US3505540A - Electrical pulse source - Google Patents

Electrical pulse source Download PDF

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Publication number
US3505540A
US3505540A US525702A US3505540DA US3505540A US 3505540 A US3505540 A US 3505540A US 525702 A US525702 A US 525702A US 3505540D A US3505540D A US 3505540DA US 3505540 A US3505540 A US 3505540A
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pulses
inductance
voltage
pulse
winding
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Leonard A Ferrari
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Polaroid Corp
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Polaroid Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/45—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use, as active elements, of non-linear magnetic or dielectric devices

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  • This specification discloses a step wave generator for driving a highly capacitive load.
  • the generator comprises a transformer the output winding of which is connected in resonant circuit with the capacitive load.
  • Transistor switch means are provided to drive the primary winding to intermittently apply current pulses to the primary winding. While the current pulses are applied to the primary winding, the primary winding will be connected across a low impedance source which has the effect of reducing7 the inductance connected in the resonant circuit with the capacitive load.
  • the primary winding is open circuited which in effect makes the inductance connected in the resonant circuit with the capacitive load a high inductance during the periods between the pulses applied to the primary Winding.
  • the voltage across the capacitive load is driven rapidly between levels during the intervals of low inductance and is maintained at the levels to which it is driven during the intervals of high inductance.
  • This invention relates to improvements in the generation of electrical pulses, and, in one particular aspect, to novel and improved apparatus wherein electrical pulses, such as those of high voltage levels and with sharp leading and trailing edges, are uniquely and advantageously developed by uncomplicated and reliable electronic equipment in slaved relationship to synchronizing signals.
  • visible light emissions of different color contents may be produced by accelerating the electrons in a scanning beam in the picture tube to different velocities.
  • an accelerating electrode at the face plate of the picture tube is rapidly switched between different levels of high positive potentials so that the velocities at which the electrons irnpinge upon the screen of the picture tube are varied in synchronism with the charging requirements for the different color outputs. Switching times must be kept extremely short, despite wide excursions in voltages, and the supply of switched voltages must be capable of feeding the highly capacitive load rep-resented by the accelerating anode structure. Dissipations of large amounts of power would normally be expected to occur.
  • sustained electrical pulses of either very high or reltaively low voltage levels, and having short rise and fall times are uniquely produced at remarkably high eiciency by way of inductive apparatus which is switched by relatively small control signals to exhibit alternately high and low inductances in tuned circuit relationship with capacitance.
  • the switchings may be performed under relatively low current and voltage conditions, enabling the use of low-cost transistors for such purposes, and the output pulses are well suited for excitations of color television picture-tube accelerating anodes and/or of chrominance-gating circuitry.
  • Another object is to provide unique and advantageous circuitry of uncomplicated form for driving highly capacitive loads between predetermined potential levels rapidly and with small power losses.
  • a further object is to provide an improved source of sustained electrical pulses alternated rapidly between high voltage levels in synchronism with triggering impulses.
  • An additional object of the present invention is to provide a novel generator of stepped pulses which is associated with an excites a highly capacitive load such as an accelerating anode structure of a velocity-mod ulated television picture tube.
  • high voltage pulses of substantially square or rectangular form are developed across a parallel combination of a substantially xed capacitance and the inductances which are witnessed in a secondary winding of a transformer the primary side of which is at dierent times caused to exhibit opencircuit or essentially short-circuit characteristics.
  • the short-circuit conditions produced by forcing brief pulses of currents through the primary side via a loW-irnpedance source, result in a low effective inductance, and, hence, a high resonant frequency LC combination on the secondary side, at the very times ⁇ when voltages are being induced in the secondary by these primary currents.
  • the open-circuit conditions result in a high effective inductance, and, hence, a relatively low resonant frequency LC combination on the secondary side.
  • the output voltage is advantageously caused to alternately rise and remain at a high level and then drop and re- ⁇ main at a lower level.
  • FIGURE l is a circuit diagram illustrating one ernbodiment of a stepped-Wave generator which exploits teachings of the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 illustrates waveforms of electrical signals associated with the circuit of FIGURE l
  • FIGURE 3 provides schematic details, together with related waveforms, for an alternative embodiment of a synchronized stepped-wave generator
  • FIGURE 4 represents another stepped-wave generator having separate primary windings and provisions for isolating the inductance unit from high voltage on which the outputs are superimposed;
  • FIGURE 5 comprises a set of waveforms characterizing, certain current and voltage conditions associated with operation of the improved stepped-wave generators.
