US3515133A - Diving helmet and air supply system - Google Patents

Diving helmet and air supply system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3515133A
US3515133A US664448A US3515133DA US3515133A US 3515133 A US3515133 A US 3515133A US 664448 A US664448 A US 664448A US 3515133D A US3515133D A US 3515133DA US 3515133 A US3515133 A US 3515133A
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Prior art keywords
pressure
valve
water
suit
oxygen
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Expired - Lifetime
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US664448A
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English (en)
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Frederick A Parker
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C11/04—Resilient suits
    • B63C11/06—Resilient suits with rigid helmet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C11/18—Air supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C11/28—Heating, e.g. of divers' suits, of breathing air

Definitions

  • Water circulated in suit is heated to minimize divers heat loss.
  • Breathable air is forcibly pumped to the helmet and extracted therefrom.
  • a pressure sensing control diaphragm switch which senses the difference in pressure between ambient water pressure and the air pressure supplied to the helmet.
  • an electrical motor is operated to move a reversible valve in one direction and when the water pressure is greater the reversible valve is moved in the opposite direction.
  • This reversible valve is connected to a continuously running water pump which pumps water to vone side of a second pressure sensitive diaphragm.
  • the latter diaphragm is connected to the breathing fluid supplied to the helmet and, depending on the pressures subjected to, will forcibly supply or exhaust the breathing fluid to the helmet.
  • This invention pertains to the art of diving and the specialized apparatus therefor known generally as diving dress, including means for respiration under water.
  • the older apparatus for sustained diving is a flexible suit with a rigid helmet supplied with air for respiration by a hose fed from a source at the surface, the diver being weighted so he can walk on the bottom.
  • More recent is self-contained underwater breathing apparatus which provides the diver with air from a pressurized tank through some form of regulator which approximately equilibrates the pressure of the air supplied to that of the ambient water, regardless of depth changes.
  • such apparatus comprises a mouth piece for breathing, with a faceplate to permit normal vision by shielding the divers eyes from contact with the surrounding water, the diver being left otherwise unencumbered for swimming.
  • wet suits usually of foam elastomer such as rubber, may be provided for thermal insulation, but are ordinarily independent of the breathing apparatus.
  • a particular recent known use of underwater diving apparatus has been to train human beings to work in space in a gravity-free environment such as would be experienced in space.
  • the diver is so ballasted as to be in neutral equilibrium and thus experiences the gross effects of weightlessness, although immersion does not duplicate the more subtle effects of true weightlessness in which, for example, the internal organs do not press on the body structure with their normal weight.
  • a space suit is surrounded by vacuum and has inside it a pressure of several pounds per square inch of atmosphere. This produces a peculiar stiffness or resistance to deflection in the space suit which neither exposure to the surrounding water without a suit nor inclosure in a conventional flexible suit adequately duplicates.
  • the diver is subjected to a severe heat loss to the surrounding water which, because of the high heat transfer rates which exist between solids and liquids, is much greater than that which he would experience in a space suit, and has been found, at greater depths, to be of the order of 500 watts (430 kilogram calories per hour) or more. Since this in one hour equals about one eighth of the daily food requirement of a vigorous man engaged in heavy labor, it is evident that it constitutes, quite apart from any problems of simulation, an energy drain additional to the divers requirements for muscular activity which will not only decrease his efficiency and make him highly uncomfortable, but ⁇ will necessarily limit his possible tour of active duty.
  • the general object of my invention is to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art devices in a device which may be used to permit free diving (that is, without a tethering connection to the surface) at varying depths under conditions of greater physical comfort and less effort than the prior art equipments permit.
  • I provide a flexible water-impervious suit connected to a rigid helmet; pumping and control means to maintain, in the suit proper, water under a predetermined excess of pressure over the surrounding water; and pumping and control means to maintain, in the helmet, oxygen at approximately the partial pressure found on earth and diluent gas at the partial pressure required to provide the desired total pressure level.
