US3578054A - Tire covers - Google Patents

Tire covers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3578054A
US3578054A US702564A US3578054DA US3578054A US 3578054 A US3578054 A US 3578054A US 702564 A US702564 A US 702564A US 3578054D A US3578054D A US 3578054DA US 3578054 A US3578054 A US 3578054A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
pseudocamber
tires
tire
percent
mounting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US702564A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jacques Boileau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
Original Assignee
Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C19/00—Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for
    • B60C19/001—Tyres requiring an asymmetric or a special mounting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B35/00—Axle units; Parts thereof ; Arrangements for lubrication of axles
    • B60B35/02—Dead axles, i.e. not transmitting torque
    • B60B35/10—Dead axles, i.e. not transmitting torque adjustable for varying track
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/10—Road Vehicles
    • B60Y2200/11—Passenger cars; Automobiles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T152/00—Resilient tires and wheels
    • Y10T152/10—Tires, resilient
    • Y10T152/10495—Pneumatic tire or inner tube

Definitions

  • Marbert Att0meyBrumbaugh, Graves, Donohue & Raymond ABSTRACT A series of tires for an automotive vehicle is manufactured in accordance with an identical model, on identical machines and under identical conditions. Because of manufacturing tolerances, the tires have a pseudocamber the magnitude of which is an aleatory variable. The pseudocamber is measured for each tire, and those tires having a pseudocamber producing a lateral thrust, when the tires roll at 10 km./h at normal load and pressure on level ground, beyond 0 percent to 6 percent and, preferably, 1 percent to 4 percent of the rated load of tire, are rejected. The remaining tires are marked by any arbitrary symbols the meaning of which is understood by users, to indicate the direction of mounting on a rim. The tires are mounted on their respective rims so that the lateral thrust is outward on the front wheels and inward on the rear wheels.
  • axle is provided on one side with a tire the pseudocamber of which is zero and on the other side with a tire of the same model the pseudocamber of which has any value whatever, it will be found that, in general, the axle when translated has a tendency to deviate to one side, for example, .to the right. If one reverses the two wheels without taking off the tires, the axle will have a tendency to deviate in the other direction, i.e., towards the left in this example.
  • an axle equipped with two neutral tires, i.e., tires the pseudocambers of which by coincidence are zero or very small is displaced in a straight line without deviation to the right or the left.
  • docambers of the two tires have substantiallyequal values andthe tires are mounted in a manner wherebyone of them has a tendency to cause the axle to deviate to the right and the other one has a tendency to cause the axle to deviate to the left.
  • the pseudocamber is experienced during driving as either an inward or an outward thrust exerted by the tire on the wheel and axle. This thrust is a measure of the pseu-.
  • docamber in magnitude and in direction.
  • Pseudocamber has long been regarded as detrimental and as a phenomenon to be eliminated to the extent possible by selection of proper structures of the tire or of proper manufacturing conditions.
  • An object of the present invention is to take advantage of pseudocamber and, in particular, to utilize pseudocamber to improve the handling characteristics of automotive vehicles.
  • Another object of the invention is to render commercially desirable tires that in accordance with present practice are commercially undesirable, thereby achieving substantial manufacturing economies.
  • tire casings having a pseudocamber which, during rolling at 10 km./h at normal load and pressure and on level ground, give rise to a force on the spindle or axle bearing the tires within the range of from 0 percent to 6 percent, and preferably from 1 percent to 4 percent, of the rated load of the tire.
  • the direction of mounting of the tire on the rim is different for the front and the rear wheels, is indicated on the tire, and depends upon the direction and, in some applications, the magnitude of the pseudocamber of the tire.
  • the method of making use of the tires in accordance with the invention consists in mounting the tires on their respective rims in such 'a manner that their respective pseudocambers produce forces directed towards the outside of the .vehicle on which the tires are mounted on the front axles or spindles and forces directed towards the inside of the vehicle on the rear axles or spindles.
  • the method of manufacture of tires in accordance with the invention consists in (a) manufacturing a series of tires in accordance with an identical model on identical machines and in identical conditions so that the direction and/or the magnitude of the pseudocamber become aleatory variables, (b) measuring for each of the tires the direction and the magnitude of the pseudocamber, (c) eliminating the tires with a pseudocamber that is too much differentfrom the desired value, (d) marking on the others, by means of any suitable symbols the meaning of which is known to the users, the direction and possibly the magnitude of the pseudocamber and/or the position of mounting on the rim.
  • FIG. l is an elevational view, partly broken away, of aradi-
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view in elevation showing a first step in I the measurement of pseudocamber in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 showing a second step in the method of measuring pseudocamber.
  • FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIGS. 4 and 5 showing a third step on the method of measuring pseudocamber.
  • FIG. I shows a tire 10 of the radial-carcass type.
  • The, tire 10 has reinforcements 12 in the carcass thereof extending radially from bead to bead.
  • FIG. 2 shows an automotive vehicle 14' having front tires 16 and lsandrear tires 20 and 22.
  • the pseudocamber of the fronttires 16 and 18 is such as to produce on the front wheels of theautomotive vehicle laterally outwardly-directed forces as indicated by arrows 24 and 26, respectively.
  • the pseudocamber of the rear tires 20 and 22 is such as to develop on the rear wheels laterally inwardly directed forces, as indicated by arrows 28 and 30, respectively.
