US3524504A - Well stimulation with vaporization of formation water - Google Patents
Well stimulation with vaporization of formation water Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3524504A US3524504A US753839A US3524504DA US3524504A US 3524504 A US3524504 A US 3524504A US 753839 A US753839 A US 753839A US 3524504D A US3524504D A US 3524504DA US 3524504 A US3524504 A US 3524504A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- formation
- water
- well
- hydrocarbons
- vaporization
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 title description 7
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 title description 5
- 239000008398 formation water Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 52
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 25
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 8
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010793 Steam injection (oil industry) Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to an improved method of stimulating a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation. More particularly, this invention relates to a method wherein a heated non-aqueous fluid is injected into the formation.
- Stimulation of subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formations has been successful in a number of recent applications.
- the injection of a heated fluid is desirable, particularly in those formations containing highly viscous hydrocarbon materials.
- Steam injection is notably well suited for this purpose, since the energy contained therein effectively reduces the viscosity of the hydrocarbons and permits production thereof.
- Increased production rates experienced after steam injection have been attributed primarily to the viscosity reduction of the hydrocarbons and the wetting of solid hydrocarbons which reduces the retentive forces thereby allowing dislodgement thereof.
- the steam injection process has proven effective in certain fields, it does not reduce water saturation and water permeability in the formation adjacent the well bore.
- the invention herein disclosed provides the above enumerated benefits of the steam injection process and further improves the formation permeability thereby allowing a greater flow capacity therethrough.
- Well stimulation is provided by injecting into the formation a non-aqueous fluid at a temperature sufficient to vaporize the water contained in the formation, followed by a soaking period suflicient to vaporize a substantial quantity of water contained in the formation. Subsequently, the pressure within the well bore is reduced to below that in the formation, with the well then being opened and hydrocarbons produced therefrom.
- the principal advantage of the method contained herein over prior art methods is that effective stimulation of the formation is provided in conjunction with reducing water saturation in the formation. Injection of a heated non-aqueous fluid causes vaporization of the water in the area adjacent the well bore and is in effect in situ steam generation. This in situ steam generation provides all the beneficial attributes of well stimulation by means of injecting steam. However, no additional aqueous fluid is introduced into the formation.
- the method of this invention the water contained in the formation is readily vaporized, thereby reducing the water saturation and increasing the permeability of the formation. Further, the method disclosed herein imparts heat to the formation to reduce the viscosity of the hydrocarbons and permit recovery thereof.
- a further object of this invention is to provide a method of improving the permeability of a water saturated formation.
- hydrocarbon-bearing formations are effectively stimulated and the permeability thereof is increased by means of injecting therein a heated non-aqueous fluid.
- the non-aqueous fluid is injected into the formation in a quantity suflicient to raise the temperature of the formation fluids above the vaporization temperature of water at the prevailing pressure in the formation. Water in the formation is thereby vaporized, resulting in an increased permeability of the formation.
- treatment in accordance with the method disclosed herein is applicable to the restoration of the water permeability of formations previously damaged on contact with water.
- Particularly adaptable is treatment of a petroleum producing formation which evinces or has experienced a water block in the vicinity of the well bore.
- This water block or zone of reduced oil permeability may have been brought about, after the well has been shut in, by the injecting of water back into the producing formation, in which event, a producing formation in the zone immediately adjacent or surrounding the well bore will contain a substantial amount of water or will be subsequently saturated therewith, and will evince a low oil permeability.
- non-aqueous heated fluid at a temperature suflicient to heat the formation fluids to a temperature above that of saturated steam under the pressure existing therein will suffice to accomplish the method of this invention.
- gases which may be utilized as the non-aqueous fluid are carbon monoxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, oxygen, air, nitrogen and liquefied petroleum gas.
- a preferred liquid is one which has a vapor pressure below the vapor pressure of water and is miscible with the hydrocarbons contained in the formation.
- EX- amples of the preferred classes of liquids which may be utilized as a fluid are hydrocarbons having from five to eight carbon atoms, toluene, naphtha and aromatics.
- Well stimulation may be provided to increase injection rates which have been lowered due to the presence of water saturation in clay materials contained in the formation.
- Injection of a low mineral content water sometimes used when water having a high brine content is unavailable, may reduce the formation permeability by swelling the water sensitive clays.
- injection of a heated non-aqueous fluid is utilized to cause the vaporization of the water and thereby dehydrate the clay materials adjacent the well bore. This thermal dehydration of the clay materials is irreversible, i.e., further swelling does not occur upon subsequent contact with an aqueous fluid, and increases the formation permeability allowing subsequent water injection at an increased rate.
