US3521110A - Mercury-metallic halide vapor lamp with regenerative cycle - Google Patents

Mercury-metallic halide vapor lamp with regenerative cycle Download PDF

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US3521110A
US3521110A US670096A US3521110DA US3521110A US 3521110 A US3521110 A US 3521110A US 670096 A US670096 A US 670096A US 3521110D A US3521110D A US 3521110DA US 3521110 A US3521110 A US 3521110A
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arc
mercury
halide
lamp
envelope
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US670096A
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Peter D Johnson
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/24—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
    • H01J61/26—Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering; Means for preventing blackening of the envelope

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to such vapor arc discharge lamps wherein the evaporation and sputtering of electrode materials from the are-electrodes to the interior of the bulb wall in the vicinity of the electrodes is counteracted by an improved regenerative halide vapor-transport cycle which maintains the wall metal-free and greatly increases the life of the arc-electrodes.
  • the emission of a vapor-arc lamp is obtained from the linebroadened spectra of one or more metals included within the lamp envelope as the halide thereof, generally of the alkali or alkaline earth metals to which has been added color-compensating metal halides such as gallium, indium, thallium, and certain rare earth metals, to produce a pleasing, white emission of high intensity.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide electric vapor-arc discharge lamps having improved lighttransmissive characteristics and long arc-electrode life.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide improved mercury-metallic halide lamps wherein removal of arc-electrode material and the deposition thereof upon the inner wall of the lamp envelope is counteracted.
  • I provide a mercury-metallic halide vapor-arc discharge lamp having an evacuable envelope containing a pair of non-liquid arc-electrodes and a charge, including a quantity of mercury, suflicient upon complete evaporation thereof, to provide a partial pressure of mercury of approximately /2 to 10 atmospheres. Also within the envelope, I provide a charge of light-emitting material including at least the vaporizable halide, other than the fluoride, of sodium with or without one or more dissociable, vaporizable light-emitting halides which like the sodium halide are dissociated to cause the production of light by excitation of the metallic species thereof.
  • I provide a quantity of polyvalent metallic halide, other than the fluoride, of a metal other than the alkaline metals, the alkaline earth metals, the rare earth metals, and the transition metals, which halide is at least partially dissociated at the operating temperature of the envelope wall to provide thereat a specie, either a subhalide compound or free halogen, which is able to react with any vaporized or sputtered arc electrode material which is deposited on the bulb walls and, by means of the regenerative halide cycle, return the deposited metal to the arc-electrode from whence it came.
  • This regenerative cycle prevents the deterioration of the transmissive characteristics of the bulb wall and the eventual deterioration and failure of the arc-electrodes.
  • a vapor arc discharge lamp constructed in accord with the teachings of the present invention is illustrated in vertical view with parts broken away.
  • a mercury-metallic halide vapor-arc discharge lamp constructed in accord with the present invention includes an exterior, evacuable, light-transmissive envelope I mounted upon a screw type contact-making base 2, and including therein an inner arc-containing envelope 3.
  • Inner envelope 3 is light-transmissive; generally cylindrical in shape; hermetically-sealed; and is terminated with pinched-off sections 4 and 5 at the upper and lower ends thereof, which pinched-off sections serve both to hermetically seal the inner envelope as it is fabricated from a tubular member and to make appropriate seals with the lead-in wires to the electrodes contained therein as they pass therethrough.
  • Envelope 1 may be of any suitable high-temperature-resistant light-transmissive substance, as for example Pyrex or Vycor glass.
  • Envelope 3 may be of any similar light-transmissive, but higher-temperature-resistant material, such as fused quartz, Lucalox (U.S. Pat. 3,026,210) or high-density yttria as disclosed and claimed in the copending application of -R. C. Anderson, Ser. No. 582,755, filed Sept. 28, 1966, and assigned to the present assignee.
  • a pair of arc-electrodes 6 and 7, which may conveniently comprise coiled helical members of tungsten wire or thoriated tungsten wire, or tungsten wire with a sliver of thorium contained therein, or coiled-coil helices, thereof, as is well known in the lamp art technology, are centrally located within interior envelope 3 at opposed ends thereof.