  • I provide means for heating the water fed into the suit.
  • a waterimpervious suit 10 equipped with a helmet 12 having a lower part 14 permanently connected to the suit 10 and an upper part 16 which is fastened by some clamping means 18 which is indicated as a diametral double line across the helmet and may conveniently be a toggleoperated clamping ring, which renders the helmet hermetically closable.
  • Helmet 12 is represented as equipped with a manually operated purge valve 20 which may be operated on first immersion to bleed air from the suit 10 to permit it to fill with water, or fill to some convenient level such as a face or neck seal.
  • a breathing mouth piece 22 is represented simply as a rectangle inside the helmet 12, since its form may vary to encompass any of the standard designs of the art, and its connecting hose, or, more generally, breathing iluid conduit 24 will Ordinarily be flexible within the suit.
  • a hydraulic connection 26 to the interior of the suit is connected to a hydraulic hose line 28.
  • the major unit of the hydraulic system is a pump 30, which may conveniently be a centrifugal pump, driven by a motor or other suitable electrical power means 32, which is powered by a power source not shown, but incorporated in rectangle 34, back pack unit which also includes electronic control devices and a recorder.
  • the suction and discharge connections of pump 30 are connected respectively to opposite ports 38 and 40 of electrically operable four-port reversible valve 36.
  • port 38 is connected to port 42 and port 40 is connected to port 44.
  • a quarter turn rotation of the valves central plug will connect port 38 to port 44 and port 40 to port 42.
  • Valve 36 is represented as driven by motor 46, which may be connected by switch 120 or switch 122 to back pack unit 34.
  • motor 46 need not be a conventional motor, but may be a limited-angle rotator having a permanent-magnet armature arranged to rotate between two electromagnet poles in a direction determined by selective operation of one electromagnet or by the polarity of the current fed to the windings of the electromagnets; or two separate rotators, one for each direction, may be used.
  • four-port valve 36 may be a slide valve of the kind conventional in hydraulic systems, driven by a linear thrust device.
  • Port 42 of valve 36 is connected through check valve 54 to hose 50, which extends to heating means in back pack unit 34. (Valve 60 is closed for the present mode of operation.)
  • hose 50 which extends to heating means in back pack unit 34.
  • Valve 60 is closed for the present mode of operation.
  • an electrical power source since an electrical power source must be provided for convenient operation of various other devices, it may be expected that a simple electrical resistance type heater of conventional design will be conveniently employed. It is, however, to be recognized that chemically reactive mixtures are known which react exothermally; and such mixtures could be provided in replaceable sealed cartridges which, by conventional connecting means, could be replaced more rapidly than a battery could be recharged, so that they might be preferable for particular applications.
  • the circuit from hose 50 through the heating means continues via hose 28 and returns thence to connection 26, which permits the entry of heated water into the interior of suit 10.
  • hose line 50 is also connected to adjustable relief valve 52.
  • Check valve S6 is also connected to port 42 of valve 36.
  • valve 36 When valve 36 is rotated a quarter of a turn (responsively to control signals generated in a manner to be described hereinafter) the suction end of pump 30 will be connected via ports 38 and 44 to the part of the apparatus to which it has previously fed water, and will discharge the water from its discharge end via ports 40 and 42 of valve 36 through check valve 54 into hose line 50 through the heat exchanger means in back pack unit 34, into hose line 28, and thence via 26 into the suit 10, displacing air through bleed valve 20.
  • valve 36 Since (as the subsequent description will make clear) valve 36 is rotated from one position to the other each time the driver inhales or exhales, there will be a cyclical intake of water via check valve 56 and a subsequent pumping of water into suit 10 until the pressure in suit 10 has built up to a value at which adjustable relief valve 52 will open and discharge the excess of water out into the surroundings.
  • Pump 30 runs continuously and is preferably designed to provide a maximum discharge pressure somewhat higher than the desired pressure inside suit 10.
  • Adjustable relief valve 52 is adjusted to discharge at the desired pressure difference (e.g. 3.5 pounds per square inch) a su'iicient volume of water to maintain the suit pressure at the desired value with respect to the outside water.
  • Valve 52 is represented schematically as a conventional form of diaphragm valve with adjustable spring loading, the spring side of the diaphragm being exposed to the pressure of the external water through opening 58 so that its setting determines the dilference between the absolute external water pressure and the internal suit pressure at which it opens.
