US3604929A - Process for the detection and measurement of ionizing radiation by the use of radiation-degradeable material - Google Patents
Process for the detection and measurement of ionizing radiation by the use of radiation-degradeable material Download PDFInfo
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- US3604929A US3604929A US799878A US3604929DA US3604929A US 3604929 A US3604929 A US 3604929A US 799878 A US799878 A US 799878A US 3604929D A US3604929D A US 3604929DA US 3604929 A US3604929 A US 3604929A
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Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 50
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 title description 7
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 claims description 35
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N (R)-camphor Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960000846 camphor Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 229930008380 camphor Natural products 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940093476 ethylene glycol Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 poly(ethyleneglycol terephthalate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920008347 Cellulose acetate propionate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- GPFIZJURHXINSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nitric acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O.O[N+]([O-])=O GPFIZJURHXINSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HKQOBOMRSSHSTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cellulose acetate Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1C(CO)OC(O)C(O)C1O.CC(=O)OCC1OC(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(COC(C)=O)O1.CCC(=O)OCC1OC(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C1OC1C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(OC(=O)CC)C(COC(=O)CC)O1 HKQOBOMRSSHSTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920006217 cellulose acetate butyrate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004980 dosimetry Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011221 initial treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 8
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101100421200 Caenorhabditis elegans sep-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000376 autoradiography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000424 optical density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005375 photometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BZVCUDFTTWZWPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;ethane-1,2-diol;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+].OCCO BZVCUDFTTWZWPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T5/00—Recording of movements or tracks of particles; Processing or analysis of such tracks
- G01T5/10—Plates or blocks in which tracks of nuclear particles are made visible by after-treatment, e.g. using photographic emulsion, using mica
Definitions
- Polster ABSTRACT Radiation-degradeable film, a portion of which has been irradiated, is treated initially with a basic solution, containing a chemical reagent which swells the material constituting the film, making it possible for the basic solution to attack the radiation degraded parts more deeply, Also, in a further operation the film may be treated with a solvent which dissolves surface roughness formed during the initial treatment so that the nondegraded parts recover their initial transparency while the more deeply attacked degraded parts remain visible. This method lends itself to automatic dosimetry in which the optical densities of irradiated and nonirradiated portions of the material are compared.
- the present invention relates to the detection of ionizing radiation and to the recording of the tracks formed by such ionizing radiation in a radiation-degradeable material and, more particularly, to the treatment of such material to enhance the visible contrast between its irradiated and nonirradiated portions.
- cellulose nitrate as well as various other polymer and nonpolymer materials, e.g., certain micas, undergo a degradation when irradiated with ionizing particles, alpha particles, recoil protons and fission products, while remaining substantially insensitive to electromagnetic rays (light, ultraviolet, x and gamma rays) and to beta radiation.
- chemical reagents such as strongly basic aqueous solutions, attack the degraded parts and nondegraded parts of such irradiated material differently. Reference may be made, regarding this subject, to the article by R. L. Fleischer and his collaborators: Physical Review (5A), 133, p. A-1443- 1449 (Mar. 2, 1964).
- cellulose nitrate is exposed to and selectively degraded by ionizing irradiation, and then attacked in the degraded parts by a warm basic solution. More particularly, a portion of a cellulose nitrate film in the form of a self-supporting sheet or a layer which is deposited on a sheet of inert, transparent support material, is irradiated with the radiation under study. Subsequently, the film is treated with a 6.5 N potassium hydroxide solution, at 55 C., which produces a marked depolishing of the degraded parts. By examining the film with effectively collimated transmitted light, it is possible to count the particle tracks.
- the counting operation is long and fastidious in the cases where it is desired to effect dosimetry or measuring.
- the basic solutions used for revealing the particle tracks also cause a certain depolishing of the nondegraded parts, thereby diminishing the transparency of these nondegraded areas as well.
- FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 are graphic representations of the data of tables I, II, and III below, illustrating the increased efiectiveness of the embodiments of the invention, relative to the prior Initially, it should be noted that, as different from prior art counting techniques, the measuring technique proposed herein utilizes diffusion measurement of irradiated materials which does not differentiate between actual particle tracks and accidental depolishing. Therefore, in the process disclosed herein, it is important that the nondegraded parts remain substantially transparent.
- radiation-degradeable film a portion of which has been exposed to radiation
- a basic alkaline metal solution advantageously containing an agent such as an alkaline metal halide or alkaline metal thiocyanate that swells the material constituting the film, making it possible for the basic solution to attack the radiation-degraded parts more deeply.
- the basic solution still produces a general depolishing of the entire surface of the film. Therefore, the method herein includes a further operation, done under similar conditions, in which the film is treated in a different basic solution containing an agent e.g., ethyleneglycol, that dissolves cellulose nitrate.
- the film is thus polished by action of the ethylene'glycol, dissolving the small surface roughness formed over the entire surface during the initial treatment so that the nondegraded parts, in both the irradiated and nonirradiated portions, recover their initial transparency while the more deeply attacked degraded parts remain visible.