  • Arc-electrodes '6 and 7 are spaced a sufficient distance apart so as to sustain a high-current electric arc therebetween for the vaporization of the vaporizable constituents contained therein and the production of high intensity radiation of appropriate wave lengths.
  • Arc-electrodes 6 and 7 are supported upon electrode leadin members 8 and 9 respectively, which are sealed through pinched regions 4 and respectively, in hermetic seal.
  • a starting electrode 10 is located within one end of inner envelope 3 and is sealed through pinched region 5 of inner envelope 3.
  • Starting electrode 10 is connected through a resistance 11 to a lead and support member 12 which is at the same electrical potential with another lead and support member 13, both of which are connected to one contact member of connecting base 2. It will be appreciated, however, that other means than starting electrode 10 may be utilized to start the lamp.
  • Envelope 3 contains a filler substance 19 which exists in the form of a globule, containing for example, the solid constituents contained therein during the quiescent, nonoperating condition of the lamp.
  • the globule is composed primarily of sufficient mercury, so that upon the attainment of suitable operating temperature conditions, the mercury is totally volatilized and the vapor thereof pro prises a mercury pressure within envelope 3 of approximately to 10 atmospheres. It is essential in the operation of lamps in accord with the present invention, as well as the lamp of the aforementioned Reiling patent, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto, that, at operating temperatures and pressures of the order of one atmosphere or greater, that no remaining mercury exists in the liquid state within envelope 3.
  • the operating temperature that is required to volatilize the remaining constituents of globule 19 is substantially higher than that which may be obtained if an equilibrium exists between a liquid and vapor phase of mercury within envelope 3.
  • the boiling point of mercury at atmospheric pressure is approximately 355 C.
  • that temperature is the maximum equilibrium temperature which may exist within the envelope. Accordingly, the quantity of mercury in globule 19 is so established as to insure complete volatilization thereof, so that the high operating temperatures required for volatilization of the remaining constituents of filler 19 may be obtained.
  • Filler 19 also includes one or more dissociable metallic halides other than fluoride, which are at least partially volatilized at the operating temperature created by the initial volatilization of mercury and the establishment of a mercury arc discharge between arc-electrodes 6 and 7.
  • an alkali metal halide preferably a sodium halide such as sodium iodide, sodium bromide, or sodium chloride is required. Since the light emitted by the alkali halides, and particularly the sodium halides, is generally within the long wavelength portion of the visible spectrum generally in the yellow or red, it is generally desired, for the production of a chromatically pleasing or near-white light, that other metallic halides which are also subject to dissociation and light emission, but which emit light in the shorter wavelength portion of the spectrum, be utilized as a part of filler 19.
  • ideal near-white light having a lumen efiiciency of approximately lumens per watt may be obtained utilizing, as light-emitting constituents, the iodides of sodium, thallium, and indium.
  • the amount of each halide added depends upon the vapor pressure and the dissociation characteristics of the halide.
  • a suflicient quantity is sup plied so that an excess of sodium halide exists within the charge under equilibrium conditions.
  • halides as for example, gallium iodide, which has a relatively high vapor pressure, and is completely volatilized at the operating temperatures of the lamp, a sufficient quantity is provided so that the partial pressure caused by-the volatilization of the particular halide varies in a range of approximately 0.1 to 200 torr of the particular halide. If a plurality of halides are utilized, the partial pressure of each attained within the lamp should be a pressure of from 0.1 to 200 torr of each halide.
  • the bulb walls are located at a distance with respect to the arc-electrodes and the distance between the arc-electrodes is adjusted so that the normal operating condition of the lamp causes the temperature of the inner surface of envelope 3 to be greater than 600 C. and no greater than 1200 C. at its coldest portion.
  • the coldest portion thereof is generally that portion at the extreme end thereof behind the arc-electrodes.
  • Envelope 3 also contains a filling or buffer gas for initial starting of the lamp.
  • a filling or buffer gas may, for example, be from 10 to 25 torr partial pressure of an inert gas, as for example argon, which has a relatively low break-down potential.
