US3529457A - Method of forming sheet or plate material - Google Patents

Method of forming sheet or plate material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3529457A
US3529457A US690816A US3529457DA US3529457A US 3529457 A US3529457 A US 3529457A US 690816 A US690816 A US 690816A US 3529457D A US3529457D A US 3529457DA US 3529457 A US3529457 A US 3529457A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
forming
workpiece
chamber
alloy
sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US690816A
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English (en)
Inventor
Roger David Butler
Ian Frederick Bowers
Cedric Charles Edward Colley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pressed Steel Fisher Ltd
Original Assignee
Pressed Steel Fisher Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB1206767A external-priority patent/GB1208729A/en
Application filed by Pressed Steel Fisher Ltd filed Critical Pressed Steel Fisher Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3529457A publication Critical patent/US3529457A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
    • B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
    • B21D26/053—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure characterised by the material of the blanks
    • B21D26/055—Blanks having super-plastic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D35/00—Combined processes according to or processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
    • B21D35/002—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
    • B21D35/008—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00 involving vibration, e.g. ultrasonic

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of forming, or shaping, sheet or plate material that exhibits a superplasticity within a limited range of temperatures.
  • the object of this invention is to provide a method of forming or shaping superplastic sheet or plate material.
  • a method of forming or shaping superplastic sheet or plate material includes subjecting one face of the material to a liquid that has been heated to within, or above, that range of temperatures at which the material becomes superplastic until the material has been heated to within the said range of temperatures, and then applying sufficient pressure to the liquid to so force the sheet or plate towards a die that the sheet or plate is thereby formed at a strain rate below the critical strain rate to a shape corresponding to the shape of the die surface.
  • the liquid is preferably a molten metal such as a low melting point metal alloy, in order to provide rapid heating of the workpiece; but alternatively suitable temperature resisting oils or suitable salts may be used.
  • the sheet or plate material may be at least partially pre-stretched before it is formed to the required final shape by the method of the invention thereby allowing the wall thickness to be controlled or preventing excessive thinning during final forming.
  • the material may be prestretched as a separate operation by, for example, a vacuum or press forming operation.
  • the material may be pre-stretched after it has been heated to within the superplastic range of temperatures by applying the appropriate pressure to the hot liquid with the die in a retracted, inoperative, position, such that the material is forced to assume a bubble shape, and the die can then be moved to its operative position and the pre-stretched material formed to the required shape, or the material may be pre-stretched by forcing a male die against the hot material.
  • the formability of the material may be improved by subjecting it, during forming, to high frequency vibrations above 10 kc./sec.
  • the vibrations may be applied to the heated liquid; and advantageously the vibrations are such that they produce an air bearing between the superplastic material and the surface of the die tending to prevent mutual contact.
  • the forming apparatus shown in the drawing includes a restraining frame 11 comprising a top platen 12 connected by tie posts, such as 13, to a lower platen 14.
  • a two-way, pneumatic piston and cylinder device 15 having an inlet 16 and an outlet 17, supports a mould casing 18.
  • Previously cast in the mould casing 18 is a concrete die 19 having a forming surface 20 and incorporating a compressed air inlet duct 21 and electric resistance heating coils 22 the duct 21 being connected to a controlled source of compressed air (not shown) and the coils 22 being controlled by a thermocouple temperature controlling device (not shown) responsive to a temperature adjacent the forming surface 20.
  • the die 19 is fitted with a steel sealing flange 23.
  • the lower platen 14 supports a concrete back-up block 24 in which is embedded a steel forming chamber 25.
