US3900373A

US3900373A - Method of regulating anode-cathode spacing in an electrolytic cell

Info

Publication number: US3900373A
Application number: US489647A
Authority: US
Inventors: Jr Richard W Ralston
Original assignee: Olin Corp
Current assignee: Olin Corp
Priority date: 1972-07-17
Filing date: 1974-07-18
Publication date: 1975-08-19
Anticipated expiration: 1992-08-19

Abstract

An improved method and apparatus for adjusting the space between an adjustable anode and a cathode in an electrolytic cell wherein current measurements and voltage measurements are obtained and compared with predetermined standards. Measurement of deviation from the predetermined standards are used to determine the direction of anode adjustment. A digital computer operably connected to motor drive means adapted to raise or lower anode sets upon appropriate electric signals from the computer is a preferred embodiment of this invention.

Description

United States Patent 0 1 [01 3,900,373

Ralston, Jr. Aug. 19, 1975 [54] METH D F RE ULATING 3 x|7,x46 6/1974 (iebauer et al, 204/99 ANODE'CATHODE SPAC'NG IN AN FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS ELECTROLYTIC CELL 2.000.928 7/1971 Germany 204 99 [75] lnventor' Richard W. Ralston, Jr., Cleveland,

Tenn- Primary E \'arrziner lohn H. Mack Assistant Eauminer-D R. Valentine [73] Assignee: Olin Corporation, New Haven,

AIIUI'Ht). Agent or Fmn Donald F. Clements;

Conn

Thomas P. ODay; James B. Haglmd [22] Filed: July 18, 1974 [21] Appl. No: 489,647 [57} ABSTRACT Rdmed Us. Appficafion Dam An improved method and apparatus for adjusting the [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 272.240, July |7 space i anode and i 1972 abandun an electrolytic cell wherein current measurements and voltage measurements are obtained and compared with predetermined standards. Measurement of devia- [52] US. Cl. t. 204/99; 204/225; 204/228 [q l l [m C Cold 1/08. Cold 1/14. Bmk 3/00 tron from the predetermined standards are used to deg Field gg 204/91) 225 228 termine the direction of anode adjustment, A digital iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i computer operably connected to motor drive means [56] References Cited adapted to raise or lower anode sets upon appropriate electric signals from the computer is a preferred em- UNITED STATES PATENTS hodiment of this invention. 3558.454 l/l97l Schafer et al 204/99 I 3.763024 10/1973 Engelrnann et a]. 204/99 x 22 Claims 3 Drawing Figures ELECTROLY/C CLL$ M/ NZ MOTOR r CONTROL UN CELL r01? 5 ANODE sr SELECTOR MANUAL RELAY CONTROL u/v/r l 7u r 07; 4?/c CONTROL UNIT CMQOUadY PATENTED AUG 1 9|975 METHOD OF REGULATING ANODE-CATHODE SPACING IN AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 272,240, filed .luly l7, 1972 now abandoned.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for adjusting the anode-cathode spacing in an electrolytic cell. In particular, the invention relates to an improved method and apparatus for adjusting the anode-cathode spacing in electrolytic mercury cells for the electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides such as sodium chloride.

in electrolytic cells with adjustable anodes, the control of the inter-electrode distance between the anode and the cathode is economically important. The anodecathode spacing should be narrow to maintain the voltage close to the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte. Careful control of the anode-cathode spacing reduces energy lost in the production of heat and reduces short circuiting and its accompanying problems which include the destruction of anode surfaces and the contamination of the electrolytic products.

Numerous techniques have been developed to adjust the anode-cathode gap in electrolytic cells. For example, US. Pat. No. 3,574,073, issued Apr. 6, 1971, to Richard W. Ralston, .Ir., discloses adjustment means for anode sets in electrolytic cells. In this patent, a means responsive to changes in the flux of the magnetic field generated by electrical flow in a conductor supplying the anode sets controls the opening and closing of an electrical circuit, and activates hydraulic motors which are effective to raise or lower the anode sets. In addition, a cell voltage signal and a temperature compensated amperage signal proportional to the bus bar current for the anode set are fed as input to an analog computer which produces an output reading of resis tance calculated according to the formula:

where R is the resistance of one anode set, E is the cell voltage, E, is the reversible potential of the particular electrode-electrolyte system and I is the current flowing to the anode set. Each anode set has a characteristic resistance at optimum efficiency to which that anode set is appropriately adjusted.

US. Pat. No. 3,558,454, which issued Jan. 26, l97l, to Rolph Schafer et al., discloses the regulation of voltage in an electrolytic cell by measuring the cell voltage and comparing it with a reference voltage. The gap between electrodes is changed in accordance with deviations between the measured voltage and the reference voltage and all electrodes in the cell are adjusted as a unit.

Similarly, US. Pat. No. 3,627,666, which issued Dec. 14, 1971, to Rene L. Bonfils, adjusts all electrodes in an electrolytic cell using apparatus which measures the cell voltage and current in a series of circuits which regulate the anode-cathode gap by establishing a voltage proportional to U R1 where Uis the cell voltage, I the cell current and R the predetermined resistance of the cell.

A method of adjusting electrodes by measuring the currents to individual electrodes in cyclic succession 2 and adjusting the spacing for those anodes whose measured currents differ from a selected range of current values is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,531,392, which issued Sept. 29, 1970, to Kurt Schmeiser. All electrodes are adjusted to the same range of current values and no measurement of voltage is made.

A method of detecting incipient short circuiting is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,361,654, which issued Jan. 2, I968, to D. Deprez et al., by advancing an anode an unknown distance toward the cathode, measuring current as the anode moves and stopping movement of the anode when the current of the cell undergoes a rapid increase disproportionate to the speed of anode advancement, and then reversing the direction of anode movement a selected distance. This method adjusts the electrode with respect to the cell current.

West German Pat. No. 1,804,259, published May 14, 1970, and East German Pat. No. 78,557, issued Dec. 20, 1970, also describe techniques for adjusting the gap between anodes and cathodes.

While the above methods provide ways of adjusting the anode-cathode spacing in an electrolytic cell, it is well known that in a cell containing a plurality of electrodes, the optimum anode-cathode spacing for a particular electrode will depend on its location in the cell, and its age or length of serivce, among other factors. For example, in a horizontal mercury cell for electrolyzing alkali metal chlorides, the optimum anode-cathode spacing for an anode located near the entry of the cell is different from the spacing for one located near the cell exit. In addition, decomposition voltage varies throughout the cell as brine temperature and concen tration change. Likewise a new anode can maintain a closer anode-cathode spacing than one which has been in the cell for a longer period of time or can operate more efficiently at the same spacing. In addition, after an anode has been lowered it is necessary to know whether the anode-cathode spacing is too narrow, which may cause short circuiting or loss of efficiency.