  • Mouthpiece 22 is connected by hose 24 to two parallel llow paths, the first, for exhalation, being simply through check valve 62 and water extractor 64, the second, for inhalation, being through check valve 66 and carbon-dioxide absorbing lter 68 in series.
  • Water extractor 64 is useful simply to remove any stray slugs of water which enter the system from mouthpiece 22, and may consist of a capped cylinder with suitable inlet and exit connections, containing a suitable capillary absorber such as a sponge, or may simply be a chamber 'with centrally located inlet and exit, and sufficient volume so that it can contain a usefull volume of extracted water without having the water level rise to the level of the inlet and exit.
  • Filter A68 is simply a conventional closed container for holding an absorber for animal metabolic products to be removed which, so far as present knowledge extends, consist only of carbon dioxide inthe present application.
  • Both these parallel paths lead back via hose or tube 70 to hydraulically driven diaphragm-type gas pump 72 whose gas chamber 74 is fed gas from lever-operated breathing uid mixture replenishment valve 76 whenever the diaphragm 78 of pump 72 rises above a certain predetermined displacement.
  • the volume of gas chamber 74 is deliberately made a number of times the volume of a normal inspiration, so that it contains a reserve supply of breathing mixture. This has the advantage that the frequency of operation of valve 76 is appreciably less than the breathing rate; and it also permits moderate changes in operating depth to be accommodated without the necessity of venting excess gas for a decrease in depth, or of adding breathing mixture through valve 76 for increase in depth.
  • a bleed valve 80 ⁇ is provided for venting air from the lower chamber 82 of pump 7-2, which is connected by hose or tube line 84 to port -44 of fourport valve 36.
  • the feed to valve 76 may be of breathing mixture fed through automatically closing quick-disconnect coupling 86 through pressure regulator 88 and valve 90 from a breathing air (or, more generally, breathable fluid) tank 92.
  • a breathing air or, more generally, breathable fluid
  • Such a supply is useful both for initially charging the air system with air or for emergencies in the event that some part of the more sophisticated oxygen replenishment system should fail.
  • the intended normal mode of operation is by supply of oxygen through pressure regulator 94 and solenoid valve 96, from low volume oxygen tank 98.
  • solenoid valve 96 is connected directly to the gas-system side 74 of diaphragm 78.
  • An oxygen partial pressure sensor 97 is connected to the gas system in the line 70v from pump 72 to the diver. Whenever the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas system falls unacceptably low, the output signal of partial pressure sensor 97 indicates this fact, and causes control circuitry in back pack unit 34 to cause solenoid valve 96 to open and emit oxygen directly into the gas chamber 74 of pump 72.
  • valve 100 If the diver rises suddenly, the gases in the lowpressurevbreathing system will expand, and be vented through valve 100. Under these conditions diaphragm 78 will not rise high enough to operate the lever of leveroperated valve 76; if reliance were placed on ow of oxygen from the high-pressure side of valve 76, the diver would be deprived of oxygen during his ascent.
  • a pressure transducer 102 is connected to measure the oxygen pressure in tank 98, and its signals are conveyed to the electrical control system in back pack unit 34, which is designed to open solenoid valve 104 whenever the pressure in tank 98 falls to such a value that it needs to be recharged with oxygen from oxygen supply tank 106, which is connected through valve 108 to the input side of solenoid valve 104, to pressure gauge 110, and to pressure regulator 112.
  • the low-pressure, or regulated, side of regulator ⁇ 112 is connected through emergency valve yi114 directly to the parallel circuits consisting of check valve 62 and water extractor ⁇ 64, and of check valve 66 and ilter 68.
  • Relief valve 100 is connected to the parallel paths, its diaphragm being subjected on one side to the pressure of water inside the suit via hoses 28 and 501, the other side being subject to the pressure in the gas system, rising to discharge gas from the gas system whenever the pressure in the gas system is, for any reason, more than a safe value (e.g. one-half pound per square inch) above the suit pressure.
  • Valve 100 will vent excess pressure if the regulating system fails, or if the diver rises through the water to a level where the water pressure is sufficiently lower so that the reserve expansion volume 74 in diaphragm pump 72 is inadequate.
  • differential pressure switch unit 116 This may be, and is represented as, a diaphragm-operated switch unit having the lower side of its diaphragm or pressure difference sensing control 118 exposed to the pressure of water fed to suit "10 ⁇ through hose 28, and having its upper side exposed to the pressure of air fed to mouthpiece through hose 24.
