US3574073A - Method for adjusting electrodes - Google Patents

Method for adjusting electrodes Download PDF

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Publication number
US3574073A
US3574073A US757437A US3574073DA US3574073A US 3574073 A US3574073 A US 3574073A US 757437 A US757437 A US 757437A US 3574073D A US3574073D A US 3574073DA US 3574073 A US3574073 A US 3574073A
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anodes
hydraulic
switch
current
flow
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US757437A
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Richard W Ralston Jr
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Olin Corp
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Olin Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/04—Regulation of the inter-electrode distance

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  • the invention relates to a new method for the adjustment of the elevation of anodes in horizontal mercury cells.
  • the method of this invention provides means for detecting current overloads and for automatically adjusting the anodes to correct and prevent short circuits between anodes and cathodes.
  • This invention is particularly applicable to cells of the type described in US. Pats. 3,140,991 and 3,390,070 but the use of the method of this invention for anode elevation in other cells is also included within the scope of this invention.
  • Horizontal mercury cells usually consist of a covered elongated trough sloping slightly towards one end.
  • the cathode is a flowing layer of mercury which is introduced at the higher end of the cell and flows along the bottom of the cell toward the lower end.
  • the anodes are generally composed of rectangular blocks of graphite suspended from conductive lead-ins, for example, graphite or protected copper tubes or rods. The bottoms of the graphite anodes are spaced a short distance above the flowing mercury cathode.
  • the distance between the graphite anodes and the mercury cathode is very important.
  • This inter-electrode distance should be as small as possible to reduce the wasteful consumption of energy, for example, in the production of heat.
  • this distance is too small, secondary reactions take place, particularly the direct attack on sodium amalgam by chlorine bubbles.
  • This distance is ordinarily maintained, if possible in the range of to inch, preferably about /8 to 7 inch.
  • the graphite anodes are consumed thereby increasing the distance between the anodes and cathode and resulting in reduced energy efiiciency.
  • Graphite consumption of the anodes nearer the inlet end of the cell is less than at the outlet end of the cell.
  • Adjustment of anodes individually would not be required solely because of graphite consumption since one group of anodes in a cross section of the cell usually are consumed at approximately the same rate.
  • US. Pat. 3,140,991 provides for adjustment of a group of anodes arranged in a single cross section of the cell.
  • US. Pat. 3,390,070 provides a mechanism for adjustment of a larger subgroup of anodes in such a cell.
  • Anodes of materials other than graphite also are suitable in mercury cathode cells, particularly titanium anodes having a thin coating over at least part of their surface of a platinum metal or oxide.
  • the method of this invention is equally applicable to the adjustment of such anodes and this is particularly important since any short circuit rapidly removes the coating and this loss of a platinum metal or oxide cannot be economically tolerated.
  • platinum metal in the present specification and claims is means an element of the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum or alloys of two or more of these metals.
  • titanium is meant to include alloys consisting essentially of titanium.
  • One of the objects of this invention is to provide an improved method for adjusting the elevation of the anodes in a mercury cathode cell.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide for the improved adjustment of sub-groups of anodes in a mer cury cathode cell.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a method for correcting and preventing short circuits in mercuury cells.
  • the method of this invention is particularly applicable to the structure defined in US. Pat. 3,390,070 providing endless, flexible drive means engaging a plurality of wheels which are adapted to raise or lower a sub-group of anodes in a mercury cell.
  • the method of this invention is also applicable to control hydraulic means for adjusting anodes by other mechanical means.
  • the method of this invention comprises electrically controlling (l) intermittent flow of a control fluid and (2) the direction of said flow to one of a plurality of fluid-activated rotary adjustment means, each adapted for separately adjusting the elevation of a sub-group of said plurality of anodes above said cathode.
  • the intermittent flow is controlled by providing a first electrical circuit interruptable in response to changes in the flux of the magnetic field generated by electrical flow in a conductor supplying said subgroup of anodes above said cathode.
  • intermittent fiow is controlled (l) by providing a manually interruptable, selective second electrical circuit and selectively closing said second circuit to initiate said intermitttent flow to a selected one of said plurality of adjustment means and (2) the direction of said intermittent flow is controlled by manually closing a third electrical circuit when it is desired to decrease the elevation of the sub-group of anodes dependent on said selected adjustment means, thereby reversing the direction of said intermittent flow.
