US3565264A - Pallet rack equipped with sheet metal structural member - Google Patents
Pallet rack equipped with sheet metal structural member Download PDFInfo
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- US3565264A US3565264A US726641A US3565264DA US3565264A US 3565264 A US3565264 A US 3565264A US 726641 A US726641 A US 726641A US 3565264D A US3565264D A US 3565264DA US 3565264 A US3565264 A US 3565264A
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 31
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47B—TABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
- A47B57/00—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features for adjusting shelves or partitions
- A47B57/30—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features for adjusting shelves or partitions with means for adjusting the height of detachable shelf supports
- A47B57/40—Cabinets, racks or shelf units, characterised by features for adjusting shelves or partitions with means for adjusting the height of detachable shelf supports consisting of hooks coacting with openings
- A47B57/402—Hooks attached to a member embracing at least two sides of an upright, e.g. an angle bracket
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B7/00—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections
- F16B7/22—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections using hooks or like elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B2200/00—Constructional details of connections not covered for in other groups of this subclass
- F16B2200/20—Connections with hook-like parts gripping behind a blind side of an element to be connected
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A pallet rack with cold formed pallet supporting beams constructed such that when F VJ om mu a oa d a m mm r, m m te mm mmm mm mu em fl u d M mu c [u w w u Wm H dl mm nw the rack controlled twisting of the be A47f 5/ reaction forces are in equilibrium.
- the disclosure also includes an improved nonsymmetrical 54 cold formed beam having a web locat 5 731, to be supported, whether symmetric 733; 243/248, 247 applied, such that the beam does not References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,Q65,378 12/1936 Klin ,NSATA 189.3601
- beam as used in the pallet rack is constructed such that the shear center of the beam lies along a line in or adjacent the web portion.
- the present invention relates to pallet racks and more particularly relates to a pallet rack equipped with novel and improved structural beams formed of sheet metal material and to such beams.
- l-beams constructed of a continuous strip of sheet metal are desirable because of their relatively low cost and, when made according to this invention, high load carrying capacity per unit weight.
- the Prior Art Proposed cold formed I-beams have been capable of supporting only light loads because their construction was such that extensive, uncontrolled twisting would occur if substantial loads were applied. In an I- or Z-beam configuration such twisting can result in rapid loss of load carrying ability of the beam and sudden failures. Accordingly, one-piece sheet metal beams, such as land Zbeams, have been thought to be limited to supporting relatively light loadings over relatively short spans. Thus proposed uses for l-beams which could be formed by cold forming techniques have been in such applications as supporting drop ceilings. These ceilings normally have relatively light sound proofing material supported by lower flanges of small beams, which material places the webs of the beams in slight tension.
- the beam of this invention and certain prior proposed beams formed by cold rolling a continuous strip of sheet metal to produce the desired cross-sectional configuration are not symmetrical.
- the nonsymmetrical cross sections of such beams are due to the longitudinal folding of the material on itself to fonn the flanges. 1
- Pallet supporting beams must be capable of supporting widely varying, and often large, loads over substantial spans.
- Prior pallet rack constructions have utilized channellike or tubular beams to support pallets.
- Prior cold formed beams were not suitable for pallet racks and accordingly previous pallet racks have not used wide flange, cold formed load supporting beams.
- box or I-beams constructed of light gauge material must be formed from a plurality of sheet metal members to avoid the problem of twisting excessively under load.
- the beam of this invention is a wide flange beam of a single light gauge sheet of material having a higher load carrying capacity per unit weight than conventional cold formed beams. In addition to this favorable load/beam weight relationship, such a beam does not'twist appreciably under load and is less expensive than prior art construction.
- a pallet rack constructed in accordance with this invention will support widely varying and often extremely large loadings.
- the use of these beams also results in a rack which permits greater weights of material to be stored in a given space without exceeding maximum permissible floor loadings and the like than has been possible with prior racks.
- a beam constructed in accordance with the invention provides similar advantages.