  • the general mode of operation of mercury-metallic halide lamps is substantially as follows: When an initial voltage difference of suflicient magnitude is applied to the respective contacts of base 2, a high potential exists between starter electrode 10 and arc-electrode 7; as well as between arc-electrodes 6 and 7. The electric field between starter electrode 10 and arc-electrode 7 is suflicient to cause the break down of the buffer gas and cause a glow discharge therebetween. Since the lamp is generally in a vertical position and since filler 19 is generally in the vicinity of the gap between starter electrode 10 and arc-electrode 7, the initial glow discharge maintained by the buffer gas is sufficient to cause a heating and vaporization of the mercury of charge 19.
  • the high temperature of the mercury arc which may be of the order of 3000 C., or higher, is sufiicient to cause the dissociation of the metallic halide causing the metallic specie to exist within the arc discharge.
  • the metallic species is readily raised to an excited state by the energy within the mercury arc discharge, which causes the characteristic radiative transitions of the metallic specie and the characteristic line spectra of the metal or metals present as radiators within the arc column.
  • the line emission by the metallic radiators is most generally the resonance line for each of the materials which is the line characteristic of the lowest permitted energy transition from a low level above the ground state to the ground state of the atom.
  • Collision-caused line-broadening between the radiating specie and the atoms of the volatilized mercury within the envelope 3 results in the emission of line-broadened radiation characteristic of the radiating metal, which radiation is of high efiiciency and, assuming the appropriate mix of halides has been added, may be essentially white light having a chromatically pleasing characteristic.
  • lamps operating under the presently described mechanism are highly effective for emitting high-efficiency chromatically-pleasing light.
  • the metal of the arc-electrodes tends to become sputtered and evaporated from the arcelectrodes and to be deposited upon the electrode walls, greatly diminishing the light transmissiveness thereof.
  • the constant removal of metal from the arc-electrodes can lead to eventual destructive dissipation thereof.
  • the regenerative halide transport cycle it is possible to cause the regenerative halide transport cycle to operate within a mercury-metallic halide vapor discharge lamp if the halogen is added to the lamp in the form of the halide of a metal other than those metals which so far have been found useful as efficient light radiators in this type lamp.
  • the metallic halide added to cause the operation of the regenerative cycle may not be an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a rare earth metal halide, or a transition metal halide. It has been found that when the halides of metals of Group I of the Periodic Table such as sodium, potassium, and rubidium are utilized, wall blackening results.
  • halide metals of Groups Nb and Vb of the Periodic Table as for example the halides of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, and tantalum, these additives react unfavorably with fused quartz, one envelope material frequently utilized as an envelope for containing the radiating specie in mercury-metallic halide lamps.
  • the metals which are suitable for addition in the halide other than the fluoride to cause the operation of a halogen regenerative cycle are halides of metals which have a primary valence of two or greater. These metals will be referred to herein as poly-valent metals.
  • poly-valent metals The use of the word, polyvalent, does not mean to imply all metals which have more than one valence, which are more properly referred to as multi-valent metals, but it is meant to imply materials which have a valence of two, three, or four.
  • the polyvalent metals utilized in accord with the present invention for addition, as halides, to the charge of a mercury-metallic halide lamp to cause a halogen regenerative cycle to occur are polyvalent metals other than metals of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, the transition metals, and the rare earth metals.
  • I utilize the halides of tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth, although the halides of germanium and silicon may also be used to advantage.
  • the metallic halides added to charge 19 to cause a regenerative halogen cycle to occur within a mercury-metallic halide lamp should be added in a quantity suflicient, upon volatilization thereof at lamp operating temperatures, to result in a partial pressure of the halide within the envelope, of approximately 0.1 to torr.
  • the polyvalent metal halide is volatilized along with the other halides.
  • the polyvalent metal of the halide which is added to cause the regenerative halogen cycle to exist may be observed to contribute some spectroscopic lines to the emission of the lamp, it is not generally a highly efficient radiator; and it need not enter into the complete dissociation and radiative transition which is participated in by the light emitters. Rather, the polyvalent metal halide must have a dissociation characteristic which permits at least partial dissociation thereof at the envelope Wall temperature, to cause the creation of a less halogen-rich polyvalent metallic compound, or to cause the complete freedom of halogen specie at the bulb wall.
