US3582341A - Fixer composition - Google Patents
Fixer composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3582341A US3582341A US771325A US3582341DA US3582341A US 3582341 A US3582341 A US 3582341A US 771325 A US771325 A US 771325A US 3582341D A US3582341D A US 3582341DA US 3582341 A US3582341 A US 3582341A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- grams per
- per liter
- developer composition
- film
- amount
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
- G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
- G03C5/29—Development processes or agents therefor
- G03C5/30—Developers
Definitions
- the first step in the process comprises contacting an exposed photographic film with an alkaline developer composition comprising (a) a mixture of hydroquinone and 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone in a weight ratio of from 15:1 to 6:1 as the developing agent, the mixture contained in the developer composition in an amount of from 15 to 30 grams per liter; and (b) potassium sulfite as preservative in an amount from 60 to 120 grams per liter.
- an alkaline developer composition comprising (a) a mixture of hydroquinone and 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone in a weight ratio of from 15:1 to 6:1 as the developing agent, the mixture contained in the developer composition in an amount of from 15 to 30 grams per liter; and (b) potassium sulfite as preservative in an amount from 60 to 120 grams per liter.
- the developer composition has a pH from about 10 to 11 and contains a restrainer such as potassium bromide in an amount of from 2 to 10 grams per liter.
- a restrainer such as potassium bromide
- the developed film is preferably contacted with a fixer such as one comprising from 200 to 400 grams per liter sodium thiosulfate crystals, 50 to 100 grams per liter of potassium sulfite and 100 to 200 grams per liter of ammonium thiocyanate.
- the process of the invention provides rapid development of high contrast, low speed films and has, for example, a capability of developing microfilm in about 10 seconds or less.
- the high speed is believed to be attributable, at least in part, to the use of the above-noted combination of developing agents.
- the process results in a developed negative free of a uniform red coloration or stain characteristic of films of this nature.
- the developer composition is highly resistant to the detrimental effects of aeration, has excellent keeping qualities and can be stored for long periods of time without noticeable deterioration.
- This invention relates to photographic chemistry and more particularly, to a process for developing high contrast, low speed photographic film such as microfilm.
- microfilming is the technique of copying documents to reduced size on film, usually 16- and 35-min. film.
- the negatives made therefrom can be read in enlarging readers, or enlargements onto paper may be made to provide copies.
- Special miniature cameras are used, typically having variable magnification, automatic focusing and high-definition lenses. Many cameras are mounted in automated microfilm processors into which the documents are fed rapidly, photographed, moved through the machine and developed automatically. Reductions in size may range from 8 to as much as 40.
- Special projection equipment made for reading the films may give an enlargement onto a table or a diffusing rear-projection screen, with provision for rapidly winding the film and framing any desired page.
- films must be provided that are capable of yielding developed images of exceptional definition and contrast. It is known in the art that photographic emulsions of low speed having a fine grain structure provide desired contrast and definition. Moreover, film used for microfilming is typically provided with a dye layer disposed between the base and emulsion layers. The dye absorbs light during exposure, thereby preventing the light from passing through the film base and reflecting back into the emulsion. In the absence of the dye layer, reflected light would expose areas adjacent to the image areas resulting in a loss of image clarity.
- developers for processing photographic film and heretofore used for processing microfilm, comprise developers such as organic reducing compounds as exemplified by hydroquinone, mono-methylparaminophenol sulphate (Elon, Metol) pyrogallol (1,2,3-hydroxybenzene), Amidol (2,4-diaminophenol) and rphenylenediamine; an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to give desired pH; a preservative such as sodium sulfite to prevent degradation of the developer composition by oxygen; and an antifoggant such as potassium bromide to prevent the development of unexposed silver halide crystals.
- organic reducing compounds as exemplified by hydroquinone, mono-methylparaminophenol sulphate (Elon, Metol) pyrogallol (1,2,3-hydroxybenzene), Amidol (2,4-diaminophenol) and rphenylenediamine
- an alkali such as sodium hydrox
- a developer composition composed of known materials such as those exemplified above may be formulated so as to provide specific desired results such as high speed development, fine grained images, high density images and the like by careful selection of composition components and the proportions thereof.
- developers have been formulated to provide rapid development of high contrast, low speed films from materials using conventional materials.