- wide flange sheet metal beams constructed of a single sheet of relatively light gauge material can be used to support relatively large loads over substantial spans. This is accomplished by providing load supporting flange configurations which produce a shear axis for the beam disposed in or closely adjacent the web. Thus substantial twisting of the beam is prevented. More precisely, such beams are designed to provide a flange configuration which accepts a given loading (symmetrical or nonsymmetrical) and deflects slightly to shift the loading of the beam and produce a stress condition in the beam wherein further twisting of the beam is prevented. The flanges of such a beam shift the center of gravity of the load applied so that the load resultant acts through the shear center and unbalanced shear flows in the beam are ineffective to cause twisting.
- the shear center or axis of the beam is the axis about which the beam will twist as a result of unbalanced shear flows in the beam. Where the center of gravity, or resultant, of an applied load passes through the shear center of a given beam, that beam will not twist. This is because the sum of the moments of the shear flows about the shear axis at such a condition are equal to zero.
- the location of the shear center of a beam is geometrically fixed with its location detennined by the cross-sectional configuration of the beam.
- the beam will not twist. But if, because of deflection of the flanges, the resultant of the load moves away from the shear center, twisting ensues. This twisting is a function of the load and the distance between the load and the shear center.
- flange deflection under any significant load is inescapable.
- the present invention contemplates the construction of a beam having a shear center located so that flange deflection shifts the center of gravity of the load to a location wherein the load acts through the shear center.
- a one-piece light gauge sheet metal beam is provided which does not twist appreciably under relatively large loads.
- beams configured according to the principles of the invention are utilized to accommodate nonsymmetrical loadings which might otherwise result in twisting of a symmetrical hot loolts to the observer as if failure is imminent even when the formed I-beam or a channel of equivalent size.
- a beam constructed in accordance with the present invention for receiving a nonsymmetrical load possesses a shear center which, with the load applied, is closely adjacent or in the web of the beam so that, at most, only a minimal amount of twisting of the beam is produced.
- a beam constructed according to the invention for accommodating a symmetrically applied load does not twist appreciably as do prior art sheet metal beams of the flanged type. This is due to the fact that the applied load is shifted as described.
- a pallet rack constructed in accordance with the invention supports for the beams are spaced from the plane of the web.
- beam supporting reaction forces applied to the beam are offset from the web and the shear center. These offset reaction forces tend to cause twisting of the beam.
- the beam is so configured that a slight controlled amount of deflection in the flanges occurs.
- the noted reaction forces act to promote deflection of the flanges. This shifts the load applied by a supported pallet relative to the plane of the web. The line of action of the load is thus shifted to a location where it passes through the shear center and an equilibrium condition is established.
- Beams in a family have the same flange constructions and web heights which differ from beam to beam over a given range of heights. Beams having small web dimensions and beams having large web dimensions may have shear centers located slightly out of the web. Preferably the location of these centers is no farther away from the web centerline than will result in a 2 twisting of the beam about the neutral axis over a length of to 12 feet.
- a principal object of the present invention is the provision of a new and improved wide flange beam constructed of a single cold formed sheet of metal wherein the flanges and web of the beam are so related that when a load is applied to the beam the load shifts until the load resultant acts through the shear center or axis of the beam and twisting of the beam is controlled to a minimal amount or eliminated.
- the preferred form of the invention is a one-piece I-beam wherein the web of the beam is spaced from the centerline of the load engaging flange and the shear center is in or very close to the web.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pallet rack employing wide flange beams constructed according to the present invention
- FIG. 2A is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of a pallet rack of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of a portion of the pallet rack of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a pallet rack beam constructed in accordance with the invention with a fragmentary portion of one of the verticals shown and schematically showing a pallet and supported load;
- FIGS. 4-6 are sectional views of beams constructed in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a pallet rack 10.
- the rack 10 is susceptible to modular construction so that any selected number of such racks may be interconnected to cover a given area.
- the rack 10 includes four vertical support columns 11l4.
- the rack 10 has pallet supporting beams 15, 16 connected to the columns l1, l2 and pallet supporting beams 20, 21 connected to the columns 13, 14.
- the pallet supporting beams 15, 20, and 16, 21, respectively are removably secured to their respective support columns so that the upper surface of the beams 15, 20 as viewed in FIG. I, are each disposed substantially in a horizontal plane for receiving and supporting pallets.