- cellulose nitrate On material that is capable of suitable degradation in the carrying out of the invention is cellulose nitrate. With this material, one obtains a highly improved sensitivity in comparison with that produced by the prior art treatment which uses only a single basic solution.
- the treatment using two solutions, according to the invention makes possible the utilization of cellulose nitrate having addenda making that polymer particularly sensitive to ionizing radiation. It is thus now possible to use extremely sensitive cellulose nitrate layers having a high content of plasticizing camphor, even though such layers have been heretofore practically unusable with the prior art (one solution) treatment because of the general depolishing which the polymeric surface undergoes in the course of this treatment.
- an extremely sensitive cellulose nitrate film useful with the subject invention, can be prepared by casting a collodion made up of 20 parts, in a mass, of cellulose nitrate, containing approximately 3/100 to approximately 20/100 of camphor, in 80 parts of a solvent mixture comprising, for example, four parts of ethanol and one part of acetone.
- cellulose nitrate is the preferred material for the method disclosed herein, special attention is called to the fact that cellulose nitrate may be replaced by other polymer materials. It is possible to use, in particular, the various cellulose acetates, cellulose acetate-nitrate, cellulose acetatepropionate cellulose acetate-butyrate, and certain polyesters such as poly(ethyleneglycol terephthalate), etc. It is possible to use these various polymers in the form of a film, either as a sheet sufficiently thick so that it can be handled, or as a layer deposited on a sheet of inert, transparent support material. Of course, plasticizers and/or other addenda may be added to the polymeric material to improve its qualities (e.g., the addition of camphor to cellulose nitrate, as indicated above).
- Attacking Treatment place the film or layer, for 20 minutes, in the following solution which is heated to 75 C.:
- Repolishing Treatment place the film or layer, for 5 minutes,
- Ethyleneglycol (dissolving the cellulose nitrate without swelling it)... 500g.
- the potassium thiocyanate may be replaced by an alkaline metal halide, particularly by potassium chloride.
- the ethylene glycol may be replaced by ethanol, in a smaller amount.
- caustic soda solutions may be used herein, generally, the caustic potash solutions are preferred.
- the prior art single-solution method is improved according to the invention herein by the use of a swelling agent.
- the preferred embodiment of the process herein is characterized by the successive use of two different chemical solutions. The second of these solutions does not swell the film but repolishes it by superficial dissolution, which renders the degraded parts particularly visible and makes it possible to measure the degradation by the difference of light diffusion between the irradiated and the nonirradiated areas.
- the process comprises the following series of operations: (1) the ionizing particles are received on a portion of a cellulose nitrate film plasticized by camphor, devoid of any support, approximately 50 p. to 400 p, thick; (2) this film is attacked by a caustic potash aqueous solution, containing potassium thiocyanate, having a potassium hydroxide content between 1.0 N and 10 N, between 20 and 100 C., for a period of time that is sufficient to depolish the entire surface of the film; (3) the at tacked film is then treated with a repolishing solution, likewise containing caustic potash and having a potassium hydroxide content between 1.0 N and 10 N, and also containing a solvent for the cellulose nitrate, such as ethyleneglycol, between 20 and 100 C., for a period of time that is necessary to repolish the nondegraded parts by dissolution of the surface, but insufficient to repolish the degraded parts by dissolution
- a 200p. thick film, exempt from any support, is prepared by flowing a collodion made up of 20/100 cellulose nitrate, to which have been added 8/100 of camphor, and 80/100 of a mixture of four parts of ethanol and one part of acetone.
- This film is cut into 32 fragments; four fragments are kept as test samples, and seven groups of four fragments each are irradiated, respectively, for 2 seconds, seconds, 10 seconds, seconds, 50 seconds, 100 seconds and 200 seconds, under masks provided with a 17 mm.
- Series A known treatment with a 6.25 N solution of caustic soda, at 55 C. for 50 minutes.
- Series B treatment with a potash solution containing 60 g. of potassium hydroxide per liter, at 75 C., for minutes.
- Series C treatment similar to that of series B, the potash solution containing potassium thiocyanate, swelling the cellulose nitrate without dissolving it, the formula being as follows: Solution 1: Caustic potash...60 g.
- Series D treatment according to the invention comprising the treatment of the above Series C, followed by a treatment, for 3 minutes, at 75 C., in the following solution, containing a solvent for the cellulose nitrate:
- the optical density of the various samples is measured by means of a Baldwin densitometer, and is designated by the letter d in the tables below, a d value of 2.50 indicating reflection from a black glass.
- Each irradiated sample is characterized by the density of its nonirradiated, substantially transparent part (indicated in the Tables as the value ofd at 0" seconds of irradiation) and the difference (A in the tables) between the density of the irradiated and the nonirradiated areas of the sample.
- EXAMPLE 2 Tests are made similar to those of example 1, but cellulose nitrate containing 15/ 100 of camphor is used and a mixture of seven parts of alcohol and three parts of ether (in volume) is used as a solvent.
- Examples 1 and 2 show the improvement attained by the double treatment according to the preferred form of the invention when the first treatment solution contains an agent that swells the cellulose nitrate.