  • a stepped-wave generator embodying the present invention may comprise a transformer-type inductive unit 11 having a center-tapped primary Winding 13 and a secondary winding 15 preferably having a greater number of turns than each half of the primary winding, Center tap 17 of the primary winding 13 is connected to the positive potential supply terminal of a conventional form of low-impedance source (not illustrated).
  • the upper half of primary winding 13 is connected to the collector of an NPN transistor 19 through diode 20 and the lower half of the same primary winding is connected to the collector of an NPN transistor 21 through diode 22, the emitters of these transistors being grounded.
  • a pulse source 23 applies triggering impulses in alternation to the bases of the transistors 19 and 21, thereby causing these two transistors to conduct current briey through the associated halves of the primary in synchronism with the triggering impulses. It should be recognized that these currents are alternately of such directions through winding halves wound in such directions that the resulting output voltages which they induce in secondary tend to be of opposite polarities. Diodes and 21 protect their associated transistor collectors from negative voltage excursions. One end of the second winding 15 is shown connected to ground, while the other end thereof is connected to a grounded fixed capacitance 25, such that the paralleled capacitance and inductance may exhibit neutral resonant frequencies characterized by the inductances exhibited at various times.
  • one of the voltage pulses 26 When one of the voltage pulses 26 is applied to the transistor 19, it renders the transistor 19 conductive; whereupon current will ilow from the positive voltage source applied to terminal 17, through one side of the primary winding 13, and through the transistor 19 to ground, for the duration of that pulse only.
  • current will flow from the positive source applied at terminal 17, through the other side of the primary winding 17, and through the transistor 21 to ground, for the duration of that pulse only.
  • both transistors remain cut off and the primary winding 13 will be open-circuited.
  • the transistors thus act as electronic control switches, alternately grounding opposite sides of the primary winding 13 for short intervals of time and thereby causing the desired primary current bursts to ow in synchronism with the control impulses 26 and 27.
  • transistor 19 When transistor 19 is rendered conductive by one of pulses 26, the resulting current ow in the upper half of primary winding 13 quickly drives output voltage 28 across the capacitive load to a high value 28a during the rise 28h. As soon as the voltage across the capacitor 25 has reached the desired high voltage level, the control pulse 26 will have ended. While transistor 19 is conducting, the inductance as witnessed by the transformer secondary 15 will be only relatively low leakage inductance of the transformer 11. Accordingly, the voltage across the capacitor 25 is being driven to its positive level from a source having a relatively low inductance, and the LC combination then has a high natural resonance frequency. This fact permits the desired potential level to be reached rapidly, and in a substantially sinusoidal manner during the rise 28b.
  • transistor 21 When transistor 21 is rendered conductive by one of pulses 27, the resulting current flowing through the lower half of primary winding 413 will tend to drive the output voltage across the capacitor in the negative direction.
  • the voltage across capacitor 25 reaches a desired lowered potential level 28C by the time the pulse 27 terminates. Because the transistor 21 is conducting in association with a low-impedance source during the time that the secondary output voltage is being driven in the negative direction, the inductance of the transformer 11 as witnessed by the capacitor 25 will be only the relatively low leakage inductance of the transformer, and, accordingly, a short fall time in the switching from the high potential level 28a to the low potential level 28e will be achieved in a substantially sinusoidal manner at the trailing edge 28d.
  • Primary winding 13 is again essentially open-circuited upon termination of pulse 27, and the inductance of the transformer 11 witnessed by the capacitor 25 will again become a high inductance, such that the resulting LC combination of low natural frequency prevents a rapid decay of the voltage across that capacitor.
  • a good stepped wave such as the illustrated square wave 28 having sharp leading and trailing edges and having substantially flat portions therebetween is conveniently and simply achieved in accurate synchronism with control pulses.
  • a unique mode of operation results because the inductance of the transformer as seen -by the capacitor is low during the rise and fall times of the stepped wave and is high during the substantially flat portions thereof.
  • the exciting currents promote this unusual operation with low dissipation of power because the circuit exhibits low inductance during the times that the output is being switched between potential levels, and because the voltage transitions have substantially sinusoidal characteristics. Power isalso conserved because the control transistors need only be conductive during brief intermittent intervals.
  • Another significant advantage of the invention isthat attendant voltage multiplications can be achieved simultaneously through appropriate design of the relatively simple and inexpensive transformer.
  • the output potentials be alternated between high positive voltage levels such as l0 and l5 kilovolts.
  • one end of the secondary may be connected to a unidirectional voltage source at an ntermediate level such as 12.5 kilovolts.
  • the same steppedshape (example: square) wave may then be produced across the LC combination on the secondary side, in superimposed relationship (example: alternately adding and subtracting) to the 12.5 kv. DC level.
