US3591812A - Neutron-generating targets - Google Patents
Neutron-generating targets Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3591812A US3591812A US755433A US3591812DA US3591812A US 3591812 A US3591812 A US 3591812A US 755433 A US755433 A US 755433A US 3591812D A US3591812D A US 3591812DA US 3591812 A US3591812 A US 3591812A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- targets
- metals
- neutron
- volume
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H6/00—Targets for producing nuclear reactions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H3/00—Production or acceleration of neutral particle beams, e.g. molecular or atomic beams
- H05H3/06—Generating neutron beams
Definitions
- the present invention relates to targets which are more especially employed for the production of fast neutrons by bombarding said targets, which contain one of the isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium or tritium), with a deuteron beam having an energy of the order of a few hundred kev., thereby initiating the known reactions D (d,n) He. T (d,n) He.
- the isotopes of hydrogen are present in the target materials in the form of metallic hydrides which are deposited on passive substrates (for example of silver copper, molybdenum and the like) by means of a conventional process.
- Said substrates serve to mount the targets in the deuteron path within an accelerator while at the same time permitting the dissipation of energy resulting from the impacts of said deuterons on the target material.
- the targets of the type employed up to the present time are constituted by a thin layer (on the order of l mgJcm?) of a hydride of titanium, zirconium, yttrium or of the closely related rare earths.
- targets of this type do exhibit good thermal stability and can contain appreciable quantities of tritium or deuterium or both of these isotopes, it is not always possible to obtain perfect adhesion of the target material to the substrates. This presents problems of fabrication according to requirements and, in any case, limits the life of targets of this type.
- the faulty adhesion referred to is related, in particular, to a substantial increase in volume which accompanies the formation of metallic hydrides.
- the variation in density between the metal and the hydride corresponds to an increase in volume between 12.5 percent and 13.5 percent, depending on the metal considered.
- the present invention is directed to novel neutron-generating targets which overcome these disadvantages, Accordingly, these targets are made up of a layer of a hydride mixture of at least two metals of two different groups, one of which increases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction and the other or which decreases in volume.
- the respective quantities of the two metals are chosen so that the mixture exhibits only a slight variation in density irrespective of the proportion of hydrogen isotope which it contains.
- the invention consists in constructing targets using two metals which are subjected to a reaction involving attack by a hydrogenated medium containing the hydrogen isotope which it is desired to introduce into the target. Hydrides are produced which are of lower density for one metal and of higher density for the other metal respectively by said metals as a result of expansion and shrinkage which counterbalance each other.
- the metals of the first group can be selected from zirconium, hafnium. titanium, yttrium or some of the rare-earth metals while the metals of the second group are selected from calcium, strontium, ytterbium or europium.
- the metallic hydrides chosen are prepared from a mixture of powder of the metals of each of the two groups considered in proportions which are chosen so as to obtain a substantially zero variation in density during the hydriding reaction. It is thus possible to chose a mixture composed of 50 percent hafnium and 50 percent ytterbium or alternatively 55 percent neodymium and 45 percent ytterbium. The mixture of metal powder which is thus formed is then subjected to a hydriding reaction in a hydrogen medium containing the isotope to be introduced into the target.
- the hydride mixture which is obtained is then sintered at high temperature and in the presence of the same hydrogen isotope in such a manner as to obtain a compact pellet having a thickness of a few tenths of a millimeter and a diameter which is slightly larger than the deuteron beam. Said pellet is then set in a substrate which has good thermal conductivity.
- the targets thus produced not only possess high mechanical stability but contain a substantial proportion of hydrogen isotope which provides a useful life of very long duration. Finally, the thickness of such targets makes it possible to utilize deuterons of high energy and therefore of high penetrating power.
- a powder consisting of metals of the two groups considered above is mixed so as to form a compound which does not undergo any dimensional variation at the time of changes in the proportions of hydrogen isotope.
- a substrate which has good rigidity, excellent capacity for adhesion to the hydride and good thermal conductivity. After polishing and ultrasonic cleaning in a bath of pure alcohol, said substrate is degassed under a high vacuum and at high temperature (10 mm. of mercury, 500 C.). Conventional techniques are then employed for the deposition of the two selected metals under a high vacuum and at a controlled rate.