  • the utilization of the polyvalent metallic halides which at least partially dissociate at the temperature of the bulb walls under operating conditions and which create thereat an oxidizing atmosphere, greatly enhances the lamp life in preventing attack of the bulb walls and bulb seals by highly reactive heated elemental sodium, which is an essential element for high-efficiency, good chromatic characteristic mercury-metallic halide vapor discharge lamps.
  • the polyvalent metallic halides utilized in accord with the present invention must be inorganic halides, since it is found that organic halides are not chemically compatible with the existing system within the mercurymetallic halide vapor arc discharge lamp.
  • the inner envelope 3 had a volume of 18 cc. and contained a charge of 60 milligrams of sodium bromide, 50 milligrams of stannous, iodide, milligrams of mercury, and a partial pressure of 18 torr of argon.
  • the sodium charge resulted in a partial pressure thereof of approximately one torr of sodium bromide, the remainder being in excess to maintain correct partial pressure in case of sodium depletion.
  • the 50 milligrams of stannous iodide resulted in a partial pressure of approximately 0.5 atmosphere of of stannous iodide and contained all of the stannous iodide, with none remaining in excess.
  • the 80 milligrams of mercury was completely volatilized in operation and resulted in pressure of approximately four atmospheres of mercury.
  • the lamp as described above, emitted a radiation that had a golden light due to radiation of collision-broadened sodium lines and the blue radiation of mercury. This lamp operated for 1000 hours with no darkening of the bulb walls and, upon cessation of the test, examination revealed substantially no change in the configuration of the arc-electrodes.
  • a 400 watt rated lamp having the configuration FIG. 1 and a volume of 18 cc., contained a charge of 60 milligrams of sodium bromide, 50 milligrams of stannous iodide, 80 milligrams of mercury, 2 milligrams of thallous iodide, l milligram of indium iodide, and 18 torr of argon.
  • This lamp operated to provide a pleasing white light with no darkening of the bulb walls or noticeable deterioration of the electrodes.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention constructed for a 400 watt rating of operation utilized an 18 cc. bulb 3 and contained a charge of 60 milligrams of sodium iodide, 5 milligrams of stannous bromide, 80 milligrams of mercury, 18 torr of argon, 2 milligrams of thallous iodide, and l milligram of indium iodide.
  • This bulb operated to produce a pleasing white light radiation with no darkening of the bulb walls in the vicinity of the electrodes, or elsewhere, nor any noticeable deterioration of the arc-electrodes.
  • Another lamp constructed in accord with the present invention utilized 60 milligrams of sodium chloride, 5 milligrams of lead iodide, 18 milligrams of mercury, 2 milligrams of thallous iodide, and l milligram of indium iodide in an 18 cc. bulb, rated for 400 watt operation. This lamp operated to produce a pleasing white emission and no darkening of the bulb walls or deterioration of the arc-electrodes.
  • Another lamp in accord with the present invention utilized an 18 cc. bulb rated for 400 watt operation, as illustrated in the drawing and had a charge of 60 milligrams of sodium iodide, 5 milligrams of antimony iodide, 80 milligrams of mercury, 2 milligrams of thallous iodide, and 1 milligram of indium iodide.
  • the lamp operated to produce a pleasing white light with no noticeable blackening of the bulb walls or deterioration of the arc-electrodes.
  • Another lamp constructed in accord with the present invention utilized an 18 cc. bulb and was rated for 400 watt operation. Construction was essentially that as illustrated in the drawing.
  • the charge 19 within the envelope contained 60 milligrams of sodium bromide, 10 milligrams of bismuth trichloride, 80 milligrams of mercury, 2 milligrams of thallous iodide, 1 milligram of indium iodide, and 18 torr of argon.
  • This lamp operated to produce a pleasing white light with no noticeable darkening of the bulb wall or deterioration of the arc-electrodes.