- the following example in connection with cellulose nitrate containing 15/100 of camphor, shows that the double treatment also improves the results when the first solution is a simple caustic potash solution.
- the irradiation conditions are those of the preceding examples and the treatments are the following: Treatment E: g. of caustic potash per liter, for 45 minutes at 75 C. Treatment F: the above Treatment E, followed by a 3-minute treatment at 75 C. in the above solution ll and shown graphically in FIG. 3.
- the new process for the detection and measurement of ionizing particles can be used advantageously in numerous cases. It offers the advantage of being relatively insensitive to light, X-rays gamma rays and to beta particles. Therefore, even in radioactive environments, the invention herein makes possible autoradiography of emitters of alpha particles and other ionizing particles, as well as the dosimetry of fast neutrons, such neutrography being by means of an energy-transforming emitter of ionizing particles.
- EXAMPLE 4 Onto a polyethylene terephthalate film, cellulose nitrate varnish is coated, containing 8 percent camphor, to obtain a 8 p. dry coat. This film is cut into 21 fragments; three fragments are kept as control samples and six groups of three fragments each are irradiated, respectively for 60 seconds, 120 seconds, 300 seconds, 900 seconds, 1800 seconds and 3200 seconds in the same conditions as in example 1.
- SERIES A known treatment with a 6.5 N solution of caustic soda, at 55 C. for 6 minutes.
- SERIES B the same treatment as for series A 1 minute treatment with solution II of example 1.
- a process for the detection and measurement of ionizing-particlc radiation including the steps of (a) exposing to such radiation a material which undergoes degradation in its presence and (b) the treatment of said material in a strongly basic aqueous solution which preferentially attacks those parts of the material which are degraded by said radiation, the improvement wherein said solution further comprises a chemical reagent which swells said material whereby said degraded parts are attacked more deeply.
- said swelling reagent comprises an alkaline metal halide.
- said swelling reagent comprises an alkaline metal thiocyanate.
- said radiationdegradeable material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate-nitrate, cellulose acetate-propionate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and poly(ethyleneglycol terephthalate).
- said radiationdegradeable material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate-nitrate, cellulose acetate-propionate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and poly(ethyleneglycol terephthalate).
- said basic aqueous solution further comprises a chemical reagent which swells said material whereby said degraded parts are attacked more deeply.
- said swelling reagent comprises an alkaline metal thiocyanate.
- said radiation-degradeable material is cellulose nitrate substantially free from stabilizing agents and plasticized with camphor
- said strongly basic aqueous solution comprises a swelling reagent which is selected from the group consisting of alkaline metal thiocyanates and halides
- said second solution comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethanol and ethyleneglycol.
- said cellulose nitrate comprises a sheet having a thickness of Sop-400p. and containing approximately 3/ I00 to approximately 20/ I00 of camphor.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR142344 | 1968-03-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3604929A true US3604929A (en) | 1971-09-14 |
Family
ID=8646976
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US799878A Expired - Lifetime US3604929A (en) | 1968-03-05 | 1969-02-17 | Process for the detection and measurement of ionizing radiation by the use of radiation-degradeable material |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3604929A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE1911282A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR1563973A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1250233A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6165798A (en) * | 1996-10-10 | 2000-12-26 | University Of British Columbia | Optical quantification of analytes in membranes |
| US10209367B2 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2019-02-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Colorimetric radiation dosimetry |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE758334A (fr) * | 1969-11-04 | 1971-04-01 | Eastman Kodak Co | Produit pour la neutrographie |
| DE3817659A1 (de) * | 1988-05-25 | 1989-11-30 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | Verfahren zum bestimmen von strahlendosen durch auswerten von kernspuren in bestrahlten und danach geaetzten folien |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3415993A (en) * | 1966-11-07 | 1968-12-10 | Gen Electric | Radiation detection sheet material having metal coating to facilitate read-out |
| US3493751A (en) * | 1966-06-17 | 1970-02-03 | Gen Electric | Track registration alpha autoradiography |
-
1968
- 1968-03-05 FR FR142344A patent/FR1563973A/fr not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-02-17 US US799878A patent/US3604929A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-03-05 DE DE19691911282 patent/DE1911282A1/de active Pending
- 1969-03-05 GB GB1250233D patent/GB1250233A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3493751A (en) * | 1966-06-17 | 1970-02-03 | Gen Electric | Track registration alpha autoradiography |
| US3415993A (en) * | 1966-11-07 | 1968-12-10 | Gen Electric | Radiation detection sheet material having metal coating to facilitate read-out |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6165798A (en) * | 1996-10-10 | 2000-12-26 | University Of British Columbia | Optical quantification of analytes in membranes |
| US10209367B2 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2019-02-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Colorimetric radiation dosimetry |
| US10365379B2 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2019-07-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Colorimetric radiation dosimetry |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1911282A1 (de) | 1969-09-25 |
| DE1911282B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-12-17 |
| GB1250233A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-10-20 |
| FR1563973A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1969-04-18 |
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