- the metallic film thus obtained is then heated in a deuterium and tritium atmosphere until it has absorbed the desired quantity of the isotope.
- the targets thus obtained have considerably improved adhesion and better resistance to the sputtering phenomenon.
- Neutron-generating targets comprising a layer of a hydrogen isotope containing hydride mixture of at least two metals of two different groups, one metal of which mixture increases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction and the other metal of which mixture decreases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction said metals of the first group being selected from the group consisting of zirconium, hafnium, titanium, yttrium and neodyminum, and said metals of the second group being selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, ytterbium and europium.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Abstract
Neutron-generating targets are made up of a layer of a hydride mixture of at least two metals of two different groups, one of which increases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction and the other decreases in volume.
Description
United States Patent lnventor Appl. No.
Priority Jacques Detaint Grenoble, France Aug. 26. 1968 July 6, 1971 Commhariat A L'Energie Atomique Paris, France Sept. 15, 1967 France NEUTRON-GENERATING TARGETS 1 Claim, No Drawings US. Cl 250/845, 313/61 Int. Cl 621g 3/04 [50] FieldofSearch 250/845, 84;3l3/61;3l5/l08 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,167,655 1/1965 Redstone et al. 250/845 3,183,356 5/1965 Cherubini 250/845 Primary Examiner-James W. Lawrence Assistant Examiner-Morton .l. Frome Attorney-Cameron, Kerkam and Sutton NEUTRON-GENERATING TARGETS The present invention relates to targets which are more especially employed for the production of fast neutrons by bombarding said targets, which contain one of the isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium or tritium), with a deuteron beam having an energy of the order of a few hundred kev., thereby initiating the known reactions D (d,n) He. T (d,n) He.
In targets of this type which are at present known, the isotopes of hydrogen are present in the target materials in the form of metallic hydrides which are deposited on passive substrates (for example of silver copper, molybdenum and the like) by means of a conventional process. Said substrates serve to mount the targets in the deuteron path within an accelerator while at the same time permitting the dissipation of energy resulting from the impacts of said deuterons on the target material. It is apparent that, under these conditions, in order to ensure good operation of the targets and suitable reproducibility of the results, the adhesion of the hyride layers to the substrates must be particularly effective and the effects of the intense bombardment on the target must be reduced to a minumum so as to prevent the process known as sputtering" by which atoms are stripped from the target surface. Finally, in order to obtain a maximum neutron flux, which decreases only slowly in time, it is essential to make use of a deuterium or tritium compound which is chemically very stable and contains the largest permissible quantity of the hydrogen isotope considered.
In order to meet the requirements outlined above, the targets of the type employed up to the present time are constituted by a thin layer (on the order of l mgJcm?) of a hydride of titanium, zirconium, yttrium or of the closely related rare earths. Although targets of this type do exhibit good thermal stability and can contain appreciable quantities of tritium or deuterium or both of these isotopes, it is not always possible to obtain perfect adhesion of the target material to the substrates. This presents problems of fabrication according to requirements and, in any case, limits the life of targets of this type. The faulty adhesion referred to is related, in particular, to a substantial increase in volume which accompanies the formation of metallic hydrides. By way of example, and as is apparent from the table given below in the case of metals such as zirconium, hafnium and titanium, the variation in density between the metal and the hydride corresponds to an increase in volume between 12.5 percent and 13.5 percent, depending on the metal considered.
Nature z r ZrH; Ht Hl'H; Tl m,
Density 6. 4 5. 626 13. 3 11. 48 4. 6 3. 75 Increase in volume, percent. 12. 6 13. l3. 3
The present invention is directed to novel neutron-generating targets which overcome these disadvantages, Accordingly, these targets are made up of a layer of a hydride mixture of at least two metals of two different groups, one of which increases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction and the other or which decreases in volume. The respective quantities of the two metals are chosen so that the mixture exhibits only a slight variation in density irrespective of the proportion of hydrogen isotope which it contains.
Under these conditions, the invention consists in constructing targets using two metals which are subjected to a reaction involving attack by a hydrogenated medium containing the hydrogen isotope which it is desired to introduce into the target. Hydrides are produced which are of lower density for one metal and of higher density for the other metal respectively by said metals as a result of expansion and shrinkage which counterbalance each other.