- a further advantage is provided when a non-aqueous fluid which is miscible with the hydrocarbons is employed.
- injection of a non-aqueous fluid miscible with the hydrocarbons provides means for dispersion of the accumulated residues. If so desired, the injected fluid may be followed by an injection of an inert gas in order to displace the previously injected fluid prior to the resumption of production.
- the heated non-aqueous fluid is generally injected into the formation via well for a period of approximately 5 to 7 days. At the end of this period, injection is terminated with the Well then being closed and the injected fluids allowed to soak into the formation. During this period, the formation temperature is increased and any water contained in the formation interstices is vaporized and provides for a substantial pressure increase in the formation. Subsequently, the Well pressure is reduced below the pressure within the formation and production of the hydrocarbons is resumed. Recovery of the injected fluids is generally accomplished within a period approximately equal to that of injection. The production thereafter is at a rate higher than that prior to treatment. If after a period of time, the production rate again declines, the treatment may be repeated as desired.
- a method of stimulating a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation and containing water therein traversed by a Well which comprises injecting into said formation via said well a hydrocarbon liquid having a vapor pressure below that of said water in said formation and consisting essentially of hydrocarbons having from five to eight carbon atoms at a temperature sufiicient to vaporize a substantial quantity of said water contained in said formation, closing said well for a period sufficient to vaporize a substantial quantity of said water contained in said formation, and thereafter opening said well and producing hydrocarbons therefrom via said well by permitting the pressure within said formation to drive said hydrocarbons into said well.
- hydrocarbon liquid is selected from the group consisting essentially of naphtha, aromatics and combinations thereof.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Description
United States Patent WELL STIMULATION WITH VAPORIZATION OF FORMATION WATER Joseph C. Allen, Bellaire, Tex., assignor to Texaco Inc., New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Aug. 8, 1968, Ser. No. 753,839 (Eled under Rule 47(b) and 35 U.S.C. 118) Int. Cl. E21b 43/2 US. Cl. 166-303 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of stimulating a subterranean hydrocarbonbearmg formation by injecting therein a heated non-aqueous fluid at a temperature suflicient to vaporize the water contained in the formation. Preferably, the injected fluid is miscible with the hydrocarbons contained in the formation and has a vapor pressure below that of the water contained therein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to an improved method of stimulating a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation. More particularly, this invention relates to a method wherein a heated non-aqueous fluid is injected into the formation.
Stimulation of subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formations has been successful in a number of recent applications. The injection of a heated fluid is desirable, particularly in those formations containing highly viscous hydrocarbon materials. Steam injection is notably well suited for this purpose, since the energy contained therein effectively reduces the viscosity of the hydrocarbons and permits production thereof. Increased production rates experienced after steam injection have been attributed primarily to the viscosity reduction of the hydrocarbons and the wetting of solid hydrocarbons which reduces the retentive forces thereby allowing dislodgement thereof. Although the steam injection process has proven effective in certain fields, it does not reduce water saturation and water permeability in the formation adjacent the well bore. The invention herein disclosed provides the above enumerated benefits of the steam injection process and further improves the formation permeability thereby allowing a greater flow capacity therethrough.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Well stimulation is provided by injecting into the formation a non-aqueous fluid at a temperature sufficient to vaporize the water contained in the formation, followed by a soaking period suflicient to vaporize a substantial quantity of water contained in the formation. Subsequently, the pressure within the well bore is reduced to below that in the formation, with the well then being opened and hydrocarbons produced therefrom.
The principal advantage of the method contained herein over prior art methods is that effective stimulation of the formation is provided in conjunction with reducing water saturation in the formation. Injection of a heated non-aqueous fluid causes vaporization of the water in the area adjacent the well bore and is in effect in situ steam generation. This in situ steam generation provides all the beneficial attributes of well stimulation by means of injecting steam. However, no additional aqueous fluid is introduced into the formation. By the method of this invention, the water contained in the formation is readily vaporized, thereby reducing the water saturation and increasing the permeability of the formation. Further, the method disclosed herein imparts heat to the formation to reduce the viscosity of the hydrocarbons and permit recovery thereof.
3,524,504 Patented Aug. 18, 1970 Accordingly, it is a primary object of this invention to provide an effective method of stimulating a hydrocarbonbearing formation.
A further object of this invention is to provide a method of improving the permeability of a water saturated formation.