- the beams 16, 21 are likewise disposed with their upper surfaces in substantially a common horizontal plane and positioned to support pallets beneath the beams 15, 20.
- the vertical support columns 11, 13 are supported relative to each other by laterals 22-26 which are suitably secured at their ends to the columns 11, 13.
- the vertical columns l2, 14 are similarly interconnected by laterals 30-34 which are identical to the laterals 22-26.
- Additional lateral support for the pallet rack 10 is provided by members 35, 36 which are removably secured between the load supporting beams 15, 20 and 16,21 respectively.
- the columns 11--l4 are identical in construction and each includes a base or foot 36, formed by a plate of suitable material such as steel, and a generally tubular vertical 37.
- the verticals 37 are generally square in cross section and are formed of a single sheet of steel having edges spaced to define vertically extending end gaps 40 for receiving ends of the laterals.
- the verticals 37 have outwardly oriented walls 41 each opposite the end gap 40 of the same column. Each wall 41 is perforated to define a series of regularly spaced apertures 42 along its vertical extent, only a few of which apertures are illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the beams 15, 20 and 16, 21 are connected to the columns ll-l4 by clips 43 which are preferably welded to ends of these beams. The clips are removably secured to the verticals and fixed in place by interconnection with the apertures 42.
- the clip 43 includes a plate portion 44 in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the beam 20.
- the clip 43 also includes a flange 45 which is bent at substantially a right angle to the plate 44, and tabs 46, 47 formed continuously with the flange 45.
- the tabs 46 are bent to extend from the end of the flange 45 generally parallel to the plane of the plate 44 and are spaced apart a distance which corresponds to the spacing between adjacent apertures 42 in the verticals 37.
- Each of the tabs 46 includes a downwardly extending finger S0 and a lower support surface 51.
- the tabs 46 are adapted to extend through an associated aperture 42 with the support surface 51 in supporting engagement with the vertical 37 at the bottom of an aperture 42.
- the fingers 50 engage the walls 41 to secure the clips 43 in place. The fingers 50 therefore provide a lock between the clips 43 and the verticals 37 so that the pallet supporting beams must be raised relative to the verticals 37 for disengagement.
- the tabs 47 extend away from the plate 44 in the plane of the flange 45. When the pallet supporting beam members are fastened to the verticals 37, the tabs 47 engage the walls 41 and assist in maintaining proper alignment between the verticals 37 and the associated pallet supporting beam members.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a vertical 37 which is associated with two pallet supporting beam members extending in opposite directions from sides 55, 56 of the vertical 37.
- the tabs 46 extend through the openings 42 defined in the wall 41 with the fingers 50 hooked over the bottoms 57 of the apertures to lock the clips 43 in place.
- Each of the sides 55, 56 of the verticals 37 includes a plurality of elongated openings 60 formed at regularly spaced locations.
- a detent pin 61 is carried on a spring arm 62.
- the spring arm 62 is supported by the plate 44 of the clip 43.
- the detent pin 61 extends through a suitable opening in the plate 44 into an aligned one of the apertures 60. Coaction of the pin 61 with the walls of the selected aperture 60 prevents accidental disconnection of a clip 43 from its vertical 37, and also provides a visual indication of proper assembly of the pallet rack.
- the clips 43 form the sole support for the pallet supporting beams 15, 20; 16, 21.
- reactions to loads applied to the beams are in the plane of the walls 41 laterally outwardly of the beams proper.
- the application of the load to the beams causes a twisting supporting force to be applied to the beams at their ends in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a pallet 65 and load 66 supported by the beam members 15, 20.
- the beam members 15, 20 are preferably composed of cold formed sheet steel material and each includes a web 70 extending in a generally vertical plane and upper and lower flanges 71, 72 respectively.
- the upper and lower flanges 71, 72 are each identical and each includes double and single thickness flange parts 73, 74, respectively, disposed along the longitudinal extent of the web 70 and projecting in opposite directions from the web.
- the double thickness flange part 73 includes a portion 73a formed continuously with the web 70 and extending generally transversely from the plane of the web.