  • Electric resistance heating coils 26 are embedded in the concrete block 24 adjacent the chamber 25 and are controlled by a thermocouple enclosed in a metal or refractory sheath 27 extending into the chamber 25 and con nected to a temperature controlling device (not shown).
  • a high frequency signal generator 28 has a horn 29 which extends into the chamber 25, and is sealed by a high temperature O-ring 30.
  • the chamber 25 is connected by a pipe 31 to a reservoir 32.
  • the reservoir 32 is surrounded by electric resistance heating coils 33 controlled by a thermocouple enclosed in a metal or refractory sheath 34 and connected to a temperature controlling device (not shown), and the pipe 31 is surrounded by further electric resistance heating coils 35 of which those adjacent the reservoir 32 are controlled by a thermocouple in the sheath 34 whilst those adjacent the forming chamber 25 are controlled by the thermocouple in the sheath 27.
  • the top of the reservoir 32 is connected by the pipe 36 and through a pressure regulating valve 37 to a compressed air source inlet 39, and is also connected by the branch pipe 38 through a metering valve 40 to a variable preset metering pump 41. Furthermore the pipe 36 is provided with a pressure release valve 42.
  • the reservoir 32, the pipe 31 and the forming chamber 25 are filled with a low melting fusible metal alloy 43 having a melting point of C. and maintained at 260 C. by the resistance heaters 26, 33 and 35; and the forming surface 20 of the die 19 is also maintained at 260 C. by the heating coils 22.
  • a superplastic sheet workpiece 44 is placed as shown in the drawings: the workpiece may be formed of the eutectoid aloy of zinc and aluminium which has been prepared by quenching the sheet in water from 325-350 C. to room temperature in order to induce the required superplastic state.
  • the workpiece 44 has been prestretched by conventionally forming it in a press to the shape shown in the drawing.
  • the workpiece 44 is placed in position as shown and the pneumatic device 15 is operated to move the die 19 towards the forming chamber 25 until the sealing flange 23 is loosely holding the workpiece 44; the release valve 42 is closed, and the preset metering pump 41 is actuated to increase the pressure on the hot alloy 4-3 sufficiently to cause the alloy 43 in the forming chamber 25 to contact the workpiece 44 and thereby raise the temperature of the workpiece to 260 C., the air within the chamber 25 being displaced past the periphery of the workpiece 44.
  • the device 15 is then operated to firmly grip the workpiece 44 and effect a seal between the sealing flange 23, the workpiece 44 and the fluid chamber 25.
  • the signal generator 28 is energised and high pressure compressed air is admitted through the inlet 39, the pressure regulating valve 37 and the pipe 36 into the reservoir 32, and thereby the hot alloy 43 in the forming chamber 25 forces the workpiece 44 towards the surface 20 of the die until the workpiece conforms to the shape of the surface 20.
  • the air pressure and restrictions to flow must be such that the critical value of strain rate is not exceeded.
  • the electric heating coils 22 are turned off, and the pressure release valve 42 is opened to allow the level of the hot alloy 43 in the forming chamber 25 to fall.
  • the pressure in the pneumatic device 15 is then released.
  • compressed air at a relatively low pressure is admitted through the duct 21 to effect cooling of the workpiece; and after the workpiece has been cooled to a temperature at which it is sufiiciently rigid, the air pressure is increased to eject the workpiece from the die 19.
  • the pneumatic device 15 is then operated to lift the die 19, and the workpiece is removed.
  • a method of forming superplastic metal sheet or plate material including the steps of:
  • Apparatus for forming a strain rate sensitive, a superplastic metal alloy workpiece which comprises in combination:
  • (g) means for increasing the pressure on said alloy as it deforms a workpiece clamped against the open end of the said chamber.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
US690816A 1966-12-23 1967-12-15 Method of forming sheet or plate material Expired - Lifetime US3529457A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1206767A GB1208729A (en) 1966-12-23 1966-12-23 A method of forming sheet or plate material
GB5775366 1966-12-23
GB1080267 1967-03-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3529457A true US3529457A (en) 1970-09-22

Family

ID=27256579

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US690816A Expired - Lifetime US3529457A (en) 1966-12-23 1967-12-15 Method of forming sheet or plate material