  • the diaphragm When the air pressure is greater than the water pressure, the diaphragm is moved downward and closes lower switch 120; and when the air pressure is less than the water pressure, the diaphragm is displaced upward to 6) close upper switch 122 contacts.
  • a recorder may be incorporated in back pack unit 34 to record the pressure existing in tank 98 at any moment; andwhen the pressure in tank 98 falls to a predetermined lower value (still high enough to operate pressure regulator 94 and feed oxygen to valve 96 and thence to the diver) circuitry in back pack unit 34 causes solenoid Valve 104 to open, permitting oxygen to flow from supply tank 106 through valve 108 and into tank 98 until pressure transducer 102 signals that the pressure in tank 98 has reached a predetermined upper limit, responsively towhich the circuitry in back pack unit 34 permits solenoid valve 104 to close.
  • tank 98 Since the record of the pressure variations in tank 98 indicates the rate of consumption of oxygen from tank 98, and also how often tank 98 is refilled from tank 106, by recording the indications of transducer 102 in a recorder in back pack unit 34 a complete record of the rate of oxygen consumption by the diver is provided.
  • the sensitivity of the system may be adjusted by making tank 98 sufliciently small so that the withdrawal of a given volume of air to be measured will produce a pressure change in the tank 98 suiciently great to be readily sensed and recorded accurately.
  • Putting filter 68 in the inhalation circuit has the advantage that the air to be breathed is ltered as close as possible to the point of consumption;
  • Diluent tan-k 124 connected through manual valve 126 and pressure regulator 128 to lever-operated valve 76, provides this function.
  • diaphragm '78 will rise enough to operate the lever lof lever-operated valve 76, and admit diluent gas from tank 124 in sucient volume to allow diaphragm 78 to return to its normal range of motion.
  • the frequency of this action will depend upon the tightness of the helmet and its connections, and the extent to which the diver remains at an approximately constant depth.
  • connection 26 or even suit 10
  • valves 54, and 56, and relief valve ⁇ 52 may simply be eliminated, port 42 of four-port valve 36 being open to the surrounding water (preferably through a strainer).
  • valve 100I and switch unit 122 will also be left open to the pressure of the surrounding water.
  • This latter mode of operation will have the advantages of selfcontained breathing apparatus in which oxygen is supplied automatically as required without a substantial change in the partial pressure of oxygen within the system, and carbon dioxide is automatically absorbed; but it will have the particular novel advantages that both inhalation and exhalation occur with only slight pressure differentials in the divers lungs. (This being understood to be a particularly valuable attribute at great depths where the greatly increased density of the atmosphere otherwise causes a substantial amount of energy to be required to breathe.)
  • the embodiment represented in the figure has provision for operation with negligible pressurization of suit 10. This may be achieved by opening valve 60. Then valve 54 will be bypassed, and suit 10 will be connected for ow in both directions via connection 26, hose 28, back pack unit 34, and hose 50 to port 42 of fourport valve 36. Then, as the diver exhales a given volume of breathing mixture through mouthpiece 22, diaphragm 78 will descend to displace from chamber 82 approximately the same volume of water, which will ow into the suit 10, becoming heated in its passage through back pack unit 34. When the diver inhales, the diaphragm 78 will rise, admitting into chamber 82 an approximately equal volume of water which will ow out of suit 10.
  • An underwater diving helmet and breathing uid supply means comprising in combination: l
  • a hermetically closable helmet means adapted to be worn by a diver
  • breathing fluid conduit means connected to said helmet for the ingress and egress of a breathing mixture thereto;
  • a hydraulic pump means operatively connected to said power means
  • a reversible valve means connected to said pump means
  • a pressure sensitive diaphragm means connected to said breathing iluid conduit means to forceably supply or exhaust breathing tluid to the helmet and also connected to said reversible valve means;
  • a filter means located in said breathing liuid conduit means between the helmet and diaphragm means;
  • a breathing uid mixture replenishment valve means connected to said diaphragm means
  • valve means a source of breathable fluid connected to said valve means
  • a pressure difference sensing control means to sense the difference in pressure between iluid in theA divers helmet and ambient water pressure
  • switch means connected to said sensing control means to control the direction of movement of said reversal valve means depending on the pressure difference sensed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
US664448A 1967-08-30 1967-08-30 Diving helmet and air supply system Expired - Lifetime US3515133A (en)