There is a need at the present time for an improved method and apparatus for controlling the space between an adjustable anode and a cathode which utilizes current measurements, and/or voltage measurements or a combination thereof to effect adjustment of the electrode space of individual anode sets under the varying conditions occurring in the aforesaid electrolytic cells.

It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for adjusting anodecathode spacing in an electrolytic cell which overcome disadvantages in previously known techniques for adjusting this spacing.

in the novel method of this invention, an electrolytic cell is used containing an electrolyte decomposable by electric current, said electrolyte being in contact with electrodes comprised of at least one adjustable anode set and a liquid cathode spaced apart a predetermined distance. A voltage is applied to the cathode and anode set to develop an electric current flow through said electrolyte to effect decomposition thereof. In the operation of this electrolytic cell, the improved method of this invention comprises:

A. operably connecting to the adjustable anode set a motor drive means adapted to raise and lower the adjustable anode set upon receipt of electric signals from a digital computer,

B. obtaining N current measurements of the current to the anode set over a predetermined period, and

3 conveying each current measurement by electric signal to the computer,

C. comparing in the computer each current measurement with a preceding current measurement and determining the difference in current, and

D. conveying an electric signal from the computer to the motor drive means to increase the space a predetermined distance when the difference in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

In another embodiment of the invention, the improved method of this invention also comprises:

E. measuring the current to the anode set and conveying the current measurement by electric signal to the computer,

F. conveying an electric signal from the computer to the motor drive means to decrease the space between the anode set and the cathode by a predetermined distancc, and after decreasing the space,

G. obtaining N current measurements of the current to the anode set over a predetermined period, and conveying each current measurement by electric signal to the computer,

H. comparing in the computer, each current measurement and with a preceding current measurement and determining the difference in current, and

. conveying an electrical signal from the computer to the motor drive means to increase the space a predetermined distance when the difference in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

The difference in current may be determined between any two successive current measurements or between any current measurement and a preceding current measurement during the same predetermined period or a preceding predetermined period. In addition, the difference in current may be determined between any current measurement for the anode set and an average anode set current based upon the bus current for the entire cell. Similar adjustments in the space are made when the average difference or the square root of the average of the squares of the differences in current measurements exceed predetermined limits.

In another embodiment a standard or set-point volt age coefficient, S, is determined for each anode set and subsequent calculations of the voltage coefficient are made and compared with the standard 5. When the difference between the calculated voltage coefficient exceeds a predetermined limit above the standard voltage coefficient, S, the space is decreased a predetermined distance. When the calculated voltage coefficient exceeds a predetermined limit, below the standard S the space is increased and examination of the anode set is made to determine the cause of the problem.

The method and apparatus of the present invention provides for the adjustment of the anode-cathode spacing for individual anode sets in an electrolytic cell where the optimum anode-cathode spacing may vary for all anode sets in a cell. In addition, the selection of cells and anode sets within a cell for possible adjustment may be made randomly or in order.

The method and apparatus of this invention are particularly useful in controlling commercial electrolytic cells where large numbers of cells are connected in series and each cell contains a plurality of anode sets.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing generally the lay out of the apparatus of this invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of the invention including a signal isolation and signal conditioning system utilizing a transformer.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the invention including a signal isolation and signal conditioning system utilizing an optical isolator.

FIG. 1 illustrates the apparatus of this invention in block diagram form where electric signals representing current measurements 1 and electric signals representing voltage measurements 2 from each anode set (not shown) for each electrolytic cell 3 are selected by cell selector unit 4. Anode set selector unit 5 in response to a signal from manual control unit 9 selects electric signals for current measurements 1 and voltage measurements 2 from any desired anode set in electrolytic cell 3 through cell selector unit 4. Automatic control unit 6 transmits signals to cell selector unit 4 to select current measurements 1 and voltage measurements 2 from cell selector unit for desired anode sets and performs the required calculations and comparisons with predetermined limits. When these calculations and comparisons show that raising or lowering of the anode set is necessary, appropriate electric signals are conveyed to relay 7, then to motor control unit 8 which operates upon the anode adjustment mechanism (not shown) to raise or lower the anode set. Motor control unit 8, which can be used for increasing or decreasing the anode-cathode spacing in any anode set in electrolytic cell 3, can also be controlled by manual control unit 9 through anode set selector unit 5.

HO. 2 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of the signal selection and conditioning system for two adjacent electrolytic cells 3a and 3b, respectively, in

series.

Electrolytic cell 3a has a plurality of anode sets 12, 12a and 12x. Anode set 12 is comprised of at least one anode 13, for example three parallel anodes 13. Each anode 13 is provided with at least one anode post 14, and with two anode posts 14 preferably, as shown, with the anode posts 14 arranged in two parallel rows. A conductor 15 is connected to each row of anode posts I4 in electrolytic cell 3a. Current from plant supply (not shown) is conveyed through two conductors 15 to each row of anode posts 14 in anode set 12. Anode sets 12a and 12x are each comprised of three anodes, 13a and 13x, respectively, having two rows of anode posts 14a and 14x, respectively, secured to

conductors

15a and 15x, respectively.

Adjacent electrolytic cell 3b has a corresponding number of anode sets 16, 16a and 16x. Anode set 16 is comprised of three parallel anodes 17 having two rows of anode posts 18 in each anode set 16. Anode sets l6a and 16x each have three parallel anodes 17a and 17x with two rows of anode posts 18a and 18x.

Current from anode posts 14 of electrolytic cell 30 passes to anodes 13, through the electrolyte (not shown), the mercury amalgam (not shown) to the bottom of electrolytic cell 3a.

Conductors 19 connect to terminals (not shown) at the bottom of electrolytic cell 3a at points adjacent to the nearest anode l3 and convey current to the correspending rows of anode posts 18 in electrolytic cell 3b. In a similar manner, current passes from anode post and 14x, respectively, to anodes 13a and 13x, respectively, through the electrolyte and the mercury cathode to the bottom of electrolytic cell 30. Conductors 19a and l9x convey current from terminals positioned in the bottom of electrolytic cell 3a at points adjacent to the nearest anode 13a and 13x, respectively, to the corresponding anode posts 18a and 18x, respectively, in electrolytic cell 319.

The resistance between

terminals

20 and 21 on conductor is measured to determine the voltage drop between these points and to obtain in an electrical signal which is proportional to the current flow to anode set 12. Similarly, the resistance between

terminals

22 and 23 on conductor 19 is measured to obtain an electric signal which is proportional to the current flow to anode set 16.