  • a gaseous arc discharge lamp comprising:
  • said charge including a halide other than the fluoride of a metal selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, cesium, calcium, cadmium, barium, gallium, indium, thallium, mercury, zinc, thorium, vanadium and scandium sufiicient upon partial vaporization thereof at the equilibrium operating temperature of the lamp to provide a partial pressure of each vaporized metallic halide of approximately 0.1 to 200 torr; and
  • said inorganic halide being at least partly dissociable at the equilibrium operating temperature of the inner surface of said envelope Wall, and being effective to support a halogen transport cycle to keep the inner surface of said envelope free of sputtered electrode metal and to keep said arc-electrodes from destruction by loss of metal by sputtering and evaporation;
  • polyvalent metal is selected from the group consisting of tin, lead, antimony and bismuth.
US670096A 1967-09-25 1967-09-25 Mercury-metallic halide vapor lamp with regenerative cycle Expired - Lifetime US3521110A (en)

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DE (1) DE1764979B2 (de)
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GB (1) GB1235299A (de)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3590307A (en) * 1969-01-08 1971-06-29 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Additive-type high-pressure mercury-vapor discharge device having good ultraviolet output
US3639801A (en) * 1969-06-27 1972-02-01 Philips Corp High-pressure mercury vapor iodide discharge lamp
US3748520A (en) * 1972-05-05 1973-07-24 Gen Telephone & Elect Electric discharge lamp having a fill including niobium pentaiodide complexed with an inorganic oxo-compound as the primary active component
US3764843A (en) * 1971-06-02 1973-10-09 Philips Corp High-pressure gas discharge lamp containing germanium and selenium
US3876895A (en) * 1969-07-07 1975-04-08 Gen Electric Selective spectral output metal halide lamp
US3898720A (en) * 1972-09-28 1975-08-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method of providing a fluorescent lamp stem with an integral mercury-vapor pressure regulating means
US4015164A (en) * 1974-11-30 1977-03-29 U.S. Philips Corporation Metallic halide high-pressure gas discharge lamp
US4093889A (en) * 1976-03-04 1978-06-06 U.S. Philips Corporation Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp
US4245175A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-01-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Metal halide lamp having lead metal powder to reduce blackening
US4360756A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-11-23 General Electric Company Metal halide lamp containing ThI4 with added elemental cadmium or zinc
US4360758A (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-11-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp. High-intensity-discharge lamp of the mercury-metal halide type which efficiently illuminates objects with excellent color appearance
DE3312398A1 (de) * 1982-04-07 1983-10-20 Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo Ultraviolette lichtquelle hoher intensitaet
US4866342A (en) * 1986-12-29 1989-09-12 North American Philips Corporation Metal halide lamp with improved lumen output
EP0492205A2 (de) * 1990-12-20 1992-07-01 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Metallhalogenid-Hochdruckentladungslampe
US5635796A (en) * 1993-03-31 1997-06-03 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh High-pressure discharge lamp including halides of tantalum and dysprosium
US6356016B1 (en) 1998-04-08 2002-03-12 U.S. Philips Corporation High-pressure metal-halide lamp that includes a ceramic-carrier oxygen dispenser
DE10101508A1 (de) * 2001-01-12 2002-08-01 Philips Corp Intellectual Pty Hochdruckentladungslampe
US20060164016A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-07-27 Rintamaki Joshua I Ceramic metal halide lamp
US9171712B2 (en) 2014-07-05 2015-10-27 National Institute Of Standards And Technology Lamp having a secondary halide that improves luminous efficiency

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7316101A (nl) * 1973-11-26 1975-05-28 Philips Nv Hogedruk-tinhalogenide-ontladingslamp.