  • FIG. 1 shows the mechanical features of a suitable system with connections to the hydraulic and electrical systems.
  • FIG. 1A shows detail of mounting of each reed switch.
  • FIG. 2 shows a suitable hydraulic system for producing the desired flow in the hydraulic lines shown in FIG. 1 together 9 a with connections to the electrical system.
  • FIG. 3 shows the electrical system for controlling movement of the anodes and for measuring voltage drop in the conductors carrying current to the anodes and includes associated parts of the hydraulic system.
  • FIG. 1 shows a section of a mercury cathode chloralkali cell similar to that shown in US. Pat. 3,390,070 issued June 25, 1968 including the chain drive means 111 connecting four jacking screws 114 which support two channels 112 each in turn supporting five anodes 113 and in turn supported on jacking screws 114 resting on cover 115. Each anode is supported by posts 116, one in one channel and one in an adjoining channel.
  • FIG. 1 further shows hydraulic motor 121 connected by branch hydraulic lines 122 and 123 to main hydraulic lines 124 and 125 respectively. Hydraulic fluid in main lines 124 and 125 flows to and from hydraulic motor 121 via lines 122 and 123 when solenoid valve 126 is in the open position.
  • Hydraulic pressure is maintained in one or the other of main lines 124 and 125 depending on the position of a four-way valve 220 shown in FIG. 2.
  • Solenoid Valve 126 is maintained in the closed position until it is opened by the solenoid actuated by current flowing in conductors 311 shown also in FIG. 3.
  • One valve 126 and one motor 121 is provided for each pair of channels 112.
  • Each channel 112 carries at one end a flexible connector 128 which is an extension of bus 129 which carries current to the anodes.
  • a reed switch 329 is mounted on the surface of bus 129 and is connected by leads 312A and 312B to the electrical control system.
  • FIG. 1A shows the detail of mounting of the reed switch 329 enclosed in iron pipe 117 and clamped to bus 129 by means of clamp 18.
  • the reed switch is an encapsulated magnetic switch that is actuated by the magnetic field generated by the electrical flow in the bus.
  • the reed switches are mounted in steel pipe which are clamped against the bus to provide suitable shielding for this service.
  • the reed switch is most sensitive when perpendicular to the length of the bus bar and it will not operate when parallel with the bus bar.
  • the angle of the switch to the length of the bus is adjusted to cause the switch to close under the influence of a magnetic field of any desired strength, corresponding to any desired flow of current in the bus.
  • FIG. 2 shows the hydraulic system for operating the hydraulic motors 121 shown in FIG. 1.
  • Tank 211 contains a suitable hydraulic fluid at atmospheric pressure which is transferred by pump 212 through check valve 213 in line 214.
  • Accumulator 215 is connected to line 214 to provide reserve capacity.
  • Pressure switch 216 is also provided in line 214 to maintain a selected pressure in line 214, suitably 1000 p.s.i. At higher pressures switch 216 operates solenoid valve 217 to pass hydraulic fluid from line 214 via relief line 128 to return line 219.
  • Electrical supply lines 318 suitably of 110 v. AC is provided for operation of pressure switch 216 and solenoid 217.
  • Hydraulic fluid at any suitable pressure in line 214 is transmitted to operate hydraulic motors 121.
  • the direction of flow and therefore direction of rotation of motors 121 to raise or lower the anodes is controlled by fourway valves 220 (two shown).
  • Shut-01f valves 221 permit isolation of hydraulic lines serving any one cell from the rest of the system for use in case of leakage or repairs.
  • valve 220 When valve 220 is in the position shown in FIG. 2, the flow in lines 124 and 125 serves to rotate the motors in one direction and to raise the anodes.
  • valve 220 is in the reverse position, anodes are lowered by rotation of the motor in the opposite direction.
  • the position of valve 220 is controlled by attached solenoid 222 actuated as described in connection with FIG. 3.
  • Flow controller 223 provided in line 124 automatically transmits hydraulic pressure to line 124 when that line is the pressurized line.