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3529457A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1602530A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1557815A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE331674B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800578A (en) * 1972-06-01 1974-04-02 Continental Can Co Sonic stylizing apparatus
US3974673A (en) * 1975-04-07 1976-08-17 Rockwell International Corporation Titanium parts manufacturing
US3997369A (en) * 1974-05-13 1976-12-14 The British Aluminium Company Limited Production of metallic articles
US5084088A (en) * 1988-02-22 1992-01-28 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation High temperature alloys synthesis by electro-discharge compaction
FR2855775A1 (fr) * 2003-06-06 2004-12-10 Alain Francois Douarre Formage, conformation et assemblage de pieces metalliques en coque mince ou en profiles, assistes par vibrations a hautes frequences
US7013694B1 (en) 2004-05-14 2006-03-21 Steven Don Sims Portable, metal bending apparatus
CN102416419A (zh) * 2011-07-27 2012-04-18 中南大学 一种金属构件振动蠕变成形的方法和装置
US20140342179A1 (en) * 2013-04-12 2014-11-20 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for shaping sheet materials that include metallic glass-based materials
US9610650B2 (en) 2013-04-23 2017-04-04 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for fabricating structures including metallic glass-based materials using ultrasonic welding
RU2630156C1 (ru) * 2016-11-22 2017-09-05 Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Научно-Производственное Объединение "Техномаш" Штамп для пневмотермической формовки деталей из листовых заготовок
US9783877B2 (en) 2012-07-17 2017-10-10 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing bulk metallic glass-based macroscale compliant mechanisms
US9791032B2 (en) 2013-02-11 2017-10-17 California Institute Of Technology Method for manufacturing bulk metallic glass-based strain wave gear components
US9868150B2 (en) 2013-09-19 2018-01-16 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for fabricating structures including metallic glass-based materials using low pressure casting
WO2018049511A1 (en) 2016-09-19 2018-03-22 Eugene Ryzer Use of a supersonic fluidic oscillator in superplastic forming and system for same
US10151377B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2018-12-11 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing tailored metallic glass-based strain wave gears and strain wave gear components
US10155412B2 (en) 2015-03-12 2018-12-18 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing flexible members including integrated tools made from metallic glass-based materials
US10174780B2 (en) 2015-03-11 2019-01-08 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for structurally interrelating components using inserts made from metallic glass-based materials
US10471652B2 (en) 2013-07-15 2019-11-12 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for additive manufacturing processes that strategically buildup objects
US10478885B1 (en) * 2018-10-11 2019-11-19 Capital One Services, Llc Apparatus and method of shaping metal product
US10487934B2 (en) 2014-12-17 2019-11-26 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing robust gearbox housings
US10941847B2 (en) 2012-06-26 2021-03-09 California Institute Of Technology Methods for fabricating bulk metallic glass-based macroscale gears
US10968527B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2021-04-06 California Institute Of Technology Method for embedding inserts, fasteners and features into metal core truss panels
US11014162B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-05-25 California Institute Of Technology Dendrite-reinforced titanium-based metal matrix composites
US11123797B2 (en) 2017-06-02 2021-09-21 California Institute Of Technology High toughness metallic glass-based composites for additive manufacturing
US11185921B2 (en) 2017-05-24 2021-11-30 California Institute Of Technology Hypoeutectic amorphous metal-based materials for additive manufacturing
US11198181B2 (en) 2017-03-10 2021-12-14 California Institute Of Technology Methods for fabricating strain wave gear flexsplines using metal additive manufacturing
US11400613B2 (en) 2019-03-01 2022-08-02 California Institute Of Technology Self-hammering cutting tool
US11591906B2 (en) 2019-03-07 2023-02-28 California Institute Of Technology Cutting tool with porous regions
US11680629B2 (en) 2019-02-28 2023-06-20 California Institute Of Technology Low cost wave generators for metal strain wave gears and methods of manufacture thereof
US11859705B2 (en) 2019-02-28 2024-01-02 California Institute Of Technology Rounded strain wave gear flexspline utilizing bulk metallic glass-based materials and methods of manufacture thereof
RU2839221C1 (ru) * 2024-03-25 2025-04-28 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Тульский государственный университет" (ТулГУ) Способ изготовления оболочек из листовой заготовки

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3649375A (en) * 1970-01-26 1972-03-14 Western Electric Co Method of forming metallic material
FR2453693A1 (fr) * 1979-04-13 1980-11-07 Aerospatiale Procede pour le formage d'une matiere superplastique
FR2523486B1 (fr) * 1982-03-17 1985-06-07 Snecma Dispositif et procede de controle de formage superplastique d'une piece metallique
CA2033536C (en) * 1991-01-03 1994-04-26 Rudy Fritsch Apparatus for forming metallic units
DE19805172C2 (de) * 1998-02-10 2001-06-07 Daimler Chrysler Ag Vorrichtung zum Innenhochdruck-Umformen eines Werkstückes