The distance between terminals and 21 is the same as the distance between

terminals

22 and 23. The current signals from these terminals are transmitted to

thermistor circuits

24 and 25, respectively, where the current signals are temperature compensated. Current signals from thermistor 24 are transmitted across

relay circuits

27 and 28 to amplifier 33 and current signals from thermistor are transmitted across

relay circuits

30 and 31 to amplifier 33.

The voltage drop across anode set 12 in electrolytic cell 30 is measured between

terminals

20 and 22 and the voltage drop across anode set 16 in electrolytic cell 3b is measured between

terminals

22 and 26. Electric signals representing the voltage drop across anode set 12 are conveyed

acrodd relay circuits

27 and 29 to amplifier 34 and electric signals representing the voltage drop across anode set 16 are conveyed across

relay circuits

30 and 32 to amplifier 34.

The same current signals and voltage signals are obtained for the other conductor 15 to anode set 12 as well as all of the

other conductors

15a, 15x, 19, 19a, and 19x. Thus, for an electrolytic cell containing 10 anode sets, each anode set having two rows of anode posts connected to the anodes in the set, there are twenty conductors, each providing a current signal to a separate amplifier 33 and a voltage signal to a separate amplifier 34.

Temperature compensated current signals are amplified in amplifier 33 and conveyed to chopper 35 in signal isolation and conditioning system 48 where they are converted from direct current signals to alternating current signals. These signals are then transmitted at cell potential to transformer 36 having one terminal of the primary winding connected to cell potential and one terminal of the secondary winding connected to earth potential. The current signals are isolated in transformer 36 and leave at earth potential in order to be compatible with automatic control unit 6. The current signals are transmitted from transformer 36 to detector 37 where the isolated current signals are converted from alternating current signals to direct current signals, and the resulting direct current signals are transmitted to a gated integrator 38 where rejection of electrical noise, particularly that generated by the rectifier which supplies current to electrolytic cells 3a and 3b. Noise conditioned current signals are transmitted to hold unit 39 (capacitor) and stored until selected by selector 40.

In a similar manner, the voltage signals are amplified in amplifier 34 and conveyed to a chopper 42, then at cell potential are conveyed to a transformer 43, where the voltage signals are isolated and leave at earth potential. These signals are converted from alternating to direct current in detector 44 and then to gated integrator 45 where rejection of electrical noise is also effected. The resulting voltage signals are transmitted to hold unit 46, (capacitor) where they are stored until selected by selector 40 in the same manner as current signals stored in hold unit 39. In response to a programmed electric signal from automatic control unit 6, (or if desired, an electric signal initiated manually from manual control unit 9 of HO. 1) current signals and voltage signals from selector 40 for any desired anode set such as anode set 12 or 16 are selected and transmitted to convertor 41 where they are converted from analog form to binary form and then transmitted to automatic control unit 6 for processing. In automatic control unit 6, the selected signals are compared with pre determined values and when necessary, the selected anode set is raised or lowered by an appropriate elec' tric signal from automatic control unit 6 through relay 7 to motor drive 8, which operates to raise or lower the selected anode set.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the invention utilizing an optical isolator. In FIG. 3, temperature compensated current signals from amplifier 33 in FIG. 2 are conveyed to gated integrator 38 where rejection of electrical noise, particularly that generated by the rectifier which supplies current to electrolytic cells 3a and 3b, is effected. Noise conditioned current signals are transmitted to hold unit 39 and stored until selected by selector 40.

In a similar manner, voltage signals from amplifier 34 of FIG. 2 are conveyed in FIG. 3 to a gated integrator 45 where rejection of electrical noise is also effected. The resulting voltage signals are transmitted to hold unit 46, where they are stored until selected by selector 40 in the same manner as current signals stored in hold unit 39. In response to a programmed electric signal from automatic control unit 6, or, if desired, a manually initiated electrical signal, current signals and voltage signals from selector 40 for any desired anode set are selected, the signals are transmitted to convertor 41 where they are converted from analog form to binary form and then transmitted to optical isolator 47.

Signals enter optical isolator 47 at cell potential, are isolated and transmitted at earth potential to automatic control unit 6, where the selected signals are compared with predetermined values, and when necessary the selected anode set is raised or lowered in the same manner as described for FIG. 2.

The method and apparatus of the present invention may be used on a variety of electrolytic cell types used for different electrolytes and electrolysis systems. The invention is particularly useful in the electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides to produce chlorine and alkali metal hydroxides. More particularly, the invention is especially suitable for use in combination with the anode adjusting mechanisms driven by an electric motor or the like operating on adjustable anodes positioned in horizontal electrolytic cells having a liquid metal cathode such as mercury, as disclosed, for example in US. Pat. Nos. 3,390,070 and 3,574,073, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

As indicated in US. Pat. No. 3,574,073, issued Apr. 6, l97 l to Richard W. Ralston, .Ir., horizontal mercury cells usually consist of a covered elongated trough sloping slightly towards one end. The cathode is a flowing layer of mercury which is introduced at the higher end of the cell and flows along the bottom of the cell toward the lower end. The anodes are generally composed of slotted rectangular blocks of graphite or metal distributors having an anodic surface comprised of titanium rods or mesh coated with a metal oxide secured to the bottom of the distributor. Anode sets of different materials of constructions may be employed in the same cell, if desiredv The anodes are suspended from at least one anode post such as a graphite rod or a protected copper tube or rod. Generally, each rectangular anode has two anode posts, but only one, or more than two, may be used, if desired. The anodes in each anode set are placed parallel to each other, the anode posts forming parallel rows across the cell. The bottoms of the anodes are spaced a short distance above the flowing mercury cathode. The electrolyte, which is usually salt brine, flows above the mercury cathode and also contacts the anode. Each anode post in one row of an anode set is secured to a first conductor, and the other row of anode posts is secured to a second conductor. Each conductor is adjustably secured at each end to a supporting post secured to the top of the cell. Each supporting post is provided with a drive means such as a sprocket which is driven through a belt or chain or directly by a motor such as an electric motor, hydraulic motor or other motor capable of responding to electric signals from automatic signal device 6.

Although the invention is particularly useful in the operation of horizontal mercury cells used in the electrolysis of brine, it is generally useful for any liquid cathode type electrolytic cell where adjustment of the anode-cathode space is necessary for efficient operation.

The number of electrolytic cells controlled by the method and apparatus of this invention is not critical. Although a single electrolytic cell can be controlled, commercial operations containing more than 100 cells can be successfully controlled.