  • Flow controller 224 provided in line 125 then permits flow at atmospheric pressure in line 125 which is the return line.
  • line 125 is the pressurized line and controller 224 transmits hydraulic pressure therein.
  • Controller 223 in line 124 then permits flow at atmospheric pressure.
  • Flexible connections 225 are provided in lines 124 and 125 to facilitate separation of the hydraulic supply system from lines 124 and 125 which are suitably mounted on the cell cover when it is necessary to remove the cell cover from the cell.
  • the motors are operated at any convenient speed, for example, 40 r.p.m. Suitable hydraulic motors are commercially available for low speed operation using hydraulic pressures from 100 to 5000 p.s.i. but generally pressures from 500 to 1000 p.s.i. are preferred and especially pressures in the 500 to 600 p.s.i. range.
  • the jacking nuts turned by the motors then move at 20 r.p.m. and are adjustable to about of a turn corresponding to 0.01 inch in the elevation of the anodes.
  • hose connections in the hydraulic system are preferably non-conducting.
  • Quick disconnecting joints are advantageous for electrically isolating the hydraulic lines and valves on the cell from the hydraulic supply system and to facilitate removal of the cell cover.
  • One central hydraulic supply system is sufficient for an entire cell room. Different motor speeds are suitably used, when desired, to lower the anodes more slowly and to raise the anodes more rapidly.
  • Flow control valves for this purpose are known to the art.
  • Hydraulic lines are any suitable hydraulic tubing, for example, of steel and are advantageously inch in diameter but suitably range from A to /2 inch. Hydraulic lines 124 and 125 run the length of a cell and are closed at the ends distant from the hydraulic pump.
  • Oil is the preferred hydraulic fluid since it is reasonable in price, it is electrically non-conducting and it is usually non-corrosive.
  • Water is also a suitable hydraulic fluid but a leak-free system is more diflicult to maintain, it is frequently electrically conductive and it is also frequently corrosive.
  • Air is also a suitable fluid for power transmission and has the advantage that air-operated motors can discharge into the atmosphere and no fluid return system is required.
  • air motors suitably operate at pressures of 100 p.s.i. or lower. However, they operate most reliably at high speeds and then must be geare to produce low speeds.
  • the oil operated motors operate satisfactorily at low speeds and produce high torque without the necessity of gear reduction. They are preferred because they are simpler and operate reliably, cheaply and safely at low speeds.
  • FIG. 3 shows the electrical system for operating fourway valve 220 and solenoid valve 126.
  • the four-way valve 220 controls the direction of flow of the hydraulic [fluid and each solenoid valve 126 activates one hydraulic motor.
  • One four-way valve 220 is provided per cell and one solenoid valve 126 is provided for each motor.
  • Transformer 313 is supplied with '115 v. AC current which is reduced to a more suitable voltage, conveniently 24 volts.
  • the transformer is suitably of the dry or oilfilled type but any satisfactory transformer is usable provided it supplies adequate current to operate the 24 v. DC circuits.
  • One AC lead is directly connected to transformer 313 and the other lead is controlled by double pole, double throw (DPDT) switch 314, one pole of which, in either of its two closed positions, completes the circuit to transformer 313.
  • DPDT double pole, double throw
  • the 24-volt current from transformer 313 is rectified in rectifier 315.
  • One lead of the 24 v. DC is connected directly to each of solenoid valves 126 which control the flow of hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic motors 121.
  • the other 24 v. DC lead supplies one pole of DPDT switches 314 and 316.
  • DPDT switch 316 is of the center-off, momentary contact type which is closed only when manually held. When DPDT switch 316 is closed in either position, one pole closes the 24 v. DC circuit to rotary switch 317. The other pole of DPDT switch 316 in one position closes the 115 v.
  • the 24 v. DC circuit is completed through leads 312A and 31213 to reed switches 329 and solenoid Valve 126 with signal lamp 317A in parallel therewith.
  • DPDT switch 314 When DPDT switch 314 is closed for automatic operation, 24 v. DC current is supplied to reed switches 329, solenoid valve 126 and lamp 317A.