  • Waveform 29 characterizes the fact that the output signals developed across capacitance 25' and at output terminal 30 are alternately at a relatively high level 29a during certain periods (between times t1 and t2, for example) and at a relatively low level 2915 (between times t2 and t3, for example).
  • the pulses 29a and 29b are respectively positive and negative in relation to a D-C voltage level 29e which is substantially that applied to terminal 31 from a high voltage source, and upon which the pulses are electively superimposed.
  • pulses are developed with the aid of the secondary 15 of the transformer-type inductance unit 11' having a center-tapped primary 13'.
  • a positive D-C supply connection 17' provides pulse excitations of the transformer primary halves at times controlled by the associated transistors 19' and 21'.
  • transistor 1.9' receives short control pulses 32 and 34) S in alternation with short control pulses (33 and 35) applied to transistor 21', from an appropriate source or sources (example: multivibrator pulse-generating equipment).
  • Primary current pulses synchronized with the triggering of transistor 19 into a conductive state by control pulses such as 32 and 34, ow in direction of arrow 36, inducing the higher-level outputs 29a which are sustained by capacitance 25 until the transistor 21' is at alternate times triggered into conduction by control pulses such as 33 and 35 which cause current pulses to flow through the lower half of primary 13' in the opposite direction of arrow 37.
  • the voltage excursions on the secondary side are governed mainly by the turns ratio multiplied by the primary voltage, although the secondary voltage obtained from a given D-C supply is greater than expected due to the Q of the circuitry.
  • the D-C voltage at supply terminal 17 may be lower than that for a normal type of push-pull operation, and the resonance phenomena present in the system is thus employed to a further advantage in that it reduces the input power requirements.
  • the D-C voltage level 29C at secondary terminal 31 may be about 15 kv., with the positive pulses 29a extending upwardly 4 kv.
  • transformertype inductance unit 11 On the primary side of transformertype inductance unit 11", the upper and lower windings 13a and 13b are separate and wound in different directions, such that current ows in the same direction from positive source terminals 17a and 17b, respectively, will nevertheless induce secondary voltage of opposite polarities.
  • relatively low voltage pulse outputs of the same polarizations as those appearing at terminals 30 are obtainable from tap 39" and, significantly, the transformer insulations need not be capable of withstanding the maximum output potentials (example: 19 kv.) representing positive output pulses superimposed upon the high voltage D-C supply.
  • the high voltage supply terminal 31 is coupled to the output terminal, through a choke 40, but is isolated from secondary winding 15 by a blocking capacitor 41.
  • the transformer insulation thus need only insulate for the peak values of the output pulses developed across the secondary 15, and may therefore be of less bulky and costly construction than would otherwise be permissible.
  • the secondary side of the inductance unit may comprise two or more winding portions each separately tuned with a capacitance, to exhibit separate outputs each developed in accordance with unique principles as discussed herein.
  • Pulses 32a and 34a in FIGURE 5 characterize the very brief current-flow conditions in the upper half of transformer primary 13' (FIGURE 3) when the transistor 19 is periodically biased into conduction by the voltage pulses 32 and 34, respectively, at times t1, t3, etc.
  • Current pulses 33a and 35a occur through the lower half of transformer primary 13 when the opposite transistor 21', is periodically biased into conduction substantially at times t2, t4, etc., by the aforementioned control effects of pulses 33 and 35.
  • Attendant high-voltage swings induced in the secondary 15 are of substantially sinusoidal form, as shown by the leading and trailing edges 29d and 29e of the resulting high-voltage pulse train 29.
  • the capacitance 15 on the secondary side, and the Cil inductance with which it is combined tend to have a relatively high natural resonant frequency during the crossover conditions under discussion (i.e., at the times the leading and trailing edges are developing).
  • the transformer exhibits on its secondary side essentially only a relatively small leakage inductance value.
  • Dashed linework 29f characterizes the damped sinusoidal output which would ordinarily be expected to result.
  • the inductance effective on the secondary side is significantly increased, causing the effective resonant frequency to be much lower until the next-succeeding primary current pulse occurs.
  • the latter inductance is by design made high enough such that significantly less than one-half cycle of voltage variation can occur either in the interval between such times as tlb-tZ and rgb-t3 (FIG- URE 5).
  • Some volta-ge variation (decay, in the case of pulses 29a, and rise, in the case of pulses 29b) can be expected to occur, as illustrated in FIGURE 5.
  • the secondary voltage waveform can be improved by having the control transistors cut ot somewhat before the primarycurrent pulses (32a-35a) reach zero level under the then-existing resonant-circuit conditions.
