the azimuth at the receiver.
  • the object of the present invention therefore, to provide a stationary antenna which is suitable for generating a rotating cardioid pattern and which, with respect to its dimensions, is constructed in such a way that it can be built into a polarization cage having a size capable of being used in practice, i.e. having a diameter of about A12) which is small with respect to the wavelength A
  • the invention relates to a VCR-antenna system for short-electromagnetic waves, in particular for use in the VHF and UHF-ranges.
  • a feature of the present invention is the provision of a VCR-antenna comprising a tumstile antenna and a loop antenna symmetrically arranged around the tumstile antenna; the tumstile antenna and the loop antenna including flat printed circuit components disposed on a common baseplate of insulating material.
  • a tumstile antenna including current-supplied, stretched, electrically short dipoles, and a cur.- rent-supplied loop antenna which is symmetrically arranged around the tumstile antenna.
  • a third feature of the present invention resides in that all elements of the antenna system consist of flat components arranged in one plane.
  • the antenna elements are of a flat design (in accordance with known printed circuit technique also known as strip-line technique) and are arranged on a common base plate.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the VCR-antenna inaccordance with the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the dipoles of FIG. 1 and the balun transformers employed to feed the loop antenna of FIG. I;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A--A of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the loop antenna of FIG. I and balun transformers employed therewith;
  • FIG. 5 is a Smith Chart showing the transformation provided by the balun transformers of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is an exploded view of one of the balun transformers of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6a is an end viewof the balun transformer of FIG. 6;
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic diagrams useful in explaining the operation of the VCR antenna in accordance with th principles of the present invention.
  • the antenna system as shown schematically in FIG. 1 consists of three antenna elements which, with respect to construction, are interlinked with one another.
  • the three antenna elements include two crossed dipoles d, and d of theturnstile antenna type, when correspondingly supplied with a modulated carrier energy, and eg. via an electronic goniorneter, serve to generate a rotating dipole. pattern; and a loop antenna R supplies the omnidirectional radiation which is independent of the azimuth. Accordingly, as a resulting pattern, there will be obtained a cardioid pattern rotating at the modulation frequency, for instance, in the case of the VCR, at 30 Hz. The rotating dipole pattern must not change its.
  • the loop antenna R serving as an omnidirectional radiator, is to provide an optimum circular radiation pattern ($0.25 db.), in order that the modulation factor of the VOR-signal will be extremely constant for all azimuth angles.
  • the antenna elements must be extensively decoupled from one another electrically (by more than 40 db.), and must not disturb each other mutually as regards the shape of pattern.
  • the antenna system is designed in accordance with the known printed circuit technique (strip-line technique) which, at the same time, also permits a simple and inexpensive manufacture.
  • the individual conductors, forming the antenna elements are manufactured in accordance with the known technique, or an almost circular common baseplate a of insulating material, see FIGS. 3, 6 and 6a, coated on either side with a copper foil.
  • the crossed dipole systems d and d FIGS. 1, 2 are symmetrically arranged within the loop antenna R which is composed of loop R r to r,,.
  • the loop antenna R itself, FIG. I is supplied with carrier energy at four diametrically opposite points F along its circumference, as will still be described in detail hereinafter with respect to FIGS.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 which is also designed in accordance with the strip-line technique, FIGS. 6 and 6a, and being arranged along the axis of dipoles d, and d in recesses or cutout portions.
  • the feed systems (not shown) for the dipoles d and d appropriately likewise designed in accordance with the strip-line technique, are attached in a metal housing serving as a shielding, not shown, on one side of the baseplate aof insulating material on which also the other antenna elements are positioned, to the bridges B, FIG. 3, conductively connecting the half-dipole portions, and are conductively connected thereto.
  • the conductive coating or foils forming the halves of dipoles d and d individual dipole overlying one another on both sides of the baseplate a are conductively connected through the baseplate a with the aid of connections p, FIG. 3, at least at the comers.
