US3602312A - Process for quenching flames and extinguishing fires and devices therefor - Google Patents

Process for quenching flames and extinguishing fires and devices therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3602312A
US3602312A US841460A US3602312DA US3602312A US 3602312 A US3602312 A US 3602312A US 841460 A US841460 A US 841460A US 3602312D A US3602312D A US 3602312DA US 3602312 A US3602312 A US 3602312A
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Prior art keywords
dibromotetrafluoroethane
chamber
orifice
method defined
nozzle
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US841460A
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English (en)
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Nicolino Rainaldi
Pierluigi Fatutto
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Montedison SpA
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Montedison SpA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/009—Methods or equipment not provided for in groups A62C99/0009 - A62C99/0081

Definitions

  • the out- [561 References cied let orifice at the exit of the chamber is elliptical with a ratio UNITED STATES PATENTS between the major half axis and the minor half axis between 5 587,532 8/1897 Morgan 169/31 and 1, preferably between 2.5 and 125, while the inlet orifice 1,768,700 7/1930 MacGregor 169/31 is circular and the transition from inlet orifice to outlet orifice 2,021,981 11/1935 Bichowsky 169/1 A is continuous.
  • the dibromotetrafluoroethane is projected as a 2,653,130 9/1953 Eiseman 169/1 jet from this chamber at a pressure between 4 and 20 atm.
  • Our present invention relates to a method of quenching fires and extinguishing flames using as the extinguishing compound dibromotetrafluoroethane and to a device for carrying out this method.
  • a fire extinguisher of the canister type will be one which has a self-contained pressure source, e.g.- a liquid propellant, a pressurized gas propellant or the like, from which the flame-extinguishing compound is driven in the form of a jet through a hose, pipe, tube or outlet orifice.
  • Tank-type extinguishers within the meaning of the present application, are those which may be mounted on wheels or may constitute part of a vehicle structure and may be provided with a self-contained pressure source, but also may consist of a reservoir for the fire-extinguishing compound or composition which is driven through the outlet orifice, e.g. at the end of a hose more readily manipulatable by the user than an entire canister or as part of a permanent installation, by a pump or other driving means independent of the reservoir.
  • sym-dibormotetrafluoroethane has been found to have peculiarly advantageous properties as a flame extinguishing substance since it apparently is not readily dispelled from the combustion site, absorbs surprisingly large quantities of heat and also form an oxygen-excluding blanket about the combustion site.
  • prior attention to fire-extinguishing compounds have concentrated upon finding substances with optimum characteristics, either as a heatdissipating or cooling agent at the site of combustion or as an oxygen-blocking noncombustible material capable of reducing the availability of combustion-supporting air.
  • both properties are combined in dibromotetrafluoroethane, which has even been found to have vastly superior flame-extinguishing properties by comparison with its homologues and members of the halogenatedhydrocarbon family.
  • the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved method of extinguishing fires and quenching the flames of fires wherein the aforementioned disadvantages are obviated.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improvedmethod of extinguishing fires with dibromotetrafluoroethane and thereby extending the principles set forth in our copending application Ser. No. 827,959, mentioned earlier.
  • Another object of the instant invention is to provide an improved device or system for carrying out the method of the present invention and for extinguishing fires and quenching flames with sym-dibromotetrafluoroethane in much shorter times than has been possible heretofore and with a minimum quantity of this flame-quenching agent.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to eliminate or reduce the above-described drawbacks, thereby obtaining a quenching of the flame'in short order, even on burning surfaces of considerable spread and with a limited consumption of the fire-extinguishing product.
  • the dibromotetrafluoroethane is discharged, ejected or sprayed from a nozzle whose discharge orifice, which has a cross-sectional area (flow across section) less than the cross-sectional area or flow cross section of the inlet orifice of the frustoconical converging chamber, is of somewhat elliptical configuration with a ratio of the major half axis to the minor half axis of the ellipse ranging between 5 and 1 (5:1 to 1:1) and preferably between 2.5 and 1.25 '(2.5:1 to 1.25:1).