- the flange part 73 is folded on itself to define a portion 73b continuous with the flange portion 73a and bent back upon the portion 73a along a radiused bend 75.
- the flange portion 73b extends from the bend 75 generally transversely of the plane of the web 70 to the flange part 74.
- the single thickness flange part 74 includes a portion 740 formed continuously with, and in the plane of, the portion 73b.
- the flange part 74 also has a longitudinally extending bend 76 formed along the part and an elongated reinforcing lip portion 77.
- the flange portions 73b, 74a defined a continuous upper surface 78 of the flange 71, FIG. 2.
- the load 66 and pallet 65 are disposed upon the upper surface 78 of the flange 71.
- the flanges 71 of the beams 15, 20 are substantially in a common horizontal plane so that the pallet loads are applied across the surfaces 78.
- the pallet load is illustrated by the arrow F L in FIG. 3 and as it is applied to the beams 15, 20 they tend to twist slightly in clockwise and counterclockwise directions respectively.
- the twisting referred to is accompanied by shifting of the application of the load on the beams until an equilibrium condition of the beam is reached as is described in considerably greater detail presently.
- the clips 43 tend to exert a twisting reaction to load forces applied to the beams. This reaction is illustrated by the arrow F S in FIG. 3.
- the supporting force F s exerted by the clips 43 tends torotate the beam in a clockwise direction (FIG. 3) and accordingly the coextending portions of the flange part 73 are urged toward engagement with the pallet 65.
- the flange part 73 therefore is caused to support a greater proportion of the applied load. Said another way, the applied load is shifted along the flange 71 of the beam 15 to the left as viewed in FIG. 3..
- the web 70 and top and bottom flange parts 73 may be thought of as a channel which under load tends to deflect about the shear axis e located on the opposite side of the plane of the web 70 between the flange parts 74.
- the top and bottom flange parts 74 and web 70 may also be thought of as a channel which tends to twist about a shear axis e located on the opposite side of the web 70 between the flange parts 73.
- the first mentioned channel tends to twist counterclockwise about the axis e while the second tends to twist clockwise about the axis e Accordingly, the channels act in opposition to each other under load and thus tend to minimize twisting deflection of the beam under load.
- the supporting forces F (FIG. 3) applied to the beam by the clips 43 tend to urge the upper flange part 73 toward engagement with the pallet so that the upper flange part 73 supports a greater proportion of the load than would otherwise be supported in the absence of the forces F
- the flange part 74 tends to be twisted away from engagement with the pallet as a result of the support force F
- the effect of the slight deflection of the flanges and the application of the support forces F upon the beam is to change the relationship between the load and the beam so that under a load, each beam 15, 20 reacts to shift or redistribute the applied load.
- the geometry of the beams 15, 20 in FIG. 3 produces a resultant shear axis e of each beam which lies on a line extending through the web or closely adjacent the web when the beam is not loaded. As a result the beams 15, 20 undergo only minimal twisting under the applied load in reaching equilibrium.
- the beams In a pallet rack a variety of loads may be supported by the beams, and it is not possible to design the beam for any particular constant load as might be applied, for example, in a building structure. Nonetheless, under any given pallet load, the beams react in the manner described until the moments of the supporting forces on the beams are counteracted by the shifting load on the top flanges of the beams. The beams thus reach an equilibrium upon deflection of an amount determined by the load itself. Regardless of the load supported by the beams, the beams react to accommodate the load and reach a condition wherein the moments or twists of the load about the shear axis of the beam become balanced or equal to zero after which further deflection is prevented.
- the beam 15' of FIG. 4 is of substantially the same geometry as beam 15, 20 referred to in reference to FIGS. 1- 3 and accordingly the same reference characters are utilized, with primes added, in the description of the various portions of the beam 15'.
- the beam 15' is adapted for a structural installation such as a purlin or grit in a building structure. Accordingly the load to be applied to the beam, such as that of FIG. 4, is substantially constant as distinguished from the wide variations in loading of the beams 15, 20 of the pallet rack 10. Thus the beam 15' is rigidly supported at its ends and need not be associated with the clips 43. Since the loads to be applied to the beam 15' are known and relatively constant, the geometry of such a beam to accommodate the load to be applied can be calculated.