Each electrolytic cell may contain a single anode, but it is preferred to apply the method and apparatus of this invention to electrolytic cells containing a multiplicity of anodes. Thus the number of anodes per cell may range from one to about 200 anodes, preferably from about two to about lOO anodes.

It is preferred, particularly on a commercial scale to adjust anode sets when adjusting the space between the anodes and cathode of electrolytic cells. An anode set may contain a single anode, but it is preferred to in clude from two to about 20 anodes, and preferably from about three to about 12 anodes per anode set. Voltage and current measurements are obtained for each conductor for each row of anode posts of each anode set in each cell.

When each anode set, such as anode set 12, is initially connected in an electrolytic cell 3a, which is operated by the method and apparatus of this invention, anode set 12 is lowered to a point where the bottoms of anodes 13 are about 3 millimeters above the mercury cathode. In addition, a set point for the standard voltage coefficient, S, for each conductor 15 is entered into the program of automatic control unit 6. This set point voltage coefficient and subsequent measurements of voltage coefficients, Vc, are calculated according to the formula:

KAI/VF where V is the measured voltage across an anode set, for example, from terminal on conductor 15 of anode set 12 to terminal 22 on conductor 19, I) is the decomposition voltage for the electrolysis being conducted, and KA/M is the current density in kiloam- 8 peres per square meter of cathode surface below anode set 12. In the electrolysis of sodium chloride in a mercury cell for producing chlorine, the value for l) is about 3.1.

Standard or set-point voltage efficient, S, may vary with a number of factors such as the material of construction of the anode (graphite or metal), the form and condition of the anodes (blocks of graphite which are slotted or drilled, metal mesh or rods coated with a noble metal or oxide) and the location of the anode set in the cell, among other factors. As indicated in Intensification of Electrolysis in Chlorine Baths with a Mercury Cathode", The Soviet Chemical Industry, No. l 1, November, I970, pp. 69-70, the standard voltage coefficient (K or S) was found to vary as follows:

K standard voltage Condition coefficient, V/kA the amalgam When the anode set is' comprised of metal anodes having a titanium distributor with an anodic surface formed of small parallel spaced-apart titanium rods coated with an oxide of a platinum metal secured to the bottom of the distributor, a standard voltage coefficient ranging from about 0.09 to about 0.13 is entered as the set-point into the program of automatic control unit 6. A deviation, k, which is the permissable range of deviation from S, is also entered into the program. Generally, k varies from about 0.1 to about 10, and preferably from about 2 to about 8 percent of S.

After positioning anode set 12 is described above and entering the values for S and k into the program anode set 12 is lowered a small predetermined distance, from about 0.05 to about 0.5, and preferably from about 0.15 to about 0.35 mm. Then two electrical signals are generated and measured for each conductor 15 of anode set 12. One electric signal corresponds to the current flow in conductor 15 for anode set 12, and may be obtained by measuring the voltage drop between a plurality of terminals, preferably two (20 and 21) spaced a suitable distance apart along the conductor. The spacing between terminals may vary from about 3 to about l00 inches, but a space of about 30 inches is generally used. The space between terminals should be the same distance for all conductors. it is desirable that the terminals be located laterally in the middle of the conductor, in a straight segment of conductor of uniform dimensions. Current measurements may also be obtained using other well known methods such as by the Hall effect or other magnetic detection devices.

The current signal is compensated for temperature changes in the conductor by thermal resistor 24 embedded or otherwise attached to the section of conductor being used as the source of the current signal.

The other electric signal is the voltage drop which is measured between terminals (20 and 22) on across the anode set. When a multiplicity of cells are controlled 9 by the method and apparatus of this invention, the terminals are on the conductors for the corresponding anode sets of two adjacent cells.

The current signals and the voltage signals for each conductor 15 and anode set 12 are transmitted to automatic control unit 6 as described above in the discussion of FIG. 2. It is preferred to obtain the average of a series of N current measurements and the average of a series of N voltage measurements for each conductor 15 for a predetermined period. For example, automatic control unit 6 is programmed to obtain current measurements and voltage measurements at the rate of from about to about 120, and preferably from about 20 to 60 measurements per second. These measurements are obtained for a period of time ranging from about 1 to about 10, and preferably from about 2 to about 5 seconds. The maximum difference in the current measurements in the series at this position i.e., a gap of at least about 3 mm between the anode and cathode, is determined and utilized as described below in the second current analysis. After the average current measurement and average voltage measurement is obtained for each series of measurements for each conductor 15, the average current measurement and average voltage measurement is obtained for each anode set 12. These average values are then used by automatic control unit 6 to calculate the voltage coefficient for anode set 12 in accordance with the above formula for Vc.

When anode set 12 is initially installed it is generally positioned with a large gap, (about 3 mm. or more) between the bottom of the anodes and the cathode. As a result, the first measured voltage coefficient Vc usually exceeds S by more than deviation it. After this comparison is completed, an electrical signal is transmitted from automatic control unit 6 to motor drive unit 8 to lower anode set 12 a small distance within the ranges described above.

A new voltage coefficient, Vc, is calculated for the new position of the anode set by the same procedure and the resulting voltage coefficient is compared with S. If the new voltage coefficient, Vc exceeds S by more than deviation, k, the adjustment procedure is repeated until an anode set position is obtained where voltage coefficient Vc does not vary from S by more than the value of deviation k. After anode set 12 is in a position where the voltage coefficient falls within the deviation k of value S, the current measurements of conductor 15 for anode set 12 are also analyzed to determined whether the anode is too close to the cathode.

Following a decrease in the anode-cathode spacing to a position where Vc is within predetermined limits, a series of N current measurements for anode set 12 are taken for a predetermined period within the above defined ranges. Each current measurement is compared with the preceding current measurement to determine the amount of current increase, and where the current increase exceeds one of several predetermined limits the anode-cathode spacing is immediately increased a predetermined distance, ln the first analysis, if the increase in current between the current measurements made immediately before and immediately after the decrease in anode-cathode spacing is greater than a predetermined limit, the anode-cathode spacing is imme diately increased. For example, if the anode set is lowered a distance within the above-defined ranges, for example about 0.3 mm, and an increase in current in excess of a predetermined limit occurs, for example, an increase of more than about 5 percent above the previous current measurement, automatic control unit 6 is programmed to transmit an electric signal to motor drive means 8 to cause the anode-cathode spacing to be immediately increased a distance within the abovedefined ranges. If the decrease in anode-cathode spacing is smaller than 0.3 mm, a proportionately smaller increase in current differences is used as a limit to effect raising of the anodes.