DE2655167C2 (de) * 1976-12-06 1986-12-18 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH, 8000 München Hochdruckentladungslampe mit Metallhalogeniden
DE10214631A1 (de) * 2002-04-02 2003-10-16 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Metallhalogenidfüllung und zugehörige Lampe

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB900200A (en) * 1960-03-11 1962-07-04 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to electric incandescent lamps
US3331982A (en) * 1964-10-20 1967-07-18 Sylvania Electric Prod High pressure electric discharge device having a fill including vanadium
GB1110018A (en) * 1964-07-25 1968-04-18 Philips Electronic Associated Improvements in and relating to compact source mercury vapour discharge lamps
US3384774A (en) * 1965-07-09 1968-05-21 Gen Electric Decorative pulsating flame incandescent lamp
US3398312A (en) * 1965-11-24 1968-08-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp High pressure vapor discharge lamp having a fill including sodium iodide and a free metal

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB900200A (en) * 1960-03-11 1962-07-04 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to electric incandescent lamps
GB1110018A (en) * 1964-07-25 1968-04-18 Philips Electronic Associated Improvements in and relating to compact source mercury vapour discharge lamps
US3331982A (en) * 1964-10-20 1967-07-18 Sylvania Electric Prod High pressure electric discharge device having a fill including vanadium
US3384774A (en) * 1965-07-09 1968-05-21 Gen Electric Decorative pulsating flame incandescent lamp
US3398312A (en) * 1965-11-24 1968-08-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp High pressure vapor discharge lamp having a fill including sodium iodide and a free metal

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3590307A (en) * 1969-01-08 1971-06-29 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Additive-type high-pressure mercury-vapor discharge device having good ultraviolet output
US3639801A (en) * 1969-06-27 1972-02-01 Philips Corp High-pressure mercury vapor iodide discharge lamp
US3876895A (en) * 1969-07-07 1975-04-08 Gen Electric Selective spectral output metal halide lamp
US3764843A (en) * 1971-06-02 1973-10-09 Philips Corp High-pressure gas discharge lamp containing germanium and selenium
US3748520A (en) * 1972-05-05 1973-07-24 Gen Telephone & Elect Electric discharge lamp having a fill including niobium pentaiodide complexed with an inorganic oxo-compound as the primary active component
US3898720A (en) * 1972-09-28 1975-08-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method of providing a fluorescent lamp stem with an integral mercury-vapor pressure regulating means
US4015164A (en) * 1974-11-30 1977-03-29 U.S. Philips Corporation Metallic halide high-pressure gas discharge lamp
US4093889A (en) * 1976-03-04 1978-06-06 U.S. Philips Corporation Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp
US4245175A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-01-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Metal halide lamp having lead metal powder to reduce blackening
US4360756A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-11-23 General Electric Company Metal halide lamp containing ThI4 with added elemental cadmium or zinc
US4360758A (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-11-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp. High-intensity-discharge lamp of the mercury-metal halide type which efficiently illuminates objects with excellent color appearance
DE3312398A1 (de) * 1982-04-07 1983-10-20 Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo Ultraviolette lichtquelle hoher intensitaet
US4866342A (en) * 1986-12-29 1989-09-12 North American Philips Corporation Metal halide lamp with improved lumen output
EP0492205A2 (de) * 1990-12-20 1992-07-01 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Metallhalogenid-Hochdruckentladungslampe
US5323085A (en) * 1990-12-20 1994-06-21 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen M.B.H. Metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp with a fill containing hafnium and/or zirconium
EP0492205B1 (de) * 1990-12-20 1996-10-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Metallhalogenid-Hochdruckentladungslampe
US5635796A (en) * 1993-03-31 1997-06-03 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh High-pressure discharge lamp including halides of tantalum and dysprosium
US6356016B1 (en) 1998-04-08 2002-03-12 U.S. Philips Corporation High-pressure metal-halide lamp that includes a ceramic-carrier oxygen dispenser
DE10101508A1 (de) * 2001-01-12 2002-08-01 Philips Corp Intellectual Pty Hochdruckentladungslampe
US20060164016A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2006-07-27 Rintamaki Joshua I Ceramic metal halide lamp
US7268495B2 (en) * 2005-01-21 2007-09-11 General Electric Company Ceramic metal halide lamp
US9171712B2 (en) 2014-07-05 2015-10-27 National Institute Of Standards And Technology Lamp having a secondary halide that improves luminous efficiency

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DE1764979A1 (de) 1970-06-04
GB1235299A (en) 1971-06-09
JPS498068B1 (de) 1974-02-23
FR1582360A (de) 1969-09-26
DE1764979B2 (de) 1971-06-03

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