  • solenoid valve 126 When either of reed switches 329 shown in FIG. 3 closes, solenoid valve 126 is activated to raise one group of anodes and to light signal lamp 317A to indicate the location of the closed reed switch. When anodes are raised sufliciently the reed switch opens, anode motion stops and the signal lamp goes out.
  • manual adjustment of anodes is provided for by reversing DPDT switch 314 to supply 115 v. AC to transformer 313 by interrupting the 24 v. DC circuit through the reed switches.
  • Manual adjustment of anodes proceeds, however, even though DPDT switch 314 is not reversed since manual operation provides a closed circuit to solenoid valve 126 even though the circuit via the reed switches is open.
  • Closing DPDT switch 316 in one direction leaves the 115 v. AC circuit to four-way valve 220 open but closes the 24 v. DC circuit through rotary switch 317.
  • FIG. 3 further shows the system for monitoring the voltage drop in the bus bars supplying current to the anodes and is used in conjunction with manual adjust ment of the anodes.
  • Rotary switches 411 and 412 are mounted on the same shaft 417 as rotary switch 317. Switches 411 and 412 close the circuit to selected contacts 413 and 414 spaced along one selected bus 129.
  • Two contacts are arranged at a suitable distance apart, for example 36 inches, on each bus.
  • the contacts are spaced apart as far as possible for maximum sensitivity and accuracy but a section of bus is preferably selected which is free from joints, connections or other features giving rise to disturbed or variable magnetic patterns. The greatest accuracy is thus obtained.
  • the IR drop between any such pair of contacts is indicated on millivolt meter 415 or 416.
  • the IR drop for a normally operating cell with properly adjusted anodes is known. Observation of the millivolt meter reading while manually raising or lowering a group of anodes, permits adjustment of the anodes t the proper spacing.
  • the method of this invention provides for remote manual adjustment either by raising or lowering the anodes and for automatically raising of any set of anodes at any time in case of electrical overload, for example, by short circuit.
  • any desired group of anodes suspended from an adjoining pair of channels is selected for monitoring and manual adjustment by rotating rotary selector switch 317 to the desired position.
  • the two rotary selector switches 411 and 412 are rotated to indicate on millivolt meters 415 and 416 the IR drop in the two adjoining buses feeding current to the anodes in the group selected.
  • the indicating meters may be of any type, but preferably utilize the millivolt drop in a fixed length of bus or in a calibrated shunt.
  • the millivolt drop in the bus is suitably temperature compensated by means of a thermistor if desired.
  • the normal IR drop in 36 inches of bus in a particular commercial cell is about millivolts.
  • the anodes are raised by operating DPDT (double-pole, double-throw, momentary, center-off) switch 316 in the direction which opens solenoid valve 126 to motor 121.
  • the hydraulic fluid drives the motor and the engaged chain raises anodes 113.
  • the same switch 316 is operated in the direction which operates four-way valve 220 which reverses the hydraulic supply and return lines and opens valve 126 for the one motor. The motor then runs in the reverse direction and lowers the anodes.
  • the anodes of a selected sub-group are adjusted by observing the current flowing to these anodes and the current is brought to a value corresponding to the optimum operation.
  • Each sub-group of anodes is similarly adjusted. More particularly, various techniques suitable for anode adjustment according to the present invention include the following procedures:
  • Each sub-group of anodes is lowered by a small amount while observing the current in each bus.
  • the millivolt meter reading fluctuates widely and then the anodes are raised until the current flow is steady. All the anodes are thus adjusted until they are close to the cathode and at an efficient operating distance therefrom.
  • This procedure frequently repeated, makes a number of small changes in the inter-electrode distance which avoids problems resulting from a large change. Such large changes tend to disturb the mercury flow pattern and leave the previously adjusted anodes in an inefficient position relative to the mercury cathode.
  • R is the resistance of one sub-group of anodes.
  • E is the cell voltage
  • E is the reversible potential of the particular electrode-electrolyte system
  • I is the current flowing to the sub-group of anodes.
  • Each sub-group of anodes has a characteristic resistance at optimum efficiency to which that set of anodes is appropriately adjusted.
  • the anodes are adjusted using the automatic raise feature provided by the reed switches.