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US66444867A 1967-08-30 1967-08-30

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US664448A Expired - Lifetime US3515133A (en) 1967-08-30 1967-08-30 Diving helmet and air supply system

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US (1) US3515133A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1756675A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1572062A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1225794A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6810868A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807446A (en) * 1972-06-05 1974-04-30 Battelle Development Corp Respirator system
US3965892A (en) * 1975-02-13 1976-06-29 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Underwater breathing apparatus
US4056099A (en) * 1975-01-20 1977-11-01 Robert Metivier Volumetric respiration equipment
US4362154A (en) * 1979-03-21 1982-12-07 Laboratories De Mecaniques Appliquees "Lama" Processes and devices for regulating the oxygen partial pressure of the gas mixture of the respiratory circuit of a diver
US20030154900A1 (en) * 2000-04-07 2003-08-21 Harald Freund Method and device for operating an underwater vehicle
WO2007030393A3 (en) * 2005-09-08 2007-09-27 Vincent P Diaz Scuba walk underwater breathing apparatus
US10046840B2 (en) * 2014-03-05 2018-08-14 Sub Sea Systems Underwater oxygen bar

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE389073B (sv) * 1975-03-14 1976-10-25 Aga Ab Andningsapparat
FR2451858A1 (fr) * 1979-03-21 1980-10-17 Meca Appliquees Lab Procede et dispositif pour reguler la pression partielle d'oxygene du melange gazeux du circuit respiratoire d'un plongeur
US4793340A (en) * 1985-09-18 1988-12-27 Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. Breathing system for divers
US4795456A (en) * 1986-03-14 1989-01-03 Avery International Corporation Stretchable diaper tab
NO174883C (no) * 1992-02-27 1994-07-27 Ottestad Nils T Lukket pustesystem for dykkere

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE393650C (de) * 1922-02-07 1924-09-02 Josef Erdelyi Atmungsapparat
US2617414A (en) * 1948-10-01 1952-11-11 Drager Otto H Oxygen breathing apparatus
US2830583A (en) * 1956-01-27 1958-04-15 Charles W Bailey Electrically controlled breathing apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE393650C (de) * 1922-02-07 1924-09-02 Josef Erdelyi Atmungsapparat
US2617414A (en) * 1948-10-01 1952-11-11 Drager Otto H Oxygen breathing apparatus
US2830583A (en) * 1956-01-27 1958-04-15 Charles W Bailey Electrically controlled breathing apparatus

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807446A (en) * 1972-06-05 1974-04-30 Battelle Development Corp Respirator system
US4056099A (en) * 1975-01-20 1977-11-01 Robert Metivier Volumetric respiration equipment
US3965892A (en) * 1975-02-13 1976-06-29 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Underwater breathing apparatus
US4362154A (en) * 1979-03-21 1982-12-07 Laboratories De Mecaniques Appliquees "Lama" Processes and devices for regulating the oxygen partial pressure of the gas mixture of the respiratory circuit of a diver
US20030154900A1 (en) * 2000-04-07 2003-08-21 Harald Freund Method and device for operating an underwater vehicle
US7036450B2 (en) * 2000-04-07 2006-05-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for operating an underwater vehicle
WO2007030393A3 (en) * 2005-09-08 2007-09-27 Vincent P Diaz Scuba walk underwater breathing apparatus
US10046840B2 (en) * 2014-03-05 2018-08-14 Sub Sea Systems Underwater oxygen bar

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Publication number Publication date
GB1225794A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-03-24
DE1756675A1 (de) 1970-04-02
FR1572062A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-06-20
NL6810868A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-03-04

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