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1793054A (en) * 1927-04-09 1931-02-17 Cairns Dev Company Art of molding sheet metal
US2348921A (en) * 1941-08-16 1944-05-16 Northrop Aircraft Inc Draw press
US2382045A (en) * 1942-06-19 1945-08-14 Hydraulic Dev Corp Inc Method of forging
US2393131A (en) * 1942-08-21 1946-01-15 Continental Can Co Material forming and drawing with the aid of vibration
US2728317A (en) * 1951-10-23 1955-12-27 Walton S Clevenger Apparatus for hydraulic die forming
US2770874A (en) * 1953-04-27 1956-11-20 Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co Method of locally expanding tubing
US3172928A (en) * 1961-08-08 1965-03-09 Raybestos Manhattan Inc Method for deep forming fluorocarbon polymer sheet material
US3201967A (en) * 1960-02-23 1965-08-24 Cavitron Ultrasonics Inc Metal forming
US3340101A (en) * 1965-04-02 1967-09-05 Ibm Thermoforming of metals

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1793054A (en) * 1927-04-09 1931-02-17 Cairns Dev Company Art of molding sheet metal
US2348921A (en) * 1941-08-16 1944-05-16 Northrop Aircraft Inc Draw press
US2382045A (en) * 1942-06-19 1945-08-14 Hydraulic Dev Corp Inc Method of forging
US2393131A (en) * 1942-08-21 1946-01-15 Continental Can Co Material forming and drawing with the aid of vibration
US2728317A (en) * 1951-10-23 1955-12-27 Walton S Clevenger Apparatus for hydraulic die forming
US2770874A (en) * 1953-04-27 1956-11-20 Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co Method of locally expanding tubing
US3201967A (en) * 1960-02-23 1965-08-24 Cavitron Ultrasonics Inc Metal forming
US3172928A (en) * 1961-08-08 1965-03-09 Raybestos Manhattan Inc Method for deep forming fluorocarbon polymer sheet material
US3340101A (en) * 1965-04-02 1967-09-05 Ibm Thermoforming of metals