  • the shielding of the reed switches is adjusted to give the desired differential between make and break positions and the switches are then adjjusted to the desired operating point for a particular sub-group of anodes. That subgroup is then lowered until the reed switch closes and automatically raises that sub-group of anodes until the current decreases by the preselected amount. Each subgroup of anodes is thus adjusted to the optimum interelectrode distance.
  • the method of this invention thus provides better metering for adjustment and better control of anode position. Adjustment is also faster, which permits more frequent adjustment with the same manpower.
  • Automatic short circuit protection is provided by the method of this invention by continuously monitoring the current in every bus. If current in any bus exceeds an arbitrarily set value, a reed switch 329 closes, operating the valve supplying hydraulic motor 121 on that set of anodes and these anodes only are raised After the current in the bus drops to about 90% of the set value, reed switch 329 opens and raising of the anodes stops Suitable reed switches for use in the method of this invention are commercially available, low-cost devices One suitable switch is designed to open (break) under the influence of a magnetic field of about half that required to close (make) the switch. When shielded and mounted in contact with the bus as described, the differential between make and break is reduced so that a to reduction in current from the make value causes the switch to open.
  • the shielding of the reed switches is saturated so that it is effective up to about 80% of the operating value.
  • the reed switch is subjected only to the field caused by the top 20% range of current. As the current in the bus increases from 80% of the make value up to the make value, the field sensed by the reed switch goes from almost zero to 100% of that required to make. Thus the differential between make and break is much closer than would be expected based on the rating of the reed switch and this increases the sensitivity of the switch.
  • the reed switches are set to operate at about 130% of normal bus current. With this setting, when a switch operates, the anodes are raised until the current drops to about 11 5 of normal. The switch then opens and the anodes stop at this position.
  • the automatic short circuit protection raises anodes enough to correct a short circuit or other excessive current condition but it causes a decrease in current of only 5 to 10%. Thus the system moves the anodes enough to correct an excessive current condition but it does not over-correct.
  • This system provides constant protection against short circuits and indeed against any electrically overloaded anode circuit. Thus, the usual safety factor that is allowed when adjusting anodes manually is not necessary and anodes can be maintained in their most eificient position.
  • the method of this invention thus provides improved operation and efiiciency by providing a system for remote adjustment of anodes and by providing automatic short circuit protection.
  • the voltage required for operation of the cells is reduced by from 0.05 to 0.4 volt per cell.
  • the annual power cost saving amounts to about $30,000 for each 0.1 volt reduction.
  • Graphite consumption is reduced by more accurate adjustment and avoiding short circuits. Labor costs are reduced because adjustment of the anodes is quick, easy and accurate.
  • the voltage was reduced by about 0.05 volt per cell. This represent power cost savings of $15,000 per year in a plant of 58 such cells.
  • a sodium chloride brine is electrolyzed
  • the method is equally useful Where the conductive solution electrolyzed is another alkali metal halide brine or an alkaline earth metal halide brine or other conductive solution.
  • suitable electrolytes include potassium bromide, lithium chloride, barium chloride and sodium sulfate.
  • all the necessary electrical leads for each cell are brought together in a multiple plug which can be engaged by a multiple plug attached to a portable control panel, suitably on a cart which can be rolled from cell to cell, whereby adjustment of all the anodes in a cell room is facilitated.
  • a plurality of reed switches are applied to each bus.
  • Each reed switch is set to close and to open at a particular amperage of current in the bus but each is set to operate at a different amperage.
  • Selecton of the appropriate switch in the automatic raise circuit or in the manual adjustment circuit permits changing the amperage fed to each anode without changing or adjusting any reed switch.
  • One reed switch is set to operate at the highest current flow likely to be desired and additional switches are set to operate at lower operating points.
  • Each switch has a separate power supply line which is turned off to all the switches set to operate at a lower current flow than the one selected.
  • the use of the reed switch set to operate at the lowest current flow above the desired current flow results in the maximum sensitivity to current imbalance. Inefiicient operation of a sub-group of anodes is more quickly detected and corrected.
  • the one reed switch in operation at a particular time completely protects the system from damaging overload at any total cell current.