- the location x of the shear center of the beam 15' can be determined by summation of moments of the shear forces acting within the beam. More particularly, a beam which is loaded and twisted to an equilibrium condition is subjected to twisting moments having an algebraic sum of zero. Such a relationship is as follows:
- V is the internal shear force acting in a particular portion of the beam
- y is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force V through the centroid of the portion of the beam to the X axis (see FIG. 4).
- T is the shear stress
- dA is an incremental area over which the shear stress is distributed.
- the shear stress 1- is determined according to the relation:
- V is the total vertical shear
- Q is the first moment of area about the neutral axis or center of gravity
- t is the section thickness of the beam material.
- the first moment of area Q about the Z axis is determined according to the relation:
- A is the cross-sectional area of a particular portion of the beam.
- the shear force V, in the flange portions 73'b, 74'a will be generally determined. Since the thickness of the material from which the flange is made is uniform, the cross-sectional area of the top horizontal flange (i.e. portions 73b, 74a taken as a unit) is the product of the thickness t of the material and the extent x of the flange along the X axis.
- the moment arm 12', to the centroid of the top horizontal flange is the distance between the Z axis and a point half way through the thickness of the top flange. Since the distance from the Z axis to the surface 78' is a constant (C,) and the thickness t is a constant, the moment arm 17, is determined according to the relation:
- the limits L and L are the points on the X axis between which the upper horizontal flange extends.
- the shear force V is determined in terms of the total shear force V by choosing the appropriate limits and solving the above equation.
- the shear force V can be defined in terms of the total shear force V by the relation:
- K is a constant determined by solution of the general equation for determining V,-with a given beam.
- the shear force V is determined according to the relations set forth above in respect to V,, appropriately modified to take into account the difference in shape and location of the flange portion 73a through which the shear force V acts.
- V is the resultant shear force
- x is the distance from the Y axis to the shear center
- E and 3 are the distances from the X axis to the point at which the shear forces V,, V act respectively.
- the quantities K,, K and and are all constant for a particular beam configuration and accordingly the distance from the X axis to the shear center is determinable for a given beam. Since the shear center lies on the plane of the neutral or z axis the location of the shear center is known when x, is determined.
- the distance along the X axis for the shear center can be controlled by varying the extent of the flanges along the X axis, the thickness of the material, the vertical height of the web, etc.; and that a beam can be constructed so that the distance along the X axis for the shear center is such that the shear center lies within or closely adjacent the web of the beam.
- Beams constructed in accordance with the foregoing design considerations have a web which is off center with respect to the flanges of the beam. That is, the plane of the web does not bisect the flanges of the beam. Generally speaking the amount the web is off center with respect to the flanges is determined by the nature of the load to be initially applied to the beam; i.e. symmetrical or nonsymmetrical and the magnitude of such load.
- the beam illustrated in FIG. 4 is designed to receive a load symmetrically applied across the surface 78 of the flanges.
- FIG. 4a illustrates the applied nearly symmetrical load L in broken lines with the line of action of the resultant force acting along a line parallel to and spaced slightly to the right of the web. Since the flanges 73, 74 of the beam 15 are not extremely rigid (due to their relatively light gauge construction), these flanges deflect somewhat under the applied symmetrical load. The flange deflection shifts the applied load to the loaded condition illustrated in full lines in FIG. 4a. The load L, thus shifted, provides a resultant L,, which acts through the web 70'. Since the shear center is located in the web 70' the beam 15' does not twist under the load L.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate modified beams constructed in accordance with the invention wherein the load to be applied to such beams is nonsymmetrical.
- the beam of FIG. 5 is adapted to support the load on its upper horizontal flange 91, with the load being such that it tends to be distributed as shown by the arrows in FIG. 5.
- the beam 90 is constructed in substantially the same manner as described in reference to FIG. 4 except for the configurations of the flange portions and the location of the web.
- the beam 90 includes a top flange 91, a similarly constructed bottom flange 92, having flange parts 93, 94, respectively.