In a second current analysis, if anode set 12 has not been raised in the first current analysis, a series of N current measurements are taken for conductors 15 for a predetermined period in the ranges described above to determine the magnitude of current fluctuations. The second current analysis is made based upon the average magnitude of the current fluctuations or differences as determined by any convenient method prior to comparing with a predetermined average difference limit. This average difference limit is determined, for example, by doubling the average difference in the current measurements made in the series N when the anode set was initially installed at a large gap between the anode and cathode of at least about 3 mm. The average difference in current in the series of measurements obtained at the initial position generally ranges from about 0.2 to about 0.4 percent of the current to the anode set in that series and thus the predetermined limit for average current difference in a series N ranges from about 0.4 to about l.6 percent. The term aver age difference when used in the description and claims to define the magnitude of the current fluctuations is intended to include any known method of averaging differences. For example, in a preferred embodiment a calculation is made for zA /n. where A is the difference in current between each successive reading in the series and N is the total number of current measurements taken. if this average difference is greater than the predetermined average difference limit, the anode-cathode spacing is immediately increased a predetermined distance. As an alternate, the average difference may be obtained by the calculation or any other similar statistical technique.

A third current analysis determined from the series N of current measurements is whether the current continues to increase for each measurement during series N during a predetermined time period described above. If the current continues to increase for each measurement, the anode-cathode spacing is immediately increased, for example, to the previous position. The number of measurements and the predetermined time period used in this analysis are within the ranges described above, but are more preferably about measurements in 4 seconds.

The fourth analysis of the current measurements determines whether an increase in current for any two measurements during series N, is greater than a predetermined limit, for example, an increase of about 6-8 percent. If so, the anode-cathode spacing is immediately increased by appropriate an electric signal from automatic control unit 6 to motor drive unit 8.

A fifth current analysis compares each current measurement in the series with the previous current measurement, and if the difference between two successive current measurements exceeds a predetermined limit,

the distance between the anode and cathode is increased by transmitting an appropriate electrical signal from automatic control unit 6 to motor drive unit 8. When one current measurement is exceeded by the next successive current measurement in an amount from about 0.5 to about 3 percent, and preferably from about I to about 1.5 percent of the prior current measurement, the distance between the anode and cathode is increased as described above.

In a sixth current analysis, if any current measure ment exceeds the average bus current for the entire electrolytic cell by a difference ranging from to 50 percent and preferably from about to about 40 percent of the average cell current for the entire electrolytic cell, then the anode set is raised a predetermined distance.

If any of the current analyses require raising of the anode set a predetermined distance, a new series of current and voltage measurements are obtained and a new voltage coefficient, Vc, is calculated. If the calculated voltage coefficient is below S by more than deviation, It, an electrical signal is transmitted from auto matic control unit 6 to motor drive unit 8 to raise anode set 12 a small distance within the ranges described above. If the calculated voltage coefficient is above S by more than deviation k, the anode set is lowered a predetermined distance. if the new voltage coefficient is within the limit 1(, then the current analyses are repeatedv After a position is found for anode set 12 where the voltage coefficient is within the above-defined prede termined range and none of the above defined current analysis requires raising anode set 12, it may be re tained in this position until subsequent automatic scanning, which is defined more fully below, shows the need for further movement of the anode.

All anode sets in a selected cell may be simultaneously adjusted using the above method. The method of the second current analysis can also be employed to locate in a series of adjacent cells, the cell having the highest amount of current fluctuation.

In a further embodiment of the method of the present invention, all anode sets for all cells in operation are serially scanned periodically by the automatic control unit 6 and the current and voltage readings for each anode set compared with their predetermined value ranges. Where the current reading exceeds the above defined predetermined limits, the anode-cathode spacing is increased. This periodic scan detects current overloads to any anode set on a continuing basis. The automatic control unit requires about 3 seconds to scan the current and voltage measurements for a group of 58 cells containing about 580 anode sets. Any suitable interval between scans may be selected, for example, in tervals of about 1 minute. if during a scan, the anode cathode spacing for an anode set is increased, the scan is repeated for all anode sets for all operative cells.

A further embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises counting the frequency of change in the anode-cathode spacing for a particular anode set during a predetermined time period and where this frequency exceeds a predetermined number, to remove this anode set from automatic control. This may be indicated, for example, by the sounding of an alarm, activating a light on a control panel or causing a message to be printed out on a reader-printer unit associated with a computer.

lf the current analyses indicates that the distance between the anode and cathode must be increased at several successive positions, the anode set is raised to the original starting position and a new standard voltage coefficient, S, is placed in the program of the automatic control unit 6. The new standard voltage coefficient, 5 is increased a predetermined amount above the initial standard voltage coefficient S. Generally the increase is from about 5 to about 20, and preferably from about 10 to about 15 percent of the initial standard voltage coefficient. The above defined procedure for positioning the anode set based upon voltage coefficient is then repeated until a position is found where the voltage coefficient is within the above defined predetermined range.

Automatic control unit 6, when scanning shows voltage coefficient and current measurements to be within predetermined limits may also provide appropriate electric signals to motor drive unit 8, to lower anode set 12 a predetermined distance, r, obtain another set of measurements of current and voltage coefiicient and continue lowering anode set incrementally a predetermined distance until the voltage coefiicient or current analyses indicates that the anode set should be raised a predetermined distance, r. Automatic control unit 6 then provides signals to lower anode set 12 a fraction of r, for example r, and a new set of measurements are obtained. If measurements do not require moving anode set 12 from this position, it is retained here until subsequent scanning shows the need for further adjustment.

The following examples are present to define the invention more fully without any intention of being limited thereof.

EXAMPLE 1 A horizontal mercury cathode cell for electrolyzing aqueous sodium chloride to produce chlorine containing l2 anode sets of eight graphite anodes per set was equipped with the anode control system of FIG. 2. Current and voltage signals for all 12 anode sets were transmitted simultaneously to automatic control unit 6, a digital computer, for about 5 seconds until about readings of current and of voltage were received for each anode set. The average voltage, current, and the difference between each current reading and the previous current reading was determined by the digital computer for the series of readings. The voltage coefficient was calculated for each anode set according to the formula:

Anode set 2, with a cathode surface area of 2.4 square meters, was found to have a Vc of 0.l28, based on an average voltage of 4.38 and an average current reading of 7.53 kiloamperes. When Vc was compared with its standard coefficient S of 0.] l5, was found to have a value above the deviation range k, where k was i 0.06. When the coefficient comparison determined the value of V0 was above S by a value greater than k, a signal from the computer activated a relay which energized a hydraulic motor to lower anode set 2 to decrease the anode-cathode spacing by 0.3 mm. Following the decrease in anode-cathode spacing, the following sequence of operations were performed:

determined using the formula ZA /N. The fluctuation was found to fall within the predetermined limit of 0.5 percent.