- Such compositions are disclosed in numerous patents including US. Pats. Nos. 2,448,857; 2,614,927; 2,710,257; 2,757,091; 3,088,824; 3,132,943; and 3,356,- 502.
- a typical formulation for high speed development is illustrated in US. Pat. No. 2,710,257 above noted, and is composed of a major portion of hydroquinone and a minor portion of the sulfate of p-methylaminophenol (Metol) as developing agent, sodium hydroxide as alkali, sodium sulfite as preservative, potassium bromide as restrainer and various other additives as antifoggants, for toning and the like.
- this formulation and others as represented in the prior art to provide rapid development of photographic film, they are not fully suitable for development of microfilm. For example, contact of exposed microfilm having an intermediate dye layer with prior art developers results in a uniform red staining of the microfilm. Furthermore, the prior art developers are not sufficiently stable to withstand the extreme aeration resulting from the pumping operations in the automated microfilm processing equipment.
- the present invention provides a process and compositions for rapid development of low speed, high contrast film and is especially suitable for the processing of microfilm minimizing the above-noted problems associated therewith.
- the process involves a first step of contacting an exposed photographic film with an alkaline developer composition comprising (a) a mixture of hydroquinone and l-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone in a weight ratio of from about :1 to 6:1 as the developing agents, the mixture of agents contained in the developer composition in an amount of from 15 to grams per liters; and (b) potassium sulfite as preservative in an amount of from 60 to 120 grams per liter.
- the developer composition has a pH of about 10 to 11 and contains a restrainer such as potassium bromide in an amount of from about 2 to 10 grams per liter.
- the second step in the process preferably involves contact of the developed film with a fixer composition such as one comprising from 200 to 400 grams per liter of sodium thiosulfate crystals, 50 to 100 grams of potassium sulfite and 100 to 200 grams per liter of ammonium thiocyanate.
- a fixer composition such as one comprising from 200 to 400 grams per liter of sodium thiosulfate crystals, 50 to 100 grams of potassium sulfite and 100 to 200 grams per liter of ammonium thiocyanate.
- low speed, high contrast film is developed in a period of about 10 seconds with the processed film being substantially free of a red coloration or staining.
- the processing chemicals are highly resistant to the detrimental effects of aeration, have excellent keeping qualities and can be stored or used for extended periods of time without noticeable deterioration. Rapid development is believed to be due in part to a synergism resulting from the combination of hydroquinone with 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone in the above specified proportions.
- the hydroquinone and the l-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone are each developing agents and used in a weight ratio to each other of from 15:1 to 6: 1. It is necessary that the combination of developing agents be used as they co-react with each other to provide a synergism resulting in substantially decreased development time and increased image quality. If the 1-phenyl-3- pyrazolidone is used alone in an amount equal to as much as 5 times its specified amount in the above formulation, the development time is short, but the developed image is of low contrast, poor density, and otherwise unacceptable quality. If hydroquinone is used alone in an amount equal to the total amount of two developing agents in the above formulation, the development time is excessive and the developed image is of poor density in the low exposure region. The combination of developing agents in the amount and proportions above specified provides a developed image in 10 seconds or less of excellent contrast, density and quality.
- Potassium sulfite is used in the above formulation for two purposes. First, it acts as a preservative and prevents degradation of the developer composition due to excessive aeration. In addition, it acts to decolorize the intermediate dye later so that the developed film has a low level of uniform red discoloration. Preferably, it is present in an amount of at least about 80 grams per liter of developer solution. It should be noted that sodium sulfite, in lesser concentrations, is a conventional additive to prior art developer compositions. However, it has been found that sodium sulfite substituted for potassium sulfite in the above formulation is substantially less effective in performing the function of decolorizing the dye layer.
- Potassium bromide is used for its well-known function as a restrainer and antifoggant.
- 'Ihe benzotriazole is an optional additive used in combination with the potassium bromide as an antifoggant.
- the sodium hydroxide is used to provide the desired pH of from 10 to 11.
- other known alkalis such as sodium carbonate, borax and the like may be substituted for sodium hydroxide provided that a pH of from 10 to 11 is achieved.
- the developer composition of this invention is desirably used at slightly elevated temperatures and preferably within a temperature range of 85 to 95 F. with 90 F. being most preferred.