- the flange parts 93, 94 extend from opposite sides of the web 95, with the flange part 93 including portions 93a, 93b and the part 94 including a portion 94a and a bent terminal portion 96.
- the noted channel tends to twist about the shear axis e in a counterclockwise direction (FIG.
- the flange parts 9d and the web 95 approximate a second channel which tends to twist clockwise under the load L about a shear center or axis e located on the side of the web 95 between the parts 93.
- the channel structures tend to twist in opposition to each other about their respective shear axis and accordingly effect one another to prevent twisting of the beam.
- the twisting tendency referred to is exhibited by deflection of the flanges under the load so that the load L is shifted and redistributed as indicated in solid lines.
- the center of gravity of the redistributed load is located so that the resultant of the load acts through the shear center a of the beam which, as above, is located in the web.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a beam 100 having a top flange horizontal flange 1011 supported a load L" originally distributed nonsymmetrically (broken lines) over the top flange of the beam as shown by the arrows in FIG. 6.
- The'beam 100 also includes a web 102 and lower horizontal flange 103.
- the flanges 101, 103 are integral with the web 102 and each includes flange parts 104, 105 respectively.
- the flange parts 1.04, 105 deflect under the load to redistribute the load (solid lines). This shifts the line of action of the load resultant to act through the shear center e located in the web 102.
- the beam does not twist.
- the beams of FIGS. 5 and 6 are designed for structural installations rather than a pallet rack'as described in reference to FIGS. 1-3. These beams are usable in buildings or other structures where loadings of the beam are relatively constant as opposed to the variable loads which might be applied to the beams of a pallet rack. The configurations of these beams are determined according to the formula discussed above in connection with the beam of FIG. 4.
- Wide flange sheet metal beams according to the invention are preferably constructed by rolling a continuous strip of the sheet material as it is fed through a rolling mill. After determining the necessary material thickness, vertical beam height and flange dimensions to produce a shear center within or adjacent the web of the given beam, the rolling equipment is set up to produce a beam having the desired configuration.
- the material thickness, vertical beam height and flange dimensions are determined to provide a shear axis or'center which is within the web of the beam.
- the rolling equipment is set up to receive the sheet steel strip and roll the material adjacent the upper and lower edges of the web to produce the flange por tions 93a.
- the flange forming material is then rolled to provide the radiused bend at the outermost extremity of the portion 030, and is bent back upon the portion 930 adjacent the web to define the portion 93b of the flange part 93.
- the sheet material forming the flange portion 94a is continuous with the portion 93b and is formed to extend from the portion 93b in the opposite direction from the flange part 93, transversely of the web.
- the flange part 94 is then deformed at its terminus to define a stiffening bend which is disposed a greater distance from the web than the radiused bend interconnection the portions 93a, 93b of the flange part 93.
- the shear center for a beam is determined from the cross-sectional geometry of the beam. Accordingly a family of beams might include two or more beams having a shear center spaced slightly from the web. For example beams constructed according to the invention from 13 gauge sheet steel (0.090 inch thickness) have been constructed through a range of vertical heights in which the shear center was located 0.10 inch from the web centerline at the extremes of the range. Such beams exhibited a maximum of 2 twist about the neutral axis under a load applied over a 10 foot span.
- a unitary wide flange sheet metal beam comprising:
- an asymmetrical flange structure including a load engaging flange portion
- a beam as defined in claim 7 wherein a symmetrical load applied to said beam is shifted to a nonsymmetrical load in response to said support structure twisting said beam.
- a pallet supporting rack comprising:
- said beams each formed from a single sheet of metal and including a web and flanges extending transversely of the plane of said web;
- said flanges each being asymmetrical about the plane of said web and each including;
- a first flange part comprising a folded section of said sheet metal formed by a connecting flange portion extending from said web and a load engaging flange portion folded back upon said connecting flange portion and extending transverse to the plane of said web,
- each of said beams including at least a part operative to exert a twisting moment on the associated beam when said beam supports a pallet;
- said part engaging a vertically disposed support member at a location spaced laterally from said web whereby to exert said twisting moment on said beam;
- said beam defining a shear axis extending along said web remote from said flanges and said first and second flange parts being flexible under load whereby when a pallet is supported on the flange parts of one of said flanges said beam tends to twist slightly and the resultant of said load acts through said shear axis to terminate the twisting tendency of said beam.