  • the triggering pulses 32-35 may each be made shorter than the natural half-cycle period t1-f1b of primary current pulses such as pulse 32a, such that it cuts off transistor 19 at time Ila; the secondary voltage of wavefront 29a' thus does not reach its peak when cut-off occurs, and, instead, will continue its upward rise so that the output voltage crest occurs after time tu, and while the resonant frequency is lowered.
  • the altered positive pulse can then be caused to remain at a desirable high level throughout the period ila-t2.
  • early cut-off of transistor 21 at time tza rather than at time t2b, can then cause the negative pulse to be sustained more nearly at a substantially fixed level between times im, and t3.
  • symmetrical or non-symmetrical stepped waveforms may be developed by suitably adjusting the phasing of one train of control pulses (such as pulses 32, 34, etc.) relative to the other (such as pulses 33, 35, etc.).
  • control pulses may originate with a common pulse generator, or with separate synchronized pulse sources, or otherwise.
  • positive control pulses have been illustrated, the system may instead be triggered into the intended operations by other pulses, such as alternate positive and negative pulses each of which is responsible for stepping the output in a different direction.
  • a single primary winding may be used when the current pulses through it are alternately in different directions.
  • Autotransformer units may replace the more conventional transformer inductance units of the illustrated embodiments, and tubes, SCRs and the like may replace the transistors shown in control of the current pulsing. Accordingly, it should be understood that the embodiments and practices described and portrayed have been presented by way of disclosure, rather than limitation, and that various modifications, substitutions and combinations may be effected without departure from the spirit and scope of this invention in its broader aspects.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said inductive means comprises first and second winding disposed in inductively-coupled relationship with one another, said first ywinding comprising said inductive portion and said second winding comprising said inductance-changing means, and wherein said means for switching comprises electronic valving means alternately first short-circuiting at least a portion of said second winding through a low impedance and then open-circuiting at least said portion of said second winding.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said low impedance comprises an electrical power source transferring said electrical energy synchronously with said short-circuiting.
  • Pulse forming apparatus comprising inductive means having an inductance portion and a capacitance connected in a resonantcircuit combination, driving means coupled to said resonant-circuit combination for intermittently transferring energy to said resonant-circuit combination by applying pulses to said combination and simultaneously with the transfer of energy to said combination increasing the natural resonance frequency of said combination, and control means coupled to said driving means for exciting said driving means to apply said pulses to said combination in a predetermined time relationship wherein the durations of said pulses are short in relation to the spacings therebetween.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 4 wherein said driving means increases the resonant frequency of said combination by decreasing the effective inductance of said inductance portion.
  • Pulseforming apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein said inductive means has a second inductance portion inductively coupled with said first mentioned inductance portion, and wherein said driving means excites said second inductance portion of said inductive means to increase the resonant frequency of said combination and to supply electrical energy thereto.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 6 wherein said driving means shock-excites said second inductance portion of said inductive means alternately with pulses of electrical energy which induce voltages of opposite polarities in said rst mentioned inductance portion of said inductive means.
  • said inductive means comprises a transformer, said first and second inductance portions thereof cornprising output and exciting winding portions, respectively, inductively coupled with one another.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 8 wherein said driving means comprises current supply means, and electronic valving means selectably excitable to pass pulses of current from said supply means through said exciting winding portion of said transformer, and wherein said control means comprises means electrically biasing said valving means to conduct said current pulses in a predetermined alternation wherein alternate onesiof said pulses induce voltages of opposite polarities in lsaid output winding portion and wherein the durations of said current pulses are short in relation to the spacings therebetween.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 9 wherein said supply means comprises a low-impedance source of unidirectional voltage, wherein said electronic valving means comprises a pair of semiconductor currentcontrolling devices each adapted to conduct current ow therethrough separately responsive to electrical biasing thereof into a conductive state, and means connecting cach of said devices in a different circuit relationship with said exciting winding portion of said transformer and with said source to control the ow of different ones of said pulses of current through said exciting winding portion.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 8 further comprising a source of unidirectional voltage, and means-superimposing voltages from across said output 'winding portion upon the unidirectional voltage from said source.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus as set forth in claim 7 whereinl said pulses of electrical energy are of duration not in excess of about one-half the period of signals of the high natural resonant frequency of said combination which exists during the periods of said pulses, and wherein the spacings between said pulses are of duration less than one-half the period of signals of the low natural resonant frequency of said combination which exists during the periods between said pulses.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus comprising a transformer including primary winding and a secondary winding, a capacitance connected across at least a part of said second winding, and means coupled to said primary winding for applying to said primary winding current pulses separated by intervals during which said primary winding is open-circuited, alternate ones of said pulses having polarities which drive output voltage from said secondary winding in opposite directions.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus comprising a transformer including a tapped primary winding and a secondary winding, a capacitance connected across at least a part of said secondary winding, and means coupled to said primary winding for alternately applying to opposite sides of said primary winding current pulses separated by intervals during which said primary Winding is open-circuited, said pulses applied to opposite sides of said primary winding having polarities which drive output voltage of said secondary winding in opposite directions.