The metals of the first group can be selected from zirconium, hafnium. titanium, yttrium or some of the rare-earth metals while the metals of the second group are selected from calcium, strontium, ytterbium or europium. By way of example, the shrinkage observed in on the order of 13.5 volume percent in the case of ytterbium hydride and 19 volume percent in the case of europium h dri de. 4
The procedure involved in abncation of targets of this type is conventional and can be summarized as follows:
1. Fabrication of targets of substantial thickness:
the metallic hydrides chosen are prepared from a mixture of powder of the metals of each of the two groups considered in proportions which are chosen so as to obtain a substantially zero variation in density during the hydriding reaction. It is thus possible to chose a mixture composed of 50 percent hafnium and 50 percent ytterbium or alternatively 55 percent neodymium and 45 percent ytterbium. The mixture of metal powder which is thus formed is then subjected to a hydriding reaction in a hydrogen medium containing the isotope to be introduced into the target. The hydride mixture which is obtained is then sintered at high temperature and in the presence of the same hydrogen isotope in such a manner as to obtain a compact pellet having a thickness of a few tenths of a millimeter and a diameter which is slightly larger than the deuteron beam. Said pellet is then set in a substrate which has good thermal conductivity.
The targets thus produced not only possess high mechanical stability but contain a substantial proportion of hydrogen isotope which provides a useful life of very long duration. Finally, the thickness of such targets makes it possible to utilize deuterons of high energy and therefore of high penetrating power.
2. Fabrication of thin target:
as in the previous example, a powder consisting of metals of the two groups considered above is mixed so as to form a compound which does not undergo any dimensional variation at the time of changes in the proportions of hydrogen isotope. There is also prepared a substrate which has good rigidity, excellent capacity for adhesion to the hydride and good thermal conductivity. After polishing and ultrasonic cleaning in a bath of pure alcohol, said substrate is degassed under a high vacuum and at high temperature (10 mm. of mercury, 500 C.). Conventional techniques are then employed for the deposition of the two selected metals under a high vacuum and at a controlled rate. The metallic film thus obtained is then heated in a deuterium and tritium atmosphere until it has absorbed the desired quantity of the isotope. The targets thus obtained have considerably improved adhesion and better resistance to the sputtering phenomenon.
What we claim is:
l. Neutron-generating targets, comprising a layer of a hydrogen isotope containing hydride mixture of at least two metals of two different groups, one metal of which mixture increases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction and the other metal of which mixture decreases in volume during the chemical hydriding reaction said metals of the first group being selected from the group consisting of zirconium, hafnium, titanium, yttrium and neodyminum, and said metals of the second group being selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, ytterbium and europium.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR121146A FR1544089A (en) | 1967-09-15 | 1967-09-15 | Neutronigenic targets |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3591812A true US3591812A (en) | 1971-07-06 |
Family
ID=8638400
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US755433A Expired - Lifetime US3591812A (en) | 1967-09-15 | 1968-08-26 | Neutron-generating targets |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3591812A (en) |
BE (1) | BE719411A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1764876B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES358151A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR1544089A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1164780A (en) |
LU (1) | LU56856A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL6811959A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3766389A (en) * | 1970-02-26 | 1973-10-16 | Nukem Gmbh | Target for producing neutrons |
US3836785A (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1974-09-17 | Philips Corp | Neutron generator having a target on which a beam of hydrogen ions is incident |
US20130070883A1 (en) * | 2010-05-20 | 2013-03-21 | Péter Teleki | Method of utilizing nuclear reactions of neutrons to produce primarily lanthanides and/or platinum metals |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3104260C2 (en) * | 1981-02-07 | 1984-03-01 | Brown Boveri Reaktor GmbH, 6800 Mannheim | Device for storing hydrogen as a metal hydride |