  • the feeding-in of the transmitting energy is effected at the bridge B, FIG.
  • Bridge B conductively connects two dipole halves forming dipoles d or d
  • a Bridge B conductively connects two dipole halves forming dipoles d or d
  • the following measured values of the radiation pattern will result with respect to one dipole d or d 3 db. bandwidth: 89.5 to (theoretical limit 6 db. bandwidth: 1 l8.5 to I l9 (theoretical limit zero constrictions: 40...50 db.
  • the input impedance of j dipole is Re (5 j 120) ohms.
  • the second dipole d is arranged orthogonally to the first dipole d,.
  • decoupling values ranging between 50 and 60 db. will result between the two dipoles, provided however, that unobjectionable balancing feed systems (not shown) are provided.
  • the loop members are designed as line circuits in accordance with the stripline technique; their length I is chosen to be smaller than one quarter wavelength (I/) ⁇ 0.25
  • the described loop antenna R (omnidirectional radiator) generates a pattern with deviation of less than $0.2 db. from the ideal circular shape.
  • the feed systems Tr for the omnidirectional radiator R are designed to have the shape of slot transformers" which are designed in accordance with the known strip-line technique. They effect a balance-to-unbalance transformation, as well as a transformation of the radiator impedance, so that at the central feedpoint C, i.e. the point at which the four slot transformers Tr are connected in parallel, there will result with respect to the omnidirectional radiator R, an input resistance of approximately 50 ohms (coaxially, ground point M).
  • Transformation is effected as shown in FIG. 5 (Smith- Chart).
  • the frequency response of the matching extends in accordance with the dashlined curve in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 6 schematically shows the construction of the slot transformers Tr.
  • the individual components are shown in an exploded view. In reality, however, the components are built closely together, for example, are stuck to one another.
  • FIG. 6A shows a cross-sectional view, looking at the face side.
  • constructions on either side of the baseplate a are alike, i.e. in a symmetrically conjugated fashion in relation to the baseplate a.
  • this symmetry is not shown completely in FIG. 6.
  • PPO polyphenylene oxide
  • the baseplate a consisting of expoxy fiber glass
  • the outer conductor of the slot transformers Tr is constituted by copper coatings 2 and 3 on strips of insulating material I: or c (of PPO) on either side of the baseplate a, respectively.
  • the coatings 2 and 3 are conductively connected to one another with the aid of a connection wl extending through the baseplate a thus forming the ground or outer conductor M (e.g. FIG. 8) of the coaxial system of the slot transformers Tr.
  • the coatings l, fonning the inner conductor of the coaxial system of the slot transformers Tr are conductive ly connected to one another with the aid of the connection v and are conductively connected to the coating 2 with the aid of an extension of the connection v along the surface of plate b.
  • each of said slot transformers Tr (coatings 2 and 3) which are to be connected to the feed points x and y of respectively two associated loop sections, e.g. r /r (indicated by thearrows in FIG. 6), there is available a balanced voltage for feeding the radiator sections r,/r r;,/r,, ...of the omnidirectional radiator R.
  • a balanced voltage for feeding the radiator sections r,/r r;,/r,, ...of the omnidirectional radiator R.
  • the copper coatings 4 and 5 with the aid of a correspondingly extended connection W], are applied to the ground point M, forming the outer conductor of the coaxial feed system. Energy is fed in at C and M with the aid of a coaxial cable provided with a corresponding plug connector.
  • the copper coatings 4 and 5 are conductively connected at the other end (output end, right-hand side in FIG. 6, or front end in FIG. 6a respectively with the aid of connection w2.
  • each of said slot transformers Tr are firmly mechanically connected to one another, for example, are stuck together with the aid of a two component epoxy-resin adhesive or cement, and care should be taken to obtain as homogeneous as possible joints (without air pockets or entrapped air).
  • the slot transformers Tr cause only very slight losses.
  • the field between the copper coatings 2 and 3 of the respec tive slot transformer Tr and the copper coatings 4 and 5 forming the respective shielding, only extends within the low-loss FPO.
  • the omnidirectional radiator R For the purpose of pennitting a comparison with the voltage distribution resulting during operation of the omnidirectional radiator R (FIGS. 4 and 7), the latter is indicated by the bracketed signs or in FIG. 8.
  • the voltage as induced by the coupling of the radiating dipole, e.g. 11,, in the loop sections, is exactly in phase opposition on the loop sections r, and r, to the voltage distribution as appearing during operation of the omnidirectional radiator.