4. A third analysis showed that the time since lowering the anode had not exceeded a fixed limit.

5. A fourth analysis revealed that the total increase in current did not exceed a predetermined limit of 7 percent.

6. The last reading was found to be larger than the previous reading and steps (3) and (5) were repeated with the same result. The latest reading was then found to be smaller than the previous reading indicating that the current to the anode set has stopped increasing. Readings were then taken for all anode sets on the cell and the Vc calculated for each was found to have a value within 5 percent of the stored value S. No further adjustments were made and the next cell to be adjusted was selected.

The current measurement was obtained by measuring the voltage drop between two terminals spaced inches apart on each conductor and the voltage measurement was obtained between two corresponding terminals on each conductor supplying current to the corresponding anode set for the next adjacent cell. Thus. a group of I80 current measurements and I80 voltage measurements were obtained for each of the two conductors supplying an anode set and for all ten sets in the cell. Each group of measurements were signal conditioned and converted from analog to digital form and supplied to automatic control unit 6, a digital computer, where the average current and voltage measurements were calculated and average total noise determined by summing the square of the difference between successive readings to each conductor and then averaging the 20 values for the cell. The voltage coefficient was calculated from the average current and voltage readings obtained and then compared with a predetermined standard individually selected for each of the anode sets. Measurements of current and voltage taken for each set of anodes along with the calculated Ve and the predetermined standard Vc are given in Table I. From these results. it can be seen that none of the anode sets fell outside of the limits of k and therefore no adjustment of the anode-cathode spacing was required.

TABLE I Cal Anode Current in Kiloampcres Voltage culated Standard Set No. Conductor A Conductor B Conductor A Conductor B Vc S I 6.86 6.38 4.44 4.47 0. I54 0. I50 2 7. [5 7.93 4.41 4.55 0. I37 0. l 30 3 7.7I 7.92 4.44 4.48 0. I 3| 0. I30 4 7.40 7.74 4.46 4.48 0. I36 0. I30 5 7.5I 7.44 4.46 4.48 0. I 38 0. I30 6 7.88 7.3I 4.46 4.5 I 0. I37 0. I30 7 7.47 7.47 4.48 4.46 0. I37 0. l 30 8 7.25 7.75 4.48 4.47 0. I37 0. I30 9 7.57 7.38 4.41 4.48 0.135 0.130 l0 6.96 6. l6 4.4I 4.40 0.149 0. I40

Average Anode Set Current I472 KA Average Cell Voltage 4 46 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 A group of horizontal mercury cathode cells for the electrolysis of sodium chloride were employed in this Example, each cell containing 10 anode sets, and each anode set contained five anodes. The anodes were constructed of titanium metal and partially coated with a noble metal compound. Each anode set was supplied 50 with current by two conductors. The anode adjustment system of FIG. 2 was installed on the cells. Upon selection of one cell for possible adjustment of the anodecathode spacing, a series of 180 readings were taken Example 2 was repeated using a horizontal mercury cathode cell having graphite anodes. Table II shows the current and voltage measurements and the calculated Ve and standard S voltage coefiieients. Deviation range k was t 10. These results show no adjustment of the simultaneously for all anode sets in the cell over a peanode spacing for any of the IQ anode sets was reriod of about 5 seconds. quired.

TABLE II Cal- Anodc Current in Kilamperes Voltage culated Standard Set No. Conductor A Conductor B Conductor A Conductor B Vc S l 5.93 5.55 4.93 5.00 .244 .244 2 7.44 7.35 4.92 4.95 .l86 .ISB 3 8.35 8.5] 4.9] 4.95 .163 I68 4 8. IO 7.63 4.9] 5.02 .l78 I79 5 7.90 7.85 4.90 4.92 .l72 .ISO 6 7.80 7.98 4.89 4.9l .l7l .l75 7 8.09 7.66 4.89 4.89 .170 I69 8 7.3] 7.37 4.9l 4.9l .185 .ISI 9 7.14 7.80 4.89 4.94 .132 .179 l0 6.40 6.76 4.89 4.90 .205 .198

Average Anode Set Current 14.89 KA Average Cell Voltage 4.92 k= ill) In Example 3, as well as Example 2. electric motors were used as the motor drive means which received electric signals from the digital computer to adjust the anodes when necessary.

What is desired to be secured by letters patent is:

l. in a method for adjusting the space between electrodes in an electrolytic cell containing an electrolyte decomposable by electric current, said electrolyte being in contact with said electrodes, said electrodes being comprised of at least one adjustable solid anode set and a liquid cathode in spaced relationship, and a voltage being applied to said cathode and said anode set to develop an electric current flow through said electrolyte to effect decomposition thereof, the improvement which comprises a. operably connecting to said adjustable anode set a motor drive means adapted to raise and lower said adjustable anode set upon receipt of electric signals from a digital computer,

b. obtaining N current measurements of the current to said anode set over a predetermined period,

c. comparing each current measurement with the preceding current measurement and determining the difference in current, and,

d. conveying an electric signal from said computer to said motor drive means to increase said space when said difierence in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said improvement comprises:

a. measuring the current to said anode set,

b. conveying an electric signal from said computer to said motor drive means to decrease the space between said anode set and said cathode by a predetennined distance. and after decreasing said space,

c. obtaining N current measurements of the current to said anode set over a predetermined period,

d. comparing each current measurement with the preceding current measurement and determine the difference in current, and

e. increasing said space in response to an electric signal from said computer when said difference in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said increase in current which exceeds said predetermined limit is the difference in current between any two successive current measurements.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein a. the average difference in said current measurements for N measurements is determined,

b. said average difference is compared with a predetermined average difference limit, and

c. increasing said space when said average difference exceeds said predetermined average difference limit.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the average difference is determined by squaring each difference between each successive current measurement in said N current measurements, adding each resulting product, and dividing the total by N.

6. The method of claim 2 wherein said space is increased when said difference in current increases in each successive current measurement throughout said predetermined period.

7. The method of claim 2 wherein said increase in current which exceed said predetermined limit is the difference in current between any two current measurements obtained during said predetermined period.

8. The method of claim 2 wherein a. said anode set contains from about three to about 12 anodes,

b. said electrolytic cell contains from two to about 100 anode sets connected in parallel,

c. said electrolytic cell is connected in series with from one to about 200 additional electrolytic cells, and

(1. said current measurements are made at predetermined intervals on each anode set in each electrolytic cell upon a signal from said digital computer.