  • This optimum combination in accordance with the invention is superior in particular to the combination, usually suggested to users, in accordance with which the four tires are mounted in an identical manner; i.e., so that they exert on their respective wheels either an outward pull or an inward push.
  • a combination which is the reverse of the optimum combination i.e., a combination which makes use of the pseudocamber of the tires in order to push inwardly on the front wheels and pull outwardly on the rear wheels, may be of interest, inasmuch as it increases the response of the vehicle to the action of the steering wheel, thereby remedying any excess stability which the vehicle might otherwise have,
  • a pseudocamber other than zero may be systematically provided for by the deliberate introduction of an asymmetry with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire.
  • a slight conicity of the tread or the reinforcing plies may be provided, or the plies may be axially offset with respect to the tread.
  • the direction of mounting of the tires should be indicated thereon.
  • the magnitude of the pseudocamber may be indicated. In such case, it is possible to pair on one axle two tires having pseudocambers which are of equal or approximately equal magnitude.
  • the pseudocamber of the tires employed on one axle may be larger than the pseudocamber of the tires employed on the other.
  • the magnitude of the pseu docamber need not be indicated so long as it remains below a prescribed limit.
  • pseudocamber For each vehicle model, there exists an optimum pseudocamber which most frequently is such as to give rise to a thrust of from 1 percent to 4 percent of the rated load of the tire, the thrust being measured under conditions specified below. In some cases, it is desirable that the pseudocamber give rise to a thrust below 1 percent or exceeding 4 percent of the rated load of tire, but in any case no more than 6 percent of the rated load of the tire. The precise limits depend upon the type of tire in addition to the model of the automotive vehicle. Moreover, for spare tires it is desirable to employ tires having a pseudocamber which is low or zero and having a mounting direction which is that of the front wheel tires.
  • FIG. 3 shows a portion of the tire 10 of FIG. I.
  • the sidewall of the tire is embossed with the symbol This is one of an infinite number of possible arbitrary symbols suitable for indicating to mechanics or users how the tire should be mounted.
  • the symbol PCZ indicates that the pseudocamber gives rise to a lateral thrust equal to 2 percent of the rated load of the tire.
  • the symbol OF" indicates that the tire should be mounted with the legend facing out if on the front of the vehicle.
  • the symbol IR" indicates that the tire should be mounted with the legend facing in if on the rear of the vehicle.
  • These symbols constitute a legend 32 which can optionally be made highly detailed or highly elliptical.
  • the number 2 formed on one of the sidewalls of the tire is sufficient where the user of the tire understands that the number represents the magnitude of the lateral thrust developed by virtue of the pseudocamber as a function of the rated load of the tire and that the placement of the numeral on one sidewall as opposed to the other indicates that that sidewall is to face out (or in) if the tire is mounted in front and in an opposite sense if the tire is mounted in the rear.
  • a colored dot or any other arbitrarily selected symbol formed on a specified sidewall is sufficient to impart the requisite information to the user.
  • FIGS. 4-6 illustrate a method of measuring pseudocamber.
  • Tires 34 and 36 are mounted on a dynamometric axle 38 which may but need not be part of an automotive vehicle.
  • This axle includes a first portion 40 rigidly connected to a cylinder 42, and a second portion 44 rigidly connected to a piston 46 movable within the cylinder 42.
  • Calibrated springs 48 and 50 are interposed between the ends of the cylinder 42 and opposite sides of the piston 46.
  • a needle 52 integral with the piston 46 projects outwardly of the cylinder through a slot 53 therein, and moves along a graduated scale 54 having a zero point 56 in the middle thereof.
  • the dynamometric axle 38 is caused to move freely on level ground at a predetermined speed, for instance 10 km./h.
  • the movement of tires 34 and 36 causes the axle 38 to be extended or compressed and the needle 52 shows on the scale the magnitude of the combined pseudocambers of tires 34 and 36.
  • a search is made to find a tire of a series having zero or substantially zero pseudocamber.
  • the needle 52 is displaced to the right, indicating the polarity and magnitude of the resultant thrust.
  • the tire 36 has been mounted in an opposite sense, so that the contribution of that tire to the readings obtained in FIGS. 4 and 5 cancels out, as shown by the arrows 57 (FIG. 4) and 58 (FIG. 5).
  • the average of the two readings is zero, it is known that the tire 34 has zero pseudocamber. If the average of the two readings is not zero, the test is repeated with another tire replacing the tire 34 until two readings with the tire 36 mounted first in one sense and then in the other average out to zero lateral thrust.
  • Such result indicates that the tire paired with the tire 36, say a tire 34, has zero pseudocamber.
  • any lateral thrust developed by a succeeding test tire such as the test tire 60 is due to the pseudocamber of the tire, and the tire, when tested, can be marked with an appropriate legend, such as the one illustrated in FIG.
  • the force measured (or recorded) by the dynamometer is of course equal to one-half the pseudocamber of the tire 60 since this force is balanced by equal reaction forces from the ground on the tires 34 and 60 during rolling.
  • a speed is selected, such as 10 km./h
  • the dynamometer is level
  • the tires are inflated and loaded identically in accordance with a predetermined standard.
  • the conditions of the test eliminate the influence of a possible systematic error and make certain that the two tires mounted on the axle are su bstantially identical except possibly as regards their pseudocamber.
  • a method of utilization of tires having a pseudocamber on an automotive vehicle comprising the steps of mounting said tires on their respective rims in such a manner that said pseudocamber produces forces perpendicular to the front wheels of said automotive vehicle directed outwardly on either side of the vehicle and forces perpendicular to the rear wheels of said automotive vehicle directed inwardly towards each other.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
US702564A 1967-02-06 1968-02-02 Tire covers Expired - Lifetime US3578054A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR93886A FR1526991A (fr) 1967-02-06 1967-02-06 Perfectionnements aux enveloppes de pneumatiques