- a one-piece sheet metal l-beam comprising:
- structure for transmitting load forces between said load engaging flange construction and said web said structure including engaged force transmitting surfaces on said load engaging flange, said surfaces located adjacent said web and spaced from opposite lateral sides of said load engaging flange;
- top .and bottom flanges each being asymmetrical about the plane of said web
- said beam having a shear axis located adjacent said web;
- said sheet metal being of relatively light gauge
- said load engaging flange construction of said beam deflectible under load to shift the load and thereby cause the line of action of the resultant load force to extend through said shear axis.
- a one-piece sheet metal l-beam comprising:
- a flange extending transverse to the plane of said web and defining a first flange part extending from one side of said web plane and a second flange part extending oppositely of said first flange part from aid web plane;
- said first flange part comprising a folded section of said sheet metal including;
- said second flange part comprising a single thickness of the sheet metal material continuous with said load engaging flange portion and which extends beyond said web plane from said first flange part;
Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US72664168A | 1968-04-16 | 1968-04-16 |
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US726641A Expired - Lifetime US3565264A (en) | 1968-04-16 | 1968-04-16 | Pallet rack equipped with sheet metal structural member |
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US (1) | US3565264A (en) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3871525A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1975-03-18 | Unarco Industries | Safety connector for knock-down racks |
US4131440A (en) * | 1977-11-10 | 1978-12-26 | Aktiebolaget Svenska Flaktrabriken | Quick-connect-and-disconnect assembly |
US4261156A (en) * | 1976-07-21 | 1981-04-14 | Fromont Michel M V C | Construction units and structures therefrom |
US4549665A (en) * | 1982-09-03 | 1985-10-29 | Republic Steel Corporation | Shelf assembly |
US4691494A (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1987-09-08 | Gwynne Jacob M | Metal framing system |
US5131781A (en) * | 1991-02-08 | 1992-07-21 | Unarco Industries, Inc. | Storage rack with improved beam-to-column connector |
US5624045A (en) * | 1995-03-16 | 1997-04-29 | Unarco Material Handling, Inc. | Storage rack having latched beam-to-column connection |
US6161709A (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 2000-12-19 | John Sterling Corporation | Suspended shelf mounting system |
US20080196357A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2008-08-21 | Sistemas Tecnicos De Encofrados, S.A. | Purlin Beam with Connectable Terminals |
US20100084354A1 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2010-04-08 | Brian Eustace | Reduced weight storage rack |
USRE43533E1 (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 2012-07-24 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc | Spacer frame for an insulating unit having strenghtened sidewalls to resist torsional twist |
US20130186847A1 (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2013-07-25 | Madix, Inc. | Shelving Systems |
US20130240471A1 (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2013-09-19 | Ronald James Wiese | Storage system |
US9962015B2 (en) * | 2015-02-23 | 2018-05-08 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Showcase |
WO2018185752A1 (en) * | 2017-04-03 | 2018-10-11 | Globerman Eyal | Method for making shelves |
US20200190788A1 (en) * | 2017-08-18 | 2020-06-18 | Knauf Gips Kg | Frame, basic framework, module, profile and set of structural elements for modular construction and a modular-construction building |
US20220312965A1 (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2022-10-06 | DriFlower, LLC | Vegetation hanging and drying system and brackets thereof |
US20240041229A1 (en) * | 2022-08-03 | 2024-02-08 | Daniel Kurzdorfer | Temporary exhibition stand bracket |
US11896121B2 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2024-02-13 | Eyal GLOBERMAN | Method for making shelves |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2065378A (en) * | 1935-12-13 | 1936-12-22 | Fred E Kling | Structural shape |
US3095975A (en) * | 1961-05-15 | 1963-07-02 | Allen Iron & Steel Company | Storage rack |
US3151745A (en) * | 1963-03-05 | 1964-10-06 | Reilly Frederick William | Adjustable pallet rack construction |