  • the induced voltages in oppositely lying loop sections propagate via the slot transformers Tr towards the central feed point C of the antenna (indicated by the dashlined arrows in FIG. 8) where they extinguish themselves (virtual short-circuit).
  • This is in series with the loop sections energized by radiation coupling and designed as line circuits.
  • the antenna Due to the described measures for matching the omnidirectional radiator R, as well as due to the utilization of the tieline-effect for suppressing parasitic currents, of course, the antenna has only a narrow bandwidth.
  • the antenna system therefore, must be adjusted to the operating frequency specified for each VOR-beacon within the frequency range from 108 to H8 MHz as provided internationally for VOR- beacons. To this end, the following steps are necessary once:
  • the antenna is coated with a corresponding protective lacquer and, during the assemblage, is additionally surrounded by a protective housing within a polarization cage.
  • the antenna as described in the foregoing may also be used in connection with a single-channel amplitude direction finding receiver in which, for example, direction finding is carried out by adjusting for minimum signal response.
  • the loop antenna R is permanently applied to the receiver input until there has been found an object which is to be subjected to direction finding (search position).
  • the turnstile antenna ti /d is applied to the input of the direction finding receiver (track position on account of which the pattern of the antenna becomes a cardioid pattern.
  • the phase of the voltages as received by the two .dipoles d, and d, is continued to be changed-thus effecting a rotation of the cardioid about its origin-, until there is reached the minimum of the incident wave.
  • the bearing direction can be directly read on a dial on the goniometer.
  • a VOR antenna comprising: a turnstile antenna; and a loop antenna symmetrically arranged around said turnstile antenna;
  • said turnstile antenna and said loop antenna including flat printed circuit components disposed on a common baseplate of insulating material;
  • said turnstile antenna including a pair of dipoles orthogonally related; and each of said pair of dipoles including two dipoles halves disposed adjacent to/and spaced from a central region on said common plate; and further including an arrangement to feed each of said dipole halves and said loop antenna simultaneously;
  • said loop antenna includes four pairs of printed circuit arcuate segments symmetrically disposed about said turnstile antenna, adjacent ends of said arcuate segments of each pair of arcuate segments being disposed in spaced relation and diametrically opposite said adjacent ends of said arcuate segments of another pair of arcuate segments;
  • said arrangement includes printed circuit balun transformers disposed on said common plate, each of said transformers extending radially from said central region to said adjacent ends of one of said pairs of arcuate segments to feed energy to each of said pair of segments.
  • each of said balun transformers includes a printed circuit slot transformer.
  • each of said dipole half includes at least a first printed circuit conductor disposed on one side of said common plate,
  • conductive elements extending through said common plate to conductively connect at least the corners of said first and second conductors; and further including a conductive bridge member to conductively connect said conductor on one side of said common plate of the two dipole halves forming each of said dipoles, said bridge members forming the feed point of said dipole halves.
  • each of said dipole halves includes a first printed circuit conductor disposed on one side of said common plate extending radially from said central region,
  • each of said balun transformer includes two conical conductive coatings, one of said conical coatings being disposed on one side of said common plate and the other of said conical coatings being disposed on the other side of said common plate in an overlying relation with said one of said conical coating, the input end of both said conical coatings being conductively connected to one another and the output ends of both said conical coatings being conductively connected to one another,
  • An antenna according to claim 5 further including a third additional member of insulating material having one side thereof in contact with said first additional coating,
  • An antenna according to Claim further including coating, d capacitive means coupled between said first and second ada f th d i i m conductive coating disposed on the ditional coatings of each of said balun transformer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
US1651A 1969-01-22 1970-01-09 Vor antenna Expired - Lifetime US3611389A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691902884 DE1902884C (de) 1969-01-22 Antennensystem fur den VHF und UHF Bereich zur Richtungsbestimmung