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3578054A true US3578054A (en) 1971-05-11

Family

ID=8624890

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US702564A Expired - Lifetime US3578054A (en) 1967-02-06 1968-02-02 Tire covers

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3578054A (ja)
BE (1) BE710010A (ja)
DE (1) DE1680442A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES350199A1 (ja)
FR (1) FR1526991A (ja)
GB (1) GB1198173A (ja)
LU (1) LU55413A1 (ja)
NL (1) NL142625B (ja)
SE (1) SE336744B (ja)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4714099A (en) * 1985-04-09 1987-12-22 Apsley Metals Limited Vehicle and tire therefore
US4877072A (en) * 1987-12-17 1989-10-31 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tread for left and right vehicle tires
US5386863A (en) * 1992-01-22 1995-02-07 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Pneumatic tire and wheel with asymmetric structure
EP1190872A3 (en) * 2000-09-26 2003-03-05 Nokian Tyres PLC. Vehicle tyre comprising a means for indicating the tyre position in the set of tyres of a vehicle

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB484176A (en) * 1935-03-13 1938-04-19 Schleudernie G M B H Improvements in or relating to non-skid tyres for vehicles
US3195602A (en) * 1963-02-27 1965-07-20 Du Pont Pneumatic tire
US3231000A (en) * 1962-09-03 1966-01-25 Cie Generale Des Ets Lissement Pneumatic tires
FR1448109A (fr) * 1965-06-01 1966-08-05 Fr Du Pneu Englebert Soc Enveloppe pneumatique à dérive orientée
US3339610A (en) * 1965-04-14 1967-09-05 Pirelli Pneumatic tires having asymmetrical structure

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB484176A (en) * 1935-03-13 1938-04-19 Schleudernie G M B H Improvements in or relating to non-skid tyres for vehicles
US3231000A (en) * 1962-09-03 1966-01-25 Cie Generale Des Ets Lissement Pneumatic tires
US3195602A (en) * 1963-02-27 1965-07-20 Du Pont Pneumatic tire
US3339610A (en) * 1965-04-14 1967-09-05 Pirelli Pneumatic tires having asymmetrical structure
FR1448109A (fr) * 1965-06-01 1966-08-05 Fr Du Pneu Englebert Soc Enveloppe pneumatique à dérive orientée

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4714099A (en) * 1985-04-09 1987-12-22 Apsley Metals Limited Vehicle and tire therefore
US4877072A (en) * 1987-12-17 1989-10-31 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tread for left and right vehicle tires
US5386863A (en) * 1992-01-22 1995-02-07 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Pneumatic tire and wheel with asymmetric structure
EP1190872A3 (en) * 2000-09-26 2003-03-05 Nokian Tyres PLC. Vehicle tyre comprising a means for indicating the tyre position in the set of tyres of a vehicle
US6619356B2 (en) 2000-09-26 2003-09-16 Eromaeki Pentti Vehicle tire comprising a means for indicating the tire position in the set of tires of a vehicle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1198173A (en) 1970-07-08
FR1526991A (fr) 1968-05-31
ES350199A1 (es) 1969-04-16
NL142625B (nl) 1974-07-15
SE336744B (ja) 1971-07-12
LU55413A1 (ja) 1968-10-09
NL6801424A (ja) 1968-08-07
BE710010A (ja) 1968-07-29
DE1680442A1 (de) 1971-04-01

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