  • the surface of the frustocone converges smoothly and continuously toward the elliptical orifice from the circular orifice and provides a continuous frustoconical transition therebetween.
  • the present invention also contemplates the use of chambers conforming to a frustum of a right circular cone.
  • Still another feature of this invention resides in the step of discharging the dibromotetrafluoroethane from the nozzle at a pressure between 4 and 20 atm., i.e. the driving pressure behind the dibromotetrafluoroethane is 4-20 atm. and preferably between 6 and 16 atm.
  • the driving force may derive frompressurization of a reservoir containing the dibromotetrafluoroethane, e.g. a propellant having a high-vapor pressure and constituting a vapor at operating temperatures.
  • the propellant may be a pressurizing gas which may have flame-quenching properties itself or may be inert with respect to the flame-quenching action, and preferably is not combustion sustaining, or gases designed to drive the dibromotetrafluoroethane through the nozzle without mixing or miscible therewith.
  • propellants need not be used, but pumps or the like may be employed to displace the dibromotetrafluoroethane at the described pressure.
  • Still another aspect of 'the invention resides in the apparatus or device for carrying out the aforementioned method and, therefore, the means for combatting fires, extinguishing flames, etc.
  • a nozzle is provided ahead of a source of dibromotetrafluoroethane under pressure, the nozzle having a discharge orifice fed by a frustoconical chamber converging in the direction orifice fed by a frustoconical chamber converging in the direction of this orifice with a conicity angle a or half angle of the corresponding cone which lies between 4 and 20 but preferably is between and 18.
  • This chamber which has the circular inlet orifice mentioned earlier, may have a circular discharge orifice or an elliptical discharge orifice, also as mentioned above.
  • the section of the outlet orifice conforms preferably to the minor base of the frustocone.
  • FIG. 1 is an axial cross-sectional view, partly in diagrammatic form, of a nozzle for use in the present method
  • FIG. 2 is an end view taken in the direction of the discharge.
  • FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of another embodiment of a nozzle according to the present invention with the section being taken in the plane of the minor axis of the elliptical discharge orifice;
  • FIG. 4 is an end view of the nozzle seen in the direction of the discharge orifice
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along the lines V+V of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 6 is a somewhat diagrammatic view, in elevation, of an apparatus using the nozzle of FIGS. 1 and 2 or FIGS. 3-5.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 I show a nozzle N to which symdibromotetrailuoroethane is fed as represented by arrow D for directing a jet of the dibromotetrafluoroethane onto the site of combustion as a fire-extinguishing and flame-quenching composition.
  • This nozzle has a circular base 2 at one end of his body which may be affixed to a nozzle of dibromotetrafluoroethane under pressure, e.g. by means of a threaded coupling, along the inner wall of'a cylinder bore 2' formed in this portion of the nozzle body.
  • the forward end of the nozzle body converges frustoconically in the direction of discharge of the dibromotetrafluoroethane and is provided with a chamber 3 axially extending within the body and terminating in a discharge orifice 4 of circular configuration at the front end of the nozzle body.
  • the nozzle 4 is of smaller cross section than the inlet orifice 5 of the chamber 3 at which the dibromotetrafluoroethane is admitted into this chamber.
  • the noule may be fitted onto a vessel, container or any conventional source of a pressurized liquid, such as a cylinder or bottle containing dibromotetrafiuoroethane and a propellant as described in the aforementioned copending application and described above,
  • the chamber 3 has a frustoconical configuration conforming to a frustum of a right circular cone with an apex angle in the longitudinal section ABC between about 4 and about 20.
  • the flame-quenching, fire-extinguishing composition is ejected through the nozzle 1 in the direction represented by arrow D and flows from the orifice 4, the cross section of which coincides with the minor base of the frustocone 3 and with a truncating plane through the imaginary cone of apex angle 2a or conicity angle (half angle) a and the axis CE, with a generatrix AC.
