US3510275A - Metal fiber composites - Google Patents
Metal fiber composites Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3510275A US3510275A US672415A US3510275DA US3510275A US 3510275 A US3510275 A US 3510275A US 672415 A US672415 A US 672415A US 3510275D A US3510275D A US 3510275DA US 3510275 A US3510275 A US 3510275A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- matrix
- fiber
- metal
- inch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
- C22C47/025—Aligning or orienting the fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/14—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by powder metallurgy, i.e. by processing mixtures of metal powder and fibres or filaments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/02—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
- C22C49/10—Refractory metals
- C22C49/11—Titanium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49801—Shaping fiber or fibered material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/1216—Continuous interengaged phases of plural metals, or oriented fiber containing
Definitions
- the fibers are usually mechanically interlocked and not arranged in any particular direction.
- This concept has been utilized primarily to provide a porous body.
- the invention disclosed herein relates to a composite in which the fibers are without any structural rigidity apart from the matrix. There is no mechanical interlocking and, moreover, it is preferred that at least the majority of fibers do not touch each other to minimize stress concentration effects.
- the instant invention provides a structural material exhibiting improved strength over and above the strength of the matrix, for instance tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity, as hereafter further described.
- a particular object of the invention is the provision of light-weight, corrosion-resistant metal structures having good high temperature strength.
- a further object is the provision of improved methods for producing composite metal structures.
- Another aspect of the present invention resides in the provision of a composite metal structure which consists of a powder metal matrix and a plurality of discrete fibers composed of another metal and running through the matrix and solid state bonded thereto without structural rigidity in the fiber mass independent of the matrix.
- the fibers are in the form of whiskers and have, generally, a diameter of less than 0.10 inch and are composed of a metallic material capable of imparting an increase in strength to the composite over the strength of the matrix.
- the fibers are arranged in the matr'nr with their major axes oriented substantially in a single direction.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective elevational view, partly in section, diagrammatically illustrating the method and articles contemplated by the invention.
- FIG. 2, 3, 4 and 5 are graphic presentations of properties of metal structures according to the invention.
- the metallic structures embraced by the invention are bodies (e.g., rods, bars, plates, etc.) of a matrix metal, titanium in the exemplary embodiment, containing fibers of a metal (e.g., molybdenum) possessing properties which it is desired to impart to the matrix metal.
- bodies e.g., rods, bars, plates, etc.
- a metal e.g., molybdenum
- long fiber type The structures fall into two general categories hereinafter referred to as the long fiber type and the short fiber type. It is pointed out that the terms long and short are used relative to each other and allude to the length of the fibers, not in the completed structure but at the start of its fabrication.
- the term fiber is employed and intended to embrace small diameter filaments ranging up to a maximum initial diameter of about 0.020 inch. Theoretically there is no minimum diameter for the fibers employed in short fiber composites; however, in practice, the thinnest filaments would have a diameter in the order of a few microns or less. In the long fiber composites the minimum diameter would be dictated by the need to handle and position individual fibers as will be seen as this description proceeds.
- the fibers employed in structures on which data are given herein were of commercially available electroetched, mechanically straightened 0.010 inch diameter molybdenum wire.
- the fibers are axially disposed in a clean mild steel tube one end of which is then crimped shut on the wires and Welded.
- the tube then is filled with matrix metal, in powder form.
- the tube is vibrated to insure that the powder is well tamped down around the wires.
- the open end of the tube is crimped and welded closed on the free ends of the Wires thus sealing the assembly and maintaining the wires running axially through the tube.
- the tube is then heated and rolled in rod rolls.
- Working temperatures in the range of about 1450 to 1800 F. give good results for titanium matrix with molybdenum fibers, with the lower temperatures used as the piece is progressively reduced. For different combinations of metals working temperatures suited to the particular materials would be employed but care must be taken that the Working temperature will not cause the powder nor the fibers to change into a liquid or semiliquid state.
- a solid state bond is preferred since the mechanical properties of the fibers are usually detrimentally affected by contact with molten matrix materials. Placing the fibers in a liquid or semi-liquid state will cause all advantageous mechanical properties to be lost.
- the jacket is stripped and the unclad rod cold rolled to improve the surface finish.
- the finished structure comprises a compacted matrix with a multitude of very thin fibers extending through the body in one direction and individually bonded to the matrix.
- the long fiber composites comprise continuous, unidirectionally oriented fibers, they exhibit anisotropic properties. This must be taken into account in the design of articles to be fabricated from the material. In addition, this characteristic may be employed to improve the isotropy of matrix materials which are naturally anisotropic.
- the marked improvement in the composites is due at least in part to the fact that, at a given working temperature, one of the materials, e.g., the matrix is hot worked whereas the fiber is cold worked or vice versa.
- short fibers e.g., in the order of 0.1 to 0.25 inch in length are admixed and blended with the matrix powder. At this stage, the fibers are oriented at random. The blended powder then is compacted and vacuum sintered. The sintered billets then are canned and extruded into rod as shown schematically in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 1 designates a conventional extrusion die, and 12, 12' a pair of rod rolls. The billet 14 entering the die is shown to contain randomly oriented fibers 16. In the extruded rod 14a leaving die 10 and prior to entering rolls 12, 12' fibers 16 have partially assumed a unidirectional orientation.