  • Method for adjusting the spacing between a plurality of anodes and the flowing mercury cathode in a cell for clectrolyzing a conductive solution wherein said anodes are adjustably suspended in said solution which method comprises electrically controlling (1) intermittent flow of a control fluid and (2) the direction of said flow to one of a plurality of fluid-activated rotary adjustment means, each adapted for separately adjusting the elevation of a sub-group of said plurality of anodes above said cathode; said intermittent flow of said control fluid being electrically controlled by opening and closing an electrical circuit including means responsive to changes in the flux of the magnetic field generated by electrical flow in a conductor supplying said sub-group of anodes.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
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US757437A 1968-09-04 1968-09-04 Method for adjusting electrodes Expired - Lifetime US3574073A (en)

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US75743768A 1968-09-04 1968-09-04

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US (1) US3574073A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4825319B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1944051B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2017393A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1233679A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3723285A (en) * 1969-10-16 1973-03-27 Montedison Spa System for protecting electrolytic cells against short circuits
JPS499841U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-04-28 1974-01-28
US3844913A (en) * 1973-05-10 1974-10-29 Olin Corp Method for regulating anode-cathode spacing in an electrolytic cell to prevent current overloads and underloads
US3902983A (en) * 1974-01-07 1975-09-02 Olin Corp Method and apparatus for preventing voltage extremes in an electrolytic cell having automatic adjusting of the anode-cathode spacing
US3960694A (en) * 1974-11-08 1976-06-01 Olin Corporation Novel anode adjustment apparatus
US4003808A (en) * 1974-11-14 1977-01-18 Firm C. Conradty Method and apparatus for regulating and controlling the anode current and for avoiding short-circuits between the electrodes of an electrolysis cell
US4030998A (en) * 1974-08-16 1977-06-21 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Anode adjustment
US4038162A (en) * 1975-04-10 1977-07-26 Outokumpu Oy Method and apparatus for detecting and eliminating short-circuits in an electrolytic tank
JPS52107282A (en) * 1972-07-17 1977-09-08 Olin Corp Method and apparatus for controlling distance between anode and cathode in electrolytic cell
WO2003000960A1 (en) * 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Outokumpu Oyj Method for the improvement of current efficiency in electrolysis

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3723285A (en) * 1969-10-16 1973-03-27 Montedison Spa System for protecting electrolytic cells against short circuits
JPS499841U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-04-28 1974-01-28
JPS52107282A (en) * 1972-07-17 1977-09-08 Olin Corp Method and apparatus for controlling distance between anode and cathode in electrolytic cell
US3844913A (en) * 1973-05-10 1974-10-29 Olin Corp Method for regulating anode-cathode spacing in an electrolytic cell to prevent current overloads and underloads
US3902983A (en) * 1974-01-07 1975-09-02 Olin Corp Method and apparatus for preventing voltage extremes in an electrolytic cell having automatic adjusting of the anode-cathode spacing
US4030998A (en) * 1974-08-16 1977-06-21 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Anode adjustment
US3960694A (en) * 1974-11-08 1976-06-01 Olin Corporation Novel anode adjustment apparatus
US4003808A (en) * 1974-11-14 1977-01-18 Firm C. Conradty Method and apparatus for regulating and controlling the anode current and for avoiding short-circuits between the electrodes of an electrolysis cell
US4038162A (en) * 1975-04-10 1977-07-26 Outokumpu Oy Method and apparatus for detecting and eliminating short-circuits in an electrolytic tank
WO2003000960A1 (en) * 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Outokumpu Oyj Method for the improvement of current efficiency in electrolysis
US20040232002A1 (en) * 2001-06-25 2004-11-25 Ari Rantala Method for the improvements of current efficiency in electrolysis
US7122109B2 (en) 2001-06-25 2006-10-17 Outokumpu Technology Oy Method for the improvements of current efficiency in electrolysis
KR100840163B1 (ko) 2001-06-25 2008-06-23 오또꿈뿌 오와이제이 전기분해에 있어서의 전류효율의 개선 방법

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DE1944051A1 (de) 1970-03-26
DE1944051B2 (de) 1971-12-16
GB1233679A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-05-26
JPS4825319B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-07-27
FR2017393A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-05-22

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