Cited By (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800578A (en) * 1972-06-01 1974-04-02 Continental Can Co Sonic stylizing apparatus
US3997369A (en) * 1974-05-13 1976-12-14 The British Aluminium Company Limited Production of metallic articles
US3974673A (en) * 1975-04-07 1976-08-17 Rockwell International Corporation Titanium parts manufacturing
US5084088A (en) * 1988-02-22 1992-01-28 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation High temperature alloys synthesis by electro-discharge compaction
FR2855775A1 (fr) * 2003-06-06 2004-12-10 Alain Francois Douarre Formage, conformation et assemblage de pieces metalliques en coque mince ou en profiles, assistes par vibrations a hautes frequences
US7013694B1 (en) 2004-05-14 2006-03-21 Steven Don Sims Portable, metal bending apparatus
CN102416419A (zh) * 2011-07-27 2012-04-18 中南大学 一种金属构件振动蠕变成形的方法和装置
CN102416419B (zh) * 2011-07-27 2014-04-23 中南大学 一种金属构件振动蠕变成形的方法
US10941847B2 (en) 2012-06-26 2021-03-09 California Institute Of Technology Methods for fabricating bulk metallic glass-based macroscale gears
US11920668B2 (en) 2012-06-26 2024-03-05 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing bulk metallic glass-based macroscale gears
US9783877B2 (en) 2012-07-17 2017-10-10 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing bulk metallic glass-based macroscale compliant mechanisms
US9791032B2 (en) 2013-02-11 2017-10-17 California Institute Of Technology Method for manufacturing bulk metallic glass-based strain wave gear components
US11155907B2 (en) 2013-04-12 2021-10-26 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for shaping sheet materials that include metallic glass-based materials
US20140342179A1 (en) * 2013-04-12 2014-11-20 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for shaping sheet materials that include metallic glass-based materials
US9610650B2 (en) 2013-04-23 2017-04-04 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for fabricating structures including metallic glass-based materials using ultrasonic welding
US10471652B2 (en) 2013-07-15 2019-11-12 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for additive manufacturing processes that strategically buildup objects
US9868150B2 (en) 2013-09-19 2018-01-16 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for fabricating structures including metallic glass-based materials using low pressure casting
US10487934B2 (en) 2014-12-17 2019-11-26 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing robust gearbox housings
US10151377B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2018-12-11 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing tailored metallic glass-based strain wave gears and strain wave gear components
US10690227B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2020-06-23 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing tailored metallic glass-based strain wave gears and strain wave gear components
US10174780B2 (en) 2015-03-11 2019-01-08 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for structurally interrelating components using inserts made from metallic glass-based materials
US10883528B2 (en) 2015-03-11 2021-01-05 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for structurally interrelating components using inserts made from metallic glass-based materials
US10953688B2 (en) 2015-03-12 2021-03-23 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing flexible members including integrated tools made from metallic glass-based materials
US10155412B2 (en) 2015-03-12 2018-12-18 California Institute Of Technology Systems and methods for implementing flexible members including integrated tools made from metallic glass-based materials
US10968527B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2021-04-06 California Institute Of Technology Method for embedding inserts, fasteners and features into metal core truss panels
EP3515620A4 (en) * 2016-09-19 2020-05-20 Eugene Ryzer USE OF A FLUIDIC ULTRASONIC SILLER IN THE SUPERPLASTIC SHAPING AND SYSTEM THEREFOR
WO2018049511A1 (en) 2016-09-19 2018-03-22 Eugene Ryzer Use of a supersonic fluidic oscillator in superplastic forming and system for same
RU2630156C1 (ru) * 2016-11-22 2017-09-05 Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Научно-Производственное Объединение "Техномаш" Штамп для пневмотермической формовки деталей из листовых заготовок
US11839927B2 (en) 2017-03-10 2023-12-12 California Institute Of Technology Methods for fabricating strain wave gear flexsplines using metal additive manufacturing
US11198181B2 (en) 2017-03-10 2021-12-14 California Institute Of Technology Methods for fabricating strain wave gear flexsplines using metal additive manufacturing
US11185921B2 (en) 2017-05-24 2021-11-30 California Institute Of Technology Hypoeutectic amorphous metal-based materials for additive manufacturing
US11905578B2 (en) 2017-05-24 2024-02-20 California Institute Of Technology Hypoeutectic amorphous metal-based materials for additive manufacturing
US11014162B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-05-25 California Institute Of Technology Dendrite-reinforced titanium-based metal matrix composites
US11773475B2 (en) 2017-06-02 2023-10-03 California Institute Of Technology High toughness metallic glass-based composites for additive manufacturing
US11123797B2 (en) 2017-06-02 2021-09-21 California Institute Of Technology High toughness metallic glass-based composites for additive manufacturing
US10589335B1 (en) * 2018-10-11 2020-03-17 Capital One Services, Llc Apparatus and method of shaping metal product
US11897016B2 (en) 2018-10-11 2024-02-13 Capital One Services, Llc Apparatus and method of shaping metal product
US11325175B2 (en) 2018-10-11 2022-05-10 Capital One Services, Llc Apparatus and method of shaping metal product
US10478885B1 (en) * 2018-10-11 2019-11-19 Capital One Services, Llc Apparatus and method of shaping metal product
US11680629B2 (en) 2019-02-28 2023-06-20 California Institute Of Technology Low cost wave generators for metal strain wave gears and methods of manufacture thereof
US11859705B2 (en) 2019-02-28 2024-01-02 California Institute Of Technology Rounded strain wave gear flexspline utilizing bulk metallic glass-based materials and methods of manufacture thereof
US11400613B2 (en) 2019-03-01 2022-08-02 California Institute Of Technology Self-hammering cutting tool
US11591906B2 (en) 2019-03-07 2023-02-28 California Institute Of Technology Cutting tool with porous regions
RU2839221C1 (ru) * 2024-03-25 2025-04-28 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Тульский государственный университет" (ТулГУ) Способ изготовления оболочек из листовой заготовки

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1557815A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-02-21
SE331674B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-01-11
DE1602530A1 (de) 1970-08-06

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