9. In a method for adjusting the space between electrodes in an electrolytic cell containing an electrolyte decomposable by electric current, said electrolyte being in contact with said electrodes, said electrodes being comprised of at least one adjustable solid anode set and a liquid cathode in spaced relationship, and a voltage being applied to said cathode and said anode set to develop an electric current flow through said electrolyte to effect decomposition thereof, the improvement which comprises:

a. operably connecting to said adjustable anode set a motor drive means adapted to raise and lower said adjustable anode set upon receipt of electric signals from a digital computer,

b. calculating at start up a standard voltage coefficient, S, for said anode set positioned at a space at least 3 mm. between said anode and said cathode, in accordance with the formula V-D S W Vc where:

l. V is the voltage across said anode set 2. D is the decomposition voltage of said electrolyte 3. KA is the current to said anode set, and 4. M is the area in square meters of the cathode surface below said anode set,

c. entering said S into the program of said digital computer along with a predetermined deviation limit, k, for said S,

cl. lowering said anode set a predetermined distance,

e. measuring the voltage across said anode set,

f. measuring the current to said anode set,

g. calculating the voltage coefficient, Vc, according to said formula,

h. comparing said Vc with said S,

i. adjusting the space between said anode set and said cathode where the difference between said Vc and said S falls outside of said deviation, k,

1. wherein said adjusting comprises a. increasing the space between said anode set and said cathode by a predetermined distance where said Vc is below said S by an amount exceeding said k,

b. decreasing the space between said anode set and said cathode by a predetermined distance where said V0 is above said S by an amount exceeding said k, and

c. repeating steps e through i (1) (b) after the space between said anode set and said cathode is changed.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein said adjusting additionally comprises increasing said space between said 17 anode set and said cathode by a predetermined amount when said current exceeds a predetermined limit.

H. The method of claim 9 wherein a. said space between said anode set and said cathode is decreased by a predetermined amount, and after decreasing said space,

1. comparing each current measurement with the preceding current measurement and determining the difference in current and,

c. increasing said space when said difference in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein said space is increased due to a difference in current as determined by any condition selected from the group consisting of,

a. the difference between two successive current measurements exceeds a first predetermined limit,

b. the average difference of current as determined by squaring each difference in current between each successive current measurement in said N current measurements, adding each resulting product, dividing the total by N, exceeds a predetermined average difference limit,

. the difference in current increases in each successive current measurement throughout said predetermined period, and

d. the difference between any two current measurements during said predetermined period exceeds a second predetermined limit.

13. The method of claim wherein a. said anode set contains from three to about 12 anodes,

b. said electrolytic cell contains from two to about 100 anode sets connected in parallel, and

c. said electrolytic cell is connected in series with from about one to about 200 additional electrolytic cells,

14. The method of claim 12 wherein a. said first predetermined limit ranges from about 0.5 to about 3 percent,

b. said predetermined average difference limit ranges from about 0.4 to about 1.6 percent, and

c. said second predetermined limit ranges from about 6 to about 8 percent.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein said S ranges from about 0.09 to about 0.18 and said anode set is comprised of metal anodes.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein said deviation k is in the range from about 0.1 to about 10 percent.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein said electrolyte is an aqueous alkali metal chloride solution.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said cathode is mercury.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein said electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.

20. The method of claim 16 wherein said electrolytic cell is one of a plurality of series-connected mercury cathode electrolytic cells, each of said cells having a plurality of anode sets, said space being adjusted by:

a. detecting analog type voltage signals produced by each conductor carrying current to each anode set,

b. compensating said signals for temperature variations in said conductors to produce temperaturecompensated signals that are proportional to the current flow in said conductor,

c. detecting analog type voltage signals proportional to the voltage between each said conductor and the corresponding conductor in the next cell in series,

d. selecting from said compensated signals a set of signals generated from the conductors carrying current to one selected cell,

c. amplifying said set of signals,

f. transforming the thus amplified set of signals at cell potential into proportional signals at computer potential,

g. conditioning said proportional signals to remove rectifier-generated noise,

h. converting the thus conditioned signals of the analog type to isolated signals of the digital type,

i. selecting from said digital signals a set of signals generated from one pair of conductors carrying current to one anode set,

j. calculating said voltage coefficient, and comparing it with said S,

k. comparing the thus calculated coefficients with a predetermined coefficient for said anode set in said cell and determining the difference between said calculated and said predetermined coefficient,

l. activating a relay to operate a motor effective to raise by a predetermined amount of said anode set fed by the conductor in which said set of signals was generated when said Vc is below said S by more than deviation, k,

m. activating a relay to operate a motor effective to lower by a predetermined amount said anode set fed by the conductor in which said set of signals was generated, when said Vc is above said S by more than said deviation k,

n. repeating steps a through 11 immediately after lowering said anode set and comparing the new signals proportional to current flow in the conductor feeding said anode set with the signals proportional to current flow to said anode set prior to lowering said anode set,

. raising said anode set by a predetermined amount when the increase in current exceeds a predetermined amount,

p. repeating steps a through h until said current exceeds a second predetermined limit and then raising said anode set by a predetermined limit,

q. when said repetition of steps a through h continues for longer than a predetermined period of time, raising said anode set by a predetermined amount,

r. after each lowering of said anode set, repeating steps a through It, comparing each digital signal proportional to current flow with the preceding digital signal proportional to current flow, and when fluctuations in a plurality of said digital signals exceed a predetermined limit, raising said anode set by a predetermined amount and repeating said steps a through h, said comparisons and said raising of said anode set until said fluctuations are removed, and

s. repeating steps a through r with all the selected anode sets in all of a selected number of cells in said plurality of cells.

21. The method of claim 11 wherein the frequency of adjusting said space is counted over a predetermined period, and when said frequency exceeds a predetermined number, increasing the space between said anode and said cathode and removing said anode set from automatic control.