  • the shape of the orifice 4 may vary depending upon the specific requirements.
  • the discharge orifice 4 may be of circular configuration (FIGS. 1 and 2) or, preferably, of elliptical configuration (FIGS. 3-5) as shown for the orifice 4' of the nozzle N.
  • Other configurations of discharge orifice have also been found to be satisfactory, although the elliptical shape has proved to be the most effechydrocarbons tive inasmuch as it permits coverage of wider areas by comparison with circular discharge orifices for equal quantities of product discharged.
  • the elliptical orifice has been shown to be more efficient in disseminating the product emerging from the nozzle.
  • the frustoconicaI chamber 3' has a minor base corresponding to the orifice 4' of elliptical configuration while the major base 5 is represented by the inlet orifice to the chamber 3' is a continuous transition between the circular cross section of the inlet orifice 5' to the elliptical configuration of the discharge orifice 4' so that the immediate cross sections gradually and progressively transform from the one geometrical shape to the other.
  • the conicity of such a chamber can be defined by two values of the half angle a of the cone.
  • a half angle a corresponding to half the apex angle of the cone in the plane ABC (FIG. 5) and an angle a" corresponding to the half angle of the cone in the plane ABC orthogonal to the plane ABC.
  • the two planes ABC and ABC correspond to planes through the minor axis a-a and the major axis bb of the nozzle as shown in FIG. 4.
  • angles a and a, for a system having an elliptical discharge orifice will be hereinafter referred to as the angles of major conicity (a) and minor conicity (a") whereas the half angle a for systems constituting frustums of right circular cones will be referred to simply as the conicity angle.
  • the conicity angle is to range between 4 and 20 and preferably between 5 and 18.
  • the ratio between the major half axis and the minor half axis of the ellipse is comprised between 5 and 1 and preferably between 2.5 and 1.25. It is evident, ofcourse, that a ratio of 1 (1:1 corresponds to a right circular cone frustum.
  • the actual cross-sectional area of the discharge orifice, the dimensions of the chamber 3 or 3 and the area of inlet orifice 5, 5' will be selected in accordance with the flow rate of the dibromotetrafluoroethane desired.
  • the extinguishing compound is used at the ambient temperature required for the extinction of the fire and may depend upon the season and location of use. In general, temperatures ofl0 C. to +40 C. will prevail at the discharge orifice.
  • the dibromotetrafluoroethane may be sprayed under a pressure that will vary according to the requirements, e.g. as determined by the desired flow rate and nozzle temperature, it has been found that best results are obtained in terms of fire extinguishing action, with a pressure between 4 and 20 atm. and preferably 6 and 16 atm.
  • this pressure may be obtained by means of a mechanical device, for example, a pump, or by a propellant which may be soluble or insoluble in dibromotetrafiuoroethane.
  • Suitable insoluble propellants include nitrogen, helium, air or other pressurized inert gas, also the use of air is possible only when the air lies above the body of the liquid in the container and the latter is driven to the nozzle via a duct leading below the compressed air.
  • Partially soluble propellant gases such as carbon dioxide may be used.
  • the propellant may even be soluble in the dibromotetrafluoroethane and, for this purpose, halogenated and preferably fluorinated and/or chlorofluorinated or bromofluorinated methanes are used. Best results are obtained with difluorodichloromethane, difluoromonochloromethane, trifluorobromomethane and tetrafluoromethane individually or in mixtures of two or more; preference is, however, given to insoluble propellants for the purposes of the present invention.
  • dibromotetrafluoroethane is not nebulized or atomized into particles in the size range of microns as is the case with aerosol sprays, nor does the dibromotetrafluoroethane form excessively large particles. e.g. upwards of5 mm. It appears that the nozzle results in the formation of a particle size between 0.5 and 3 mm. and that this particle size range has-the surprising effect of increasing the fire-extinguishing capabilities of this particular compound.
  • nebulization or dispersion in a particle size range of the order of microns to promote mechanical dispelling from the site of combustion and permitting rapid evaporation prior to entry of the particles into the combustion zone in which the particles may function to absorb.