US3195735A (en) * | 1962-03-02 | 1965-07-20 | Jarke Mfg Company | Detachable structure and joint therefor |
US3332197A (en) * | 1964-06-30 | 1967-07-25 | James L Hinkle | Interlocked structural assemblies and stiffeners therefor |
-
1968
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Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2065378A (en) * | 1935-12-13 | 1936-12-22 | Fred E Kling | Structural shape |
US3095975A (en) * | 1961-05-15 | 1963-07-02 | Allen Iron & Steel Company | Storage rack |
US3195735A (en) * | 1962-03-02 | 1965-07-20 | Jarke Mfg Company | Detachable structure and joint therefor |
US3151745A (en) * | 1963-03-05 | 1964-10-06 | Reilly Frederick William | Adjustable pallet rack construction |
US3332197A (en) * | 1964-06-30 | 1967-07-25 | James L Hinkle | Interlocked structural assemblies and stiffeners therefor |
Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3871525A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1975-03-18 | Unarco Industries | Safety connector for knock-down racks |
US4261156A (en) * | 1976-07-21 | 1981-04-14 | Fromont Michel M V C | Construction units and structures therefrom |
US4131440A (en) * | 1977-11-10 | 1978-12-26 | Aktiebolaget Svenska Flaktrabriken | Quick-connect-and-disconnect assembly |
US4549665A (en) * | 1982-09-03 | 1985-10-29 | Republic Steel Corporation | Shelf assembly |
US4691494A (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1987-09-08 | Gwynne Jacob M | Metal framing system |
US5131781A (en) * | 1991-02-08 | 1992-07-21 | Unarco Industries, Inc. | Storage rack with improved beam-to-column connector |
US5624045A (en) * | 1995-03-16 | 1997-04-29 | Unarco Material Handling, Inc. | Storage rack having latched beam-to-column connection |
USRE43533E1 (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 2012-07-24 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc | Spacer frame for an insulating unit having strenghtened sidewalls to resist torsional twist |
US6161709A (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 2000-12-19 | John Sterling Corporation | Suspended shelf mounting system |
US8051626B2 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2011-11-08 | Sistemas Technicos De Encofrados, S.A. | Purlin beam with connectable terminals |
US20080196357A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2008-08-21 | Sistemas Tecnicos De Encofrados, S.A. | Purlin Beam with Connectable Terminals |
US20100084354A1 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2010-04-08 | Brian Eustace | Reduced weight storage rack |
US8424694B2 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2013-04-23 | Brian Eustace | Reduced weight storage rack |
US20130186847A1 (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2013-07-25 | Madix, Inc. | Shelving Systems |
US20130240471A1 (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2013-09-19 | Ronald James Wiese | Storage system |
US9962015B2 (en) * | 2015-02-23 | 2018-05-08 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Showcase |
WO2018185752A1 (en) * | 2017-04-03 | 2018-10-11 | Globerman Eyal | Method for making shelves |
US11219308B2 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2022-01-11 | Eyal GLOBERMAN | Method for making shelves |
US11896121B2 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2024-02-13 | Eyal GLOBERMAN | Method for making shelves |
US20200190788A1 (en) * | 2017-08-18 | 2020-06-18 | Knauf Gips Kg | Frame, basic framework, module, profile and set of structural elements for modular construction and a modular-construction building |
US20220312965A1 (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2022-10-06 | DriFlower, LLC | Vegetation hanging and drying system and brackets thereof |
US20240041229A1 (en) * | 2022-08-03 | 2024-02-08 | Daniel Kurzdorfer | Temporary exhibition stand bracket |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:JONES & LAUGHLIN STEEL INCORPORATED INTO REPUBLIC STEEL COMPANY, CHANGED ITS NAME TO;REEL/FRAME:004505/0166 Effective date: 19851022 Owner name: REPUBLIC STORAGE SYSTEMS COMPANY, 1038 BELDEN AVEN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004505/0145 Effective date: 19851101 |
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Owner name: J. W. STORAGE COMPANY OF OHIO Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:REPUBLIC STORAGE SYSTEM COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004847/0556 Effective date: 19870324 |
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