These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description of one embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With the method of this invention, hydrocarbon-bearing formations are effectively stimulated and the permeability thereof is increased by means of injecting therein a heated non-aqueous fluid. The non-aqueous fluid is injected into the formation in a quantity suflicient to raise the temperature of the formation fluids above the vaporization temperature of water at the prevailing pressure in the formation. Water in the formation is thereby vaporized, resulting in an increased permeability of the formation. In addition, treatment in accordance with the method disclosed herein is applicable to the restoration of the water permeability of formations previously damaged on contact with water. Particularly adaptable is treatment of a petroleum producing formation which evinces or has experienced a water block in the vicinity of the well bore. This water block or zone of reduced oil permeability may have been brought about, after the well has been shut in, by the injecting of water back into the producing formation, in which event, a producing formation in the zone immediately adjacent or surrounding the well bore will contain a substantial amount of water or will be subsequently saturated therewith, and will evince a low oil permeability.
Any type of non-aqueous heated fluid at a temperature suflicient to heat the formation fluids to a temperature above that of saturated steam under the pressure existing therein will suffice to accomplish the method of this invention. Examples of gases which may be utilized as the non-aqueous fluid are carbon monoxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, oxygen, air, nitrogen and liquefied petroleum gas. A preferred liquid is one which has a vapor pressure below the vapor pressure of water and is miscible with the hydrocarbons contained in the formation. EX- amples of the preferred classes of liquids which may be utilized as a fluid are hydrocarbons having from five to eight carbon atoms, toluene, naphtha and aromatics.
Well stimulation may be provided to increase injection rates which have been lowered due to the presence of water saturation in clay materials contained in the formation. Injection of a low mineral content water, sometimes used when water having a high brine content is unavailable, may reduce the formation permeability by swelling the water sensitive clays. In order to restore permeability to such a formation, injection of a heated non-aqueous fluid is utilized to cause the vaporization of the water and thereby dehydrate the clay materials adjacent the well bore. This thermal dehydration of the clay materials is irreversible, i.e., further swelling does not occur upon subsequent contact with an aqueous fluid, and increases the formation permeability allowing subsequent water injection at an increased rate.
A further advantage is provided when a non-aqueous fluid which is miscible with the hydrocarbons is employed. When a formation is saturated adjacent the well bore with hydrocarbons, injection of a non-aqueous fluid miscible with the hydrocarbons provides means for dispersion of the accumulated residues. If so desired, the injected fluid may be followed by an injection of an inert gas in order to displace the previously injected fluid prior to the resumption of production.
The heated non-aqueous fluid is generally injected into the formation via well for a period of approximately 5 to 7 days. At the end of this period, injection is terminated with the Well then being closed and the injected fluids allowed to soak into the formation. During this period, the formation temperature is increased and any water contained in the formation interstices is vaporized and provides for a substantial pressure increase in the formation. Subsequently, the Well pressure is reduced below the pressure within the formation and production of the hydrocarbons is resumed. Recovery of the injected fluids is generally accomplished within a period approximately equal to that of injection. The production thereafter is at a rate higher than that prior to treatment. If after a period of time, the production rate again declines, the treatment may be repeated as desired.
Thus, there has been shown and described an improved method of stimulating a hydrocarbon-bearing formation by means of injecting therein a heated non-aqueous fluid.