- Contact of the photographic film with the developer composition is dependent, to some extent, upon the film used. However, contact time of from 5 to 15 seconds is usually satisfactory.
- fixer composition as follows:
- Crystalline sodium thiosulfate is a conventional fixing agent. However, its combination with ammonium thiocyanate produces a synergistic effect resulting in shorter fixation time. In addition, the ammonium thiocyanate is believed to solubilize to some extent an intermediate dye layer disposed between the base and emulsion layers of the photographic film. It is believed that this, in part, is responsible for the formation of black and white images with minimum red discoloration.
- Potassium sulfite in the above formulation acts as a preservative and contributes to the decolorization of the dye layer.
- the potassium sulfite performs the same function in the fixer composition as in the developer composition.
- An additional characteristic of the fixer composition is the absence of gelatin hardeners. Removal of hardeners ensures the rapid diffusion of wash water in and out of the emulsion making archival washing possible in the shortest possible time.
- the fixer composition is preferably used at a temperature of from to F.
- EXAMPLE 1 An exposed black and white negative film having an intermediate dye layer was developed in a developer maintained at F. and having the following formulation:
- the temperature of the fixer composition was 80 F. and contact with the fixer was for a period of seconds.
- the developed image was of high contrast, excellent resolution and free of red discoloration.
- EXAMPLE 2 An exposed black and white negative film having an intermediate dye layer was developed in a developer maintained at 90 F. and having the following formulation:
- Development time was approximately 10 seconds. Thereafter, the developed film was contacted for 10 seconds with the fixer of Example 1 maintained at 80 F. The developed film was of high contrast, high resolution, but possessed a red discoloration.
- Example 3 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the substitution of 2.1 grams of mono-methylparaminolphenol sulfate for the 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone. The developed image was of poor contrast and quality.
- Example 4 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the substitution of about 30 grams of hydroquinone for the combination of the hydroquinone and 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone. After 10 seconds contact with the developer composition, no visual image was observable. After a full minute of contact with the developer, a visual image of poor speed and quality was observable.
- EXAMPLE 5 Grams Minimum Maximum Sodium thisofulfate crystals 200 400 Ammonium thiocyanate- 100 200 Potassium sulfite Water To 1 liter 2.
- the fixer composition of claim 1 consisting essentially of the following formulation:
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US77132568A | 1968-10-28 | 1968-10-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3582341A true US3582341A (en) | 1971-06-01 |
Family
ID=25091451
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US771325A Expired - Lifetime US3582341A (en) | 1968-10-28 | 1968-10-28 | Fixer composition |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3582341A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1954017A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2021744A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4046571A (en) * | 1975-06-27 | 1977-09-06 | Gaf Corporation | Processing solution for use as photographic developer bath and replenisher therefor |
AU738550B2 (en) * | 1998-02-19 | 2001-09-20 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Valve gating apparatus and method for injection molding |
-
1968
- 1968-10-28 US US771325A patent/US3582341A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1969
- 1969-10-27 DE DE19691954017 patent/DE1954017A1/en active Pending
- 1969-10-28 FR FR6936943A patent/FR2021744A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4046571A (en) * | 1975-06-27 | 1977-09-06 | Gaf Corporation | Processing solution for use as photographic developer bath and replenisher therefor |
AU738550B2 (en) * | 1998-02-19 | 2001-09-20 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Valve gating apparatus and method for injection molding |
AU738550C (en) * | 1998-02-19 | 2003-01-09 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Valve gating apparatus and method for injection molding |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2021744A1 (en) | 1970-07-24 |
DE1954017A1 (en) | 1970-05-14 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ITEK GRAPHIX CORP., A CORP OF DELAWARE,MASSACHUSET Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ITEK CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004520/0607 Effective date: 19860205 Owner name: ITEK GRAPHIX CORP., 800 SOUTH STREET, 5TH FLOOR, W Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ITEK CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004520/0607 Effective date: 19860205 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MANUFACTURERS HANOVER COMMERCIAL CORPORATION, NEW Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ITEK GRAPHIX CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004552/0917 Effective date: 19860205 Owner name: MANUFACTURERS HANOVER COMMERCIAL CORPORATION, A CO Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ITEK GRAPHIX CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004552/0917 Effective date: 19860205 |