- the fibers consisted of 0.010 inch diameter molybdenum wire varying in length from 0.1 to 0.25 inch.
- the matrix powder was unalloyed titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
- the billets were compacted at 70 tons per square inch, vacuum sintered for one hour at 1800 F., canned in mild steel and extruded to /8 inch rod at 1800 F. The case was stripped (although it can be left on) and the extruded rod re-canned in a stainless steel tube, heated to 1450 F. and hot rolled to A1. inch diameter.
- the cladding was then removed and the rod cold worked to /8 inch diameter followed by a two hour anneal at 1350 F.
- FIG. 3 demonstrates the improvement in the tensile strength of respective short fiber type structures of unalloyed titanium containing 10 to 20 volume percent molybdenum fiber as compared with a control specimen of the same material subjected to the same fabrication conditions but containing no fiber. It will be readily apparent from inspection of FIGS. 2 and 3 that the properties of the matrix material are improved by the addition of either continuous or discontinuous fibers. In comparing FIGS. 2 and 3 it should be noted that, while the matrix material in each case was unalloyed titanium, it varied in the degree of purity; this accounts for the difference in the tensile strength of the control specimens containing no fiber.
- the composites may be suitably coated or other means employed to prevent oxidation of the fiber. This is true of any fiber material which tends to oxidize readily under conditions of use.
- the invention is applicable to a wide range of different metal matrixes and fibers which are not physically or chemically incompatible with each other or with the fabrication techniques involved.
- the matrix metal must be one which is susceptible of being formed by powder metallurgy or must have a substantially lower melting point than the fiber; the fiber metal must be susceptible of being formed as a thin filament, and of bonding to the matrix metal with the application of heat and pressure.
- the fiber metal should possess some property or properties which it is desired to impart to the matrix. In some cases it may be necessary to employ fibers of two or more different materials to achieve the desired result.
- a composite metal structure comprising: a powder matrix of one metal and a plurality of discrete fibers of at least one other metal running through said matrix and solid state bonded thereto without structural rigidity in the fiber mass independent of the matrix, said fibers having a diameter of less than 0.10 inch and being composed of a metallic material efiective for imparting an increase in strength to the composite over the strength of said matrix, said fibers being arranged in said matrix with their major axes oriented substantially in a single direction.
- a composite metal structure comprising: a matrix composed predominantly of powdered titanium and having distributed uniformly therethrough a plurality of discontinuous and discrete filamentary fibers composed of molybdenum without structural rigidity in the fiber mass independent of the matrix, said fibers being individually solid state bonded to said matrix and arranged therein with their major axes oriented substantially in a single direction.
- a composite metal structure comprising: a matrix composed predominantly of powdered titanium and having uniformly distributed therethrough a plurality of discontinous discrete fibers composed of molybdenum and having a length of 0.10 to 0.25 inch and being of 0.01 inch in diameter and solid state bonded to said matrix, said fibers constituting about 3 to percent of the volume of said structure without providing structural rigidity in the fiber mass independent of the matrix, said fibers being arranged in said matrix with their major axes oriented substantially in a single direction.
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US67241567A | 1967-09-18 | 1967-09-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3510275A true US3510275A (en) | 1970-05-05 |
Family
ID=24698452
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US672415A Expired - Lifetime US3510275A (en) | 1967-09-18 | 1967-09-18 | Metal fiber composites |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3510275A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3668748A (en) * | 1969-09-12 | 1972-06-13 | American Standard Inc | Process for producing whisker-reinforced metal matrix composites by liquid-phase consolidation |
US3821841A (en) * | 1972-08-18 | 1974-07-02 | Brush Wellman | Method for fabricating a beryllium fiber reinforced composite having a titanium matrix |
US3889348A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1975-06-17 | Jerome H Lemelson | Fiber reinforced composite material and method of making same |
US3918141A (en) * | 1974-04-12 | 1975-11-11 | Fiber Materials | Method of producing a graphite-fiber-reinforced metal composite |
JPS5246316A (en) * | 1975-10-11 | 1977-04-13 | Sumitomo Alum Smelt Co Ltd | Process for producing aluminium base composite material reinforced wit h alumina fiber |
US20100154437A1 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2010-06-24 | Nepsha William J | Thermoelectric Dehumidifier and Enclosure Vent Drain Assembly |
US20170182700A1 (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2017-06-29 | South Dakota Board Of Regents | Discontinuous-fiber composites and methods of making the same |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1704256A (en) * | 1922-04-24 | 1929-03-05 | Westinghouse Lamp Co | Refractory article |
DE749669C (en) * | 1939-01-12 | 1944-11-29 | Process to give the structure of workpieces made of metal a certain grain direction | |
US2455804A (en) * | 1943-01-01 | 1948-12-07 | Gen Electric Co Ltd | Nickel chromium tungsten composite metal body and method of making same |