Other modifications and variations of the invention as hereienbefore set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and therefore, only such limitations should be imposed as are indicated in the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A method of stimulating a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation and containing water therein traversed by a Well which comprises injecting into said formation via said well a hydrocarbon liquid having a vapor pressure below that of said water in said formation and consisting essentially of hydrocarbons having from five to eight carbon atoms at a temperature sufiicient to vaporize a substantial quantity of said water contained in said formation, closing said well for a period sufficient to vaporize a substantial quantity of said water contained in said formation, and thereafter opening said well and producing hydrocarbons therefrom via said well by permitting the pressure within said formation to drive said hydrocarbons into said well.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the permeability of said formation adjacent said well has been reduced because of the accumulation of hydrocarbons therein and said non-aqueous fluid is miscible with the accumulated hydrocarbons thereby causing dispersion thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbon liquid is selected from the group consisting essentially of naphtha, aromatics and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon liquid is toluene.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,152,392 9/1915 Breitung et a1. 166-303 1,342,741 6/1920 Day 166-303 X 2,286,724 6/ 1942 Garrison 166-303 2,788,855 4/1957 Peterson 166-303 3,120,264 2/1964 Barron 166-303 X 3,294,167 12/1966 Vogel 166-272 3,333,637 8/1967 Prats 166-303 X 3,357,487 12/ 1967 Gilchrist et a1 166-272 X 3358,7612 12/1967 Clossmann 166-303 ERNEST R. PURSER, Primary Examiner I. A. CALVERT, Assistant Examiner
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US75383968A | 1968-08-08 | 1968-08-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3524504A true US3524504A (en) | 1970-08-18 |
Family
ID=25032372
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US753839A Expired - Lifetime US3524504A (en) | 1968-08-08 | 1968-08-08 | Well stimulation with vaporization of formation water |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3524504A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3720263A (en) * | 1970-10-13 | 1973-03-13 | Cities Service Oil Co | Gas well stimulation |
| US3954139A (en) * | 1971-09-30 | 1976-05-04 | Texaco Inc. | Secondary recovery by miscible vertical drive |
| US5052490A (en) * | 1989-12-20 | 1991-10-01 | Chevron Research Company | Permeability of fines-containing earthen formations by removing liquid water |
| US20060011349A1 (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2006-01-19 | Gaskill Robert A | Method of increasing gas well production |
| US10480271B2 (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2019-11-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Mat for wellhead cellar |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1152392A (en) * | 1914-02-10 | 1915-09-07 | Subterranean Heater Corp | Method of treating subterranean wells. |
| US1342741A (en) * | 1918-01-17 | 1920-06-08 | David T Day | Process for extracting oils and hydrocarbon material from shale and similar bituminous rocks |
| US2286724A (en) * | 1938-06-10 | 1942-06-16 | Texas Co | Treatment of oil wells |
| US2788855A (en) * | 1954-07-23 | 1957-04-16 | Texas Co | Oil well treatment to prevent coning |
| US3120264A (en) * | 1956-07-09 | 1964-02-04 | Texaco Development Corp | Recovery of oil by in situ combustion |
| US3294167A (en) * | 1964-04-13 | 1966-12-27 | Shell Oil Co | Thermal oil recovery |
| US3333637A (en) * | 1964-12-28 | 1967-08-01 | Shell Oil Co | Petroleum recovery by gas-cock thermal backflow |
| US3357487A (en) * | 1965-08-26 | 1967-12-12 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of oil recovery with a hot driving fluid |
| US3358762A (en) * | 1965-12-06 | 1967-12-19 | Shell Oil Co | Thermoaugmentation of oil-producing reservoirs |
-
1968
- 1968-08-08 US US753839A patent/US3524504A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1152392A (en) * | 1914-02-10 | 1915-09-07 | Subterranean Heater Corp | Method of treating subterranean wells. |
| US1342741A (en) * | 1918-01-17 | 1920-06-08 | David T Day | Process for extracting oils and hydrocarbon material from shale and similar bituminous rocks |
| US2286724A (en) * | 1938-06-10 | 1942-06-16 | Texas Co | Treatment of oil wells |
| US2788855A (en) * | 1954-07-23 | 1957-04-16 | Texas Co | Oil well treatment to prevent coning |
| US3120264A (en) * | 1956-07-09 | 1964-02-04 | Texaco Development Corp | Recovery of oil by in situ combustion |
| US3294167A (en) * | 1964-04-13 | 1966-12-27 | Shell Oil Co | Thermal oil recovery |
| US3333637A (en) * | 1964-12-28 | 1967-08-01 | Shell Oil Co | Petroleum recovery by gas-cock thermal backflow |
| US3357487A (en) * | 1965-08-26 | 1967-12-12 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of oil recovery with a hot driving fluid |
| US3358762A (en) * | 1965-12-06 | 1967-12-19 | Shell Oil Co | Thermoaugmentation of oil-producing reservoirs |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3720263A (en) * | 1970-10-13 | 1973-03-13 | Cities Service Oil Co | Gas well stimulation |
| US3954139A (en) * | 1971-09-30 | 1976-05-04 | Texaco Inc. | Secondary recovery by miscible vertical drive |
| US5052490A (en) * | 1989-12-20 | 1991-10-01 | Chevron Research Company | Permeability of fines-containing earthen formations by removing liquid water |
| US20060011349A1 (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2006-01-19 | Gaskill Robert A | Method of increasing gas well production |
| US7533726B2 (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2009-05-19 | Gaskill Robert A | Method of increasing gas well production |
| US10480271B2 (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2019-11-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Mat for wellhead cellar |
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