19 20 22. The method of claim 20 wherein said amplifier c. transferred from cell potential to computer potensignals from said amplifier are at cell potential tial by passing through an optical isolator prior to a. conditioned to remove rectifier-generated noise selection in step i. b. converted from analog type signals to isolated sig- 5 nals of the digital type, and

Claims

1. IN A METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE SPACE BETWEEN ELECTRODES IN AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL CONTAINING AN ELECTROLYTE DECOMPOSABLE BY ELECTRIC CURRENT, SAID ELECTROLYTE BEING IN CONTACT WITH SAID ELECTRODES, SAID ELECTRODES BEING COMPRISED OF AT LEAST ONE ADJUSTABLE SOLID ANODE SET AND A LIQUID CATHODE IN SPACED RELATIONSHIP, AND A VOLTAGE BEING APPLIED TO SAID CATHODE AND SAID ANODE SET TO DEVELOP AN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOW THROUGH SAID ELECTROLYTE TO EFFECT DECOMPOSITION THEREOF, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH COMPRISES A. OPERABLE CONNECTING TO SAID ADJUSTABLE ANODE SET A MOTOR DRIVE MEANS ADAPTED TO RAISE AND LOWER SAID ADJUSTABLE ANODE SET UPON RECEIPT OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS FROM A DIGITAL COMPUTER, B. OBTAINING N CURRENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE CURRENT TO SAID ANODE SET OVER A PREDETERMINED PERIOD,

2. D is the decomposition voltage of said electrolyte

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said improvement comprises: a. measuring the current to said anode set, b. conveying an electric signal from said computer to said motor drive means to decrease the space between said anode set and said cathode by a predetermined distance, and after decreasing said space, c. obtaining N current measurements of the current to said anode set over a predetermined period, d. comparing each current measurement with the preceding current measurement and determine the difference in current, and e. increasing said space in response to an electric signal from said computer when said difference in current is an increase which exceeds a predetermined limit.

3. KA is the current to said anode set, and

4. M2 is the area in square meters of the cathode surface below said anode set, c. entering said S into the program of said digital computer along with a predetermined deviation limit, k, for said S, d. lowering said anode set a predetermined distance, e. measuring the voltage across said anode set, f. measuring the current to said anode set, g. calculating the voltage coefficient, Vc, according to said formula, h. comparing said Vc with said S, i. adjusting the space between said anode set and said cathode where the difference between said Vc and said S falls outside of said deviation, k,

4. The method of claim 2 wherein a. the average difference in said current measurements for N measurements is determined, b. said average difference is compared with a predetermined average difference limit, and c. increasing said space when said average difference exceeds said predetermined average difference limit.

8. The method of claim 2 wherein a. said anode set contains from about three to about 12 anodes, b. said electrolytic cell contains from two to about 100 anode sets connected in parallel, c. said electrolytic cell is connected in series with from one to about 200 additional electrolytic cells, and d. said current measurements are made at predetermined intervals on each anode set in each electrolytic cell upon a signal from said digital computer.

9. In a method for adjusting the space between electrodes in an electrolytic cell containing an electrolyte decomposable by electric current, said electrolyte being in contact with said electrodes, said electrodes being comprised of at least one adjustable solid anode set and a liquid cathode in spaced relationship, and a voltage being applied to said cathode and said anode set to develop an electric current flow through said electrolyte to effect decomposition thereof, the improvement which comprises: a. operably connecting to said adjustable anode set a motor drive means adapted to raise and lower said adjustable anode set upon receipt of electric signals from a digital computer, b. calculating at start up a standard voltage coefficient, S, for said anode set positioned at a space at least 3 mm. between said anode and said cathode, in accordance with the formula

10. The method of claim 9 wherein said adjusting additionally comprises increasing said space between said anode set and said cathode by a predetermined amount when said current exceeds a predetermined limit.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein a. said space between said anode set and said cathode is decreased by a predetermined amount, and after decreasing said space, b. obtaining N current measurements of the current to said anode set over a predetermined period,

12. The method of claim 11 wherein said space is increased due to a difference in current as determined by any condition selected from the group consisting of, a. the difference between two successive current measurements exceeds a first predetermined limit, b. the average difference of current as determined by squaring each difference in current between each successive current measurement in said N current measurements, adding each resulting product, dividing the total by N, exceeds a predetermined average difference limit, c. the difference in current increases in each successive current measurement throughout said predetermined period, and d. the difference between any two current measurements during said predetermined period exceeds a second predetermined limit.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein a. said anode set contains from three to about 12 anodes, b. said electrolytic cell contains from two to about 100 anode sets connected in parallel, and c. said electrolytic cell is connected in series with from about one to about 200 additional electrolytic cells,

14. The method of claim 12 wherein a. said first predetermined limit ranges from about 0.5 to about 3 percent, b. said predetermined average difference limit ranges from about 0.4 to about 1.6 percent, and c. said second predetermined limit ranges from about 6 to about 8 percent.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said cathode is mercury.

20. The method of claim 16 wherein said electrolytic cell is one of a plurality of series-connected mercury cathode electrolytic cells, each of said cells having a plurality of anode sets, said space being adjusted by: a. detecting analog type voltage signals produced by each conductor carrying current to each anode set, b. compensating said signals for temperature variations in said conductors to produce temperature-compensated signals that are proportional to the current flow in said conductor, c. detecting analog type voltage signals proportional to the voltage between each said conductor and the corresponding conductor in the next cell in series, d. selecting from said compensated signals a set of signals generated from the conductors carrying current to one selected cell, e. amplifying said set of signals, f. transforming the thus amplified set of signals at cell potential into proportional signals at computer potential, g. conditioning said proportional signals to remove rectifier-generated noise, h. converting the thus conditioned signals of the analog type to isolated signals of the digital type, i. selecting from said digital signals a set of signals generated from one pair of conductors carrying current to one anode set, j. calculating said voltage coefficient, and comparing it with said S, k. comparing the thus calculated coefficients with a predetermined coefficient for said anode set in said cell and determining the difference between said calculated and said predetermined coefficient, l. activating a relay to operate a motor effective to raise by a predetermined amount of said anode set fed by the conductor in which said set of signals was generated when said Vc is below said S by more than deviation, k, m. activating a relay to operate a motor effective to lower by a predetermined amount said anode set fed by the conductor in which said set of signals was generated, when said Vc is above said S by more than said deviation k, n. repeating steps a through h immediately after lowering said anode set and comparing the new signals proportional to current flow in the conductor feeding said anode set with the signals proportional to current flow to said anode set prior to lowering said anode set, o. raising said anode set by a predetermined amount when the increase in current exceeds a predetermined amount, p. repeating steps a through h until said current exceeds a second predetermined liMit and then raising said anode set by a predetermined limit, q. when said repetition of steps a through h continues for longer than a predetermined period of time, raising said anode set by a predetermined amount, r. after each lowering of said anode set, repeating steps a through h, comparing each digital signal proportional to current flow with the preceding digital signal proportional to current flow, and when fluctuations in a plurality of said digital signals exceed a predetermined limit, raising said anode set by a predetermined amount and repeating said steps a through h, said comparisons and said raising of said anode set until said fluctuations are removed, and s. repeating steps a through r with all the selected anode sets in all of a selected number of cells in said plurality of cells.

22. The method of claim 20 wherein said amplifier signals from said amplifier are at cell potential a. conditioned to remove rectifier-generated noise, b. converted from analog type signals to isolated signals of the digital type, and c. transferred from cell potential to computer potential by passing through an optical isolator prior to selection in step i.