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US3611389A true US3611389A (en) 1971-10-05

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US1651A Expired - Lifetime US3611389A (en) 1969-01-22 1970-01-09 Vor antenna

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US (1) US3611389A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT295603B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2033258B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1258656A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7000933A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE351752B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3721990A (en) * 1971-12-27 1973-03-20 Rca Corp Physically small combined loop and dipole all channel television antenna system
EP0070462A3 (en) * 1981-07-22 1984-03-28 International Standard Electric Corporation Antenna for a turnstile radio beacon
EP0184235A1 (en) * 1984-11-08 1986-06-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Vor antenna design
US5387919A (en) * 1993-05-26 1995-02-07 International Business Machines Corporation Dipole antenna having co-axial radiators and feed
FR2709603A1 (fr) * 1981-03-11 1995-03-10 United Kingdom Government Perfectionnements aux dispositifs sensibles aux rayonnements électromagnétiques.
US6211846B1 (en) * 1998-05-26 2001-04-03 Societe Technique D'application Et De Recherche Electronique Antenna system for radio direction-finding
US20130207844A1 (en) * 2012-02-15 2013-08-15 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Hybrid direction identifying apparatus and method
US20150130677A1 (en) * 2013-11-11 2015-05-14 Nxp B.V. Uhf-rfid antenna for point of sales application
EP3182512A1 (fr) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-21 Thales Antenne multi-acces

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3427622A (en) * 1967-02-14 1969-02-11 Communication Systems Inc Vor antenna
FR1556291A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1967-12-08 1969-02-07

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3721990A (en) * 1971-12-27 1973-03-20 Rca Corp Physically small combined loop and dipole all channel television antenna system
FR2709603A1 (fr) * 1981-03-11 1995-03-10 United Kingdom Government Perfectionnements aux dispositifs sensibles aux rayonnements électromagnétiques.
EP0070462A3 (en) * 1981-07-22 1984-03-28 International Standard Electric Corporation Antenna for a turnstile radio beacon
EP0184235A1 (en) * 1984-11-08 1986-06-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Vor antenna design
US5387919A (en) * 1993-05-26 1995-02-07 International Business Machines Corporation Dipole antenna having co-axial radiators and feed
US6211846B1 (en) * 1998-05-26 2001-04-03 Societe Technique D'application Et De Recherche Electronique Antenna system for radio direction-finding
US20130207844A1 (en) * 2012-02-15 2013-08-15 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Hybrid direction identifying apparatus and method
US9304182B2 (en) * 2012-02-15 2016-04-05 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Hybrid direction identifying apparatus and method
US20150130677A1 (en) * 2013-11-11 2015-05-14 Nxp B.V. Uhf-rfid antenna for point of sales application
US9847576B2 (en) * 2013-11-11 2017-12-19 Nxp B.V. UHF-RFID antenna for point of sales application
EP3182512A1 (fr) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-21 Thales Antenne multi-acces
FR3045838A1 (fr) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-23 Thales Sa Antenne multi-acces

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1902884A1 (de) 1970-07-23
SE351752B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-12-04
AT295603B (de) 1972-01-10
GB1258656A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-12-30
FR2033258A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-12-04
NL7000933A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-07-24
FR2033258B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-03-19
DE1902884B2 (de) 1972-03-30

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