  • nebulization may induce air toward the combustion site and promote combustion at least to a certain extent. Particles of a larger size than those produced in accordance with the present invention appear to pass through the flame and again remain out of the flame site so as to be incapable of withdrawing heat therefrom by evaporation.
  • FIG. 6 we show an installation wherein the nozzle N or N is mounted on a valve structure V connected by a hose H to a tank T containing the BrF C-CF Br and charged with a propellant gas at G.
  • a gauge G indicates the pressure.
  • a pump P serves to drive the flameextinguishing substance.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A portable fire extinguisher of 6 l. holding capacity was loaded with 6.5 kg. of symmetrical dibromotetrafluoroethane and was then pressurized at room temperature (about C.) with nitrogen, the extinguisher being equipped to ensure the constant operating pressure required during the spraying of the extinguishing product (i.e. 8 atm.).
  • the extinguishing test was carried out in a 1.5 m? (flame area) tank containing about 100 liters of water and 20 liters of a gasoline/gas-oil mixture in a weight ratio of 1:1.
  • the extinguisher was introduced after 30 seconds of combustion (this time will hereinafter be always indicated as precombustion time). The fire was extinguished within a second with a consumption in extinguishing compound 0 about l kg.
  • Into the 100-liter tank of a wheeled extinguisher was charged 180 kg. of C F Br and it was then pressurized as in Example 1.
  • the test was carried out in a 1.5 m. tank containing about 100 liters of water and 20 liters ofa gasoline/gas-oil mixture in a weight ratio of 1:1.
  • the extinguisher was introduced after a precombustion time of 30 sec. and the fire was extinguished within 1 sec. with a consumption of extinguishing compound of about 1 kg.
  • EXAMPLE 5 A portable fire extinguisher of 6-1iter capacity was loaded with 6.5 kg. of C F Br and was then pressurized at room temperature (about 20 C.) with nitrogen to a pressure of. l 6 atm.
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 2:1) 40 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 1:1) 20 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • A gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 1:1) 60 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • A, 'gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 1:1) 50 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 1:1) 230 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight l-l) 350 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture (ratio by weight 2:1) 900 liters of mixture on a base of water;
  • a gasoline/gas-oil mixture 600 liters of mixture on a base of water.
  • the test No. I (Table 2) was carried out in a fire tank of 6 m.'-' (combustion area) provided with a dividing wall located in the middle ofthe tank.
  • the test No. 6 (Table 2) was carried out by two operators on afire area of 50 m? constituted of a deck house (engine room ofa ship) with all its structures (pipes. grates, etc.
  • test Nos. 7. 8 and 9 were carried out by two operators in a fire tank having St. Andrea's cross shape (X- shape). the arms of the cross being 10 m. X 4 m.; test No. 10 was carried out on the same tank by one operator.
  • the method of this invention extinguishes various kinds of fires including those whose combustible material is a solid (such as paper, wood, fabrics, plastic materials, etc.) those caused by a liquid, a fat or ofelectrical origin and so forth.
  • a method of extinguishing fires and quenching flames comprising the step of directing symmetricaldibromotetrafluoroethane thereagainst through a nozzle having a discharge orifice trained on a fire and its flame; and conducting said dibromotetrafluoroethane to said orifice through a chamber of substantially forced conical configuration converging toward and terminating at said orifice while having a conicity angle between about 4 and about 20.
  • dibromotetrafluoroethane is driven through said chamber in said with at least one propellant soluble dibromotetrafluoroethane and selected from the glroup conststing of fluormated, chlorofluormated and bromo uorinated methanes.
  • An apparatus for quenching flames and extinguishing fires comprising a reservoir if dibromotetrafluoroethane and a nozzle for dispensing dibromotetrafluoroethane connected to said reservoir, said nozzle having a nozzle body formed with a discharge orifice and a chamber leading to said discharge orifice and frustoconically converging in the direction thereof with a conicity angle of about 4 to about 20.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Supports For Pipes And Cables (AREA)
US841460A 1968-07-15 1969-07-14 Process for quenching flames and extinguishing fires and devices therefor Expired - Lifetime US3602312A (en)