GB706486A (en) * | 1951-01-09 | 1954-03-31 | Diffusion Alloys Ltd | A process for the manufacture of metal articles |
US3047383A (en) * | 1955-12-27 | 1962-07-31 | Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp | Polyphase materials |
US3114197A (en) * | 1960-06-17 | 1963-12-17 | Bendix Corp | Brake element having metal fiber reinforcing |
US3177578A (en) * | 1961-03-28 | 1965-04-13 | Martin Marietta Corp | Method of making a fibrous fissionable member |
US3254189A (en) * | 1961-05-15 | 1966-05-31 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical contact members having a plurality of refractory metal fibers embedded therein |
US3285825A (en) * | 1964-09-16 | 1966-11-15 | Atomic Power Dev Ass Inc | Reinforced ceramic fuel elements |
US3337337A (en) * | 1965-12-16 | 1967-08-22 | John W Weeton | Method for producing fiber reinforced metallic composites |
-
1967
- 1967-09-18 US US672415A patent/US3510275A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1704256A (en) * | 1922-04-24 | 1929-03-05 | Westinghouse Lamp Co | Refractory article |
DE749669C (en) * | 1939-01-12 | 1944-11-29 | Process to give the structure of workpieces made of metal a certain grain direction | |
US2455804A (en) * | 1943-01-01 | 1948-12-07 | Gen Electric Co Ltd | Nickel chromium tungsten composite metal body and method of making same |
GB706486A (en) * | 1951-01-09 | 1954-03-31 | Diffusion Alloys Ltd | A process for the manufacture of metal articles |
US3047383A (en) * | 1955-12-27 | 1962-07-31 | Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp | Polyphase materials |
US3114197A (en) * | 1960-06-17 | 1963-12-17 | Bendix Corp | Brake element having metal fiber reinforcing |
US3177578A (en) * | 1961-03-28 | 1965-04-13 | Martin Marietta Corp | Method of making a fibrous fissionable member |
US3254189A (en) * | 1961-05-15 | 1966-05-31 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical contact members having a plurality of refractory metal fibers embedded therein |
US3285825A (en) * | 1964-09-16 | 1966-11-15 | Atomic Power Dev Ass Inc | Reinforced ceramic fuel elements |
US3337337A (en) * | 1965-12-16 | 1967-08-22 | John W Weeton | Method for producing fiber reinforced metallic composites |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3889348A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1975-06-17 | Jerome H Lemelson | Fiber reinforced composite material and method of making same |
US3668748A (en) * | 1969-09-12 | 1972-06-13 | American Standard Inc | Process for producing whisker-reinforced metal matrix composites by liquid-phase consolidation |
US3821841A (en) * | 1972-08-18 | 1974-07-02 | Brush Wellman | Method for fabricating a beryllium fiber reinforced composite having a titanium matrix |
US3918141A (en) * | 1974-04-12 | 1975-11-11 | Fiber Materials | Method of producing a graphite-fiber-reinforced metal composite |
JPS5246316A (en) * | 1975-10-11 | 1977-04-13 | Sumitomo Alum Smelt Co Ltd | Process for producing aluminium base composite material reinforced wit h alumina fiber |
JPS5538002B2 (en) * | 1975-10-11 | 1980-10-01 | ||
US20100154437A1 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2010-06-24 | Nepsha William J | Thermoelectric Dehumidifier and Enclosure Vent Drain Assembly |
US20170182700A1 (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2017-06-29 | South Dakota Board Of Regents | Discontinuous-fiber composites and methods of making the same |
US10920041B2 (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2021-02-16 | South Dakota Board Of Regents | Discontinuous-fiber composites and methods of making the same |
US11306195B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2022-04-19 | South Dakota Board Of Regents | Discontinuous-fiber composites and methods of making the same |
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Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A CORP. OF PA,ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GOULD INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:003998/0236 Effective date: 19810928 Owner name: IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., 2550 GOLF ROAD, ROLLING MEA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GOULD INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:003998/0236 Effective date: 19810928 |
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Owner name: CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC., A CORP. OF DE.,STATELESS Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A PA. CORP. (MERGED INTO);REEL/FRAME:004600/0610 Effective date: 19860615 Owner name: CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC., A CORP. OF DE. Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL CLEVITE INC., A PA. CORP. (MERGED INTO);REEL/FRAME:004600/0610 Effective date: 19860615 |
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Owner name: JPI TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTS, INC.,STATELESS Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:D.A.B. INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);JPI ACQUISITION, INC. (CHANGE TO);REEL/FRAME:004841/0009 Effective date: 19870327 Owner name: JPI TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTS, INC. Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:D.A.B. INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);JPI ACQUISITION, INC. (CHANGE TO);REEL/FRAME:004841/0009 Effective date: 19870327 Owner name: JPI ACQUISITION, INC., ( JPI"),A CORP. OF MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004840/0103 Effective date: 19870217 Owner name: JPI ACQUISITION, INC., ( JPI"), 325 E. EISENHOWER Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CLEVITE INDUSTRIES INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004840/0103 Effective date: 19870217 |