CN115354285B (en) * | 2022-07-28 | 2023-08-22 | 中子时代(青岛)创新科技有限公司 | Neutron target based on in-situ growth and preparation method thereof |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3167655A (en) * | 1960-08-30 | 1965-01-26 | Redstone Reuben | Target for a neutron generator consisting of a coating of one of the lanthanon elements on a base metal |
US3183356A (en) * | 1962-07-30 | 1965-05-11 | High Voltage Engineering Corp | Neutron source |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1408536A (en) * | 1963-10-04 | 1965-08-13 | N R A Inc | Solid target of tritium and deuterium for neutron generators |
-
1967
- 1967-09-15 FR FR121146A patent/FR1544089A/en not_active Expired
-
1968
- 1968-08-13 BE BE719411A patent/BE719411A/xx unknown
- 1968-08-22 NL NL6811959A patent/NL6811959A/xx unknown
- 1968-08-23 DE DE19681764876 patent/DE1764876B1/en active Pending
- 1968-08-26 US US755433A patent/US3591812A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1968-09-04 GB GB41999/68A patent/GB1164780A/en not_active Expired
- 1968-09-10 LU LU56856D patent/LU56856A1/xx unknown
- 1968-09-14 ES ES358151A patent/ES358151A1/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3167655A (en) * | 1960-08-30 | 1965-01-26 | Redstone Reuben | Target for a neutron generator consisting of a coating of one of the lanthanon elements on a base metal |
US3183356A (en) * | 1962-07-30 | 1965-05-11 | High Voltage Engineering Corp | Neutron source |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3766389A (en) * | 1970-02-26 | 1973-10-16 | Nukem Gmbh | Target for producing neutrons |
US3836785A (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1974-09-17 | Philips Corp | Neutron generator having a target on which a beam of hydrogen ions is incident |
US20130070883A1 (en) * | 2010-05-20 | 2013-03-21 | Péter Teleki | Method of utilizing nuclear reactions of neutrons to produce primarily lanthanides and/or platinum metals |
US9431139B2 (en) * | 2010-05-20 | 2016-08-30 | Péter Teleki | Method of utilizing nuclear reactions of neutrons to produce primarily lanthanides and/or platinum metals |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1764876B1 (en) | 1970-12-23 |
ES358151A1 (en) | 1970-06-01 |
NL6811959A (en) | 1969-03-18 |
LU56856A1 (en) | 1968-12-17 |
FR1544089A (en) | 1968-10-31 |
BE719411A (en) | 1969-01-16 |
GB1164780A (en) | 1969-09-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Fowler et al. | Nuclear Reactions and Element Synthesis in the Surface of Stars. | |
US3591812A (en) | Neutron-generating targets | |
WO1996003751A1 (en) | Method of and system for controlling energy, including in fusion reactors | |
US3320422A (en) | Solid tritium and deuterium targets for neutron generator | |
US3646348A (en) | Neutron-emitting tritiated target having a layer containing tritium and a passive support with an intermediate barrier | |
US2987488A (en) | Graphite boron neutron shielding | |
Bolt et al. | Simulation of tokamak runaway-electron events | |
Leffert et al. | Noble gas plasma produced by fission fragments | |
US3766389A (en) | Target for producing neutrons | |
US3183356A (en) | Neutron source | |
US3683190A (en) | Tritium and deuterium impregnated targets for neutron generators | |
US3167655A (en) | Target for a neutron generator consisting of a coating of one of the lanthanon elements on a base metal | |
Csikai et al. | Nuclear data for neutron activation analysis | |
Guillaume et al. | On the optimal generation of 14 MeV neutrons by means of tritiated titanium targets | |
US4004890A (en) | Method and means of reducing erosion of components of plasma devices exposed to helium and hydrogen isotope radiation | |
Gruen et al. | Materials for thermonuclear fusion reactors | |
Bach et al. | Tritium target manufacturing for use in accelerators | |
DE1764876C (en) | Metal hydride-containing target for generating neutrons | |
Wilson et al. | Deuterium trapping measurements in aluminum and plasma-sprayed aluminum coatings | |
Shrinet et al. | Effect of neutron and proton irradiation on some properties of Kapton | |
Mitchell | Exploratory experiments comparing damage effects of high-energy neutrons and fission-reactor neutrons in metals | |
Skalsey et al. | Proposed new reactor-activated positron source for intense slow e+ beam production | |
Terwagne et al. | Study of the dynamic processes involved during nitrogen implantation into aluminum | |
Jessen et al. | Long-Lived Targets | |
Nazarova et al. | Obtaining foils and films of erbium and scandium isotopes for nuclear research |