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IT1898268 1968-07-15
IT1601069 1969-04-24

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US (1) US3602312A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE736110A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH501434A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE6927485U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES369495A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2014607A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1236909A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6910479A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO127846B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE364445B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3876011A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-04-08 Kidde & Co Walter Apparatus for preventing and extinguishing automotive vehicle fires
WO1993015794A1 (en) * 1992-02-05 1993-08-19 Ab Bejaro-Product Gas-liquid mixture as well as unit and method for the use thereof
EP0998672A4 (en) * 1997-07-24 2004-06-16 Us Agriculture FLOW CYTOMETER NOZZLE FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT CELL SORTING
US20160076449A1 (en) * 2014-09-11 2016-03-17 Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg Aero engine with a bearing chamber and an appliance for introducing oil

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5317679Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-08-25 1978-05-11
JPS5293197A (en) * 1976-01-12 1977-08-05 Earotsuru Co Inc Portable fire extinguisher
JPS5592351U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1979-02-17 1980-06-26
RU2144404C1 (ru) * 1998-11-30 2000-01-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-техническая фирма" "Экмос" Устройство для импульсной подачи и мелкодисперсного распыления веществ
DE202011104874U1 (de) 2011-08-27 2011-10-27 Silag Handel Ag Flächen-, Rechteck- oder Viereckregner als Beregnungsvorrichtung
CN114377327B (zh) * 2022-02-24 2022-11-11 广州兴进消防设备有限公司 一种消防用灭火器

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US587532A (en) * 1897-08-03 Alfred morgan
US1768700A (en) * 1928-07-18 1930-07-01 Pyrene Mfg Co Fire extinguisher
US2021981A (en) * 1930-06-23 1935-11-26 Gen Motors Corp Self propelling fire extinguishing charge containing a double halogen hydrocarbon compound
US2653130A (en) * 1951-05-17 1953-09-22 Du Pont Fire extinguishing composition of cbrf or cfbrcfbr containing cf as a propellant
CA589990A (en) * 1960-01-05 Lambert Milton Nozzle for a fire extinguisher
US2959359A (en) * 1959-03-02 1960-11-08 Casaletto Joseph Adjustable spray nozzle with resilient body
US3343794A (en) * 1965-07-12 1967-09-26 Vyacheslavovich Bogdan Jet nozzle for obtaining high pulse dynamic pressure heads

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US587532A (en) * 1897-08-03 Alfred morgan
CA589990A (en) * 1960-01-05 Lambert Milton Nozzle for a fire extinguisher
US1768700A (en) * 1928-07-18 1930-07-01 Pyrene Mfg Co Fire extinguisher
US2021981A (en) * 1930-06-23 1935-11-26 Gen Motors Corp Self propelling fire extinguishing charge containing a double halogen hydrocarbon compound
US2653130A (en) * 1951-05-17 1953-09-22 Du Pont Fire extinguishing composition of cbrf or cfbrcfbr containing cf as a propellant
US2959359A (en) * 1959-03-02 1960-11-08 Casaletto Joseph Adjustable spray nozzle with resilient body
US3343794A (en) * 1965-07-12 1967-09-26 Vyacheslavovich Bogdan Jet nozzle for obtaining high pulse dynamic pressure heads

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Herzka and Pickthall Pressurized Packaging (Aerosols) London, Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1958. Chapter III, page 76. QD 549 H47. Copy in group 220. *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3876011A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-04-08 Kidde & Co Walter Apparatus for preventing and extinguishing automotive vehicle fires
WO1993015794A1 (en) * 1992-02-05 1993-08-19 Ab Bejaro-Product Gas-liquid mixture as well as unit and method for the use thereof
AU661120B2 (en) * 1992-02-05 1995-07-13 Halotron, Inc Gas-liquid mixture as well as unit and method for the use thereof
US5698630A (en) * 1992-02-05 1997-12-16 Halotron, Inc. Gas-liquid mixture as well as unit and method for the use thereof
US5862867A (en) * 1992-02-05 1999-01-26 Halotron, Inc. Gas-liquid mixture as well as unit and method for the use thereof
US6182768B1 (en) 1992-02-05 2001-02-06 Halotron, Inc. Gas-liquid mixture as well as fire-extinguishing unit and method for the use thereof
US6267788B1 (en) 1992-02-05 2001-07-31 Halotron, Inc. Gas-Liquid mixture as well as fire-extinguishing unit and method for the use thereof
EP0998672A4 (en) * 1997-07-24 2004-06-16 Us Agriculture FLOW CYTOMETER NOZZLE FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT CELL SORTING
US20160076449A1 (en) * 2014-09-11 2016-03-17 Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg Aero engine with a bearing chamber and an appliance for introducing oil
US10041410B2 (en) * 2014-09-11 2018-08-07 Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg Aero engine with a bearing chamber and an appliance for introducing oil

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1236909A (en) 1971-06-23
NO127846B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-27
ES369495A1 (es) 1971-04-01
BE736110A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-01-15
FR2014607A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-04-17
NL6910479A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-01-19
DE6927485U (de) 1969-12-18
SE364445B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-25
DE1935269A1 (de) 1970-01-22
CH501434A (de) 1971-01-15

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