  • Pulse-forming apparatus comprising a transformer including an output winding and at least one input winding, a capacitance connected across at least a part of said output winding, and means coupled to said transformer for applying to said transformer current pulses having polarities which drive output voltage from said output winding alternately in opposite directions, said current pulses being separated by intervals during which all the windings of said transformer except said output winding are open-circuited.
  • Apparatus for forming stepped electrical waves comprising a transformer including a tapped primary winding and a secondary winding, a source of potential, a first circuit connecting said source of potential between the tap of said primary winding and one end of said primary winding, a second circuit connecting said source of potential between the tap of said primary winding and the other end of said primary winding, a first switch in said first circuit, a second switch in said second circuit, means coupled to said first and second switches to render said rst and second switches alternately closed for short intervals separated by intervals in which both said first and second switches are open, and a capacitance connected inv resonant-circuit relationship with at least a portion of said secondary winding.
  • first and second switches are electronic valves having control electrodes controlling the conductivity thereof, and wherein said means to render said switches closed comprise means to apply pulses alternately to the control electrodes of said electronic valves.
  • Apparatus for forming stepped waves comprising a transformer, a first circuit connected to said transformer and operable when closed to apply a current pulse to said transformer to drive the output voltage from said transformer in one direction, a second circuit connected to said transformer and operable when closed to apply a current pulse to said transformer to drive the output voltage from said transformer in the opposite direction, means coupled to said rst and second circuits to render said rst and second circuits alternately closed for short intervals separated by intervals in which both said rst and second circuits are open, and a capacitance connected in resonant-circuit relationship with at least a portion of an output circuit of said transformer.
  • a pulse forming apparatus comprising inductive means in resonant circuit combination with capacitance, driving means for intermittently applying pulses to said resonant circuit combination and simultaneously with said pulses increasing the natural resonant frequency of said resonant circuit combination, and control means exciting said driving means to apply said pulses in a time relationship in which the duration of said pulses are not in excess of about one-half the period of signals of the high natural reasonant frequency of said resonant circuit combination which exists while said pulses are applied to said resonant circuit combination, and wherein the spacings between said pulses are of a duration less than one-half the period of signals of the low natural resonant frequency of said combination which exists during the intervals between said pulses.
  • Pulse forming apparatus comprising a transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding, a capacitance connected across at least a part of said secondary winding and means coupled to said primary winding for applying to said primary winding means current pulses separated by intervals during which said primary winding is open circuited.
  • a method of rapidly stepping the voltage across a highly capacitive load comprising the steps of connecting an inductance to said load to form a resonant circuit with the capacitive thereof, intermittently lowering the inductive impedance of said inductance to a relatively low value for short intervals, returning said inductive impedance to a relatively high value during the periods between said short intervals, and transferring energy into said resonant circuit during said short intervals to cause the potential across said capacitance to change to a different level during said intervals.
  • a method as recited in claim 22 wherein pulses are applied to said inductance during said short interval with polarities to drive the voltage across said load in alternate directions between levels, at least some of said pulses transferring energy to said resonant circuit.
  • a method of rapidly stepping the voltage across a highly capacitive load between levels comprising the steps of connecting an inductance in a resonant circuit with said load, applying pulses to said resonant circuit, switching the inductance in said resonant circuit to a relatively low value while said pulses are applied to said circuit, returning said ,inductance to a relatively high value during the periods between said pulses, the duration of said pulses being selected so that they are not in excess of about one-half the period of signals of the high natural resonant frequency of said resonant circuit which exists while saidl pulses are applied to said resonant circuit, the spacings between said pulses being selected to have durations less than one-half the p eriod of signals of the low natural resonant frequency of said resonant circuit which exists during the intervals between said pulses.
US525702A 1966-02-07 1966-02-07 Electrical pulse source Expired - Lifetime US3505540A (en)

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US (1) US3505540A (de)
DE (1) DE1512245B2 (de)
FR (1) FR1513699A (de)
GB (1) GB1124873A (de)
NL (1) NL6701821A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3581112A (en) * 1968-02-05 1971-05-25 Hasler Ag Electronic relay
US3953747A (en) * 1973-02-10 1976-04-27 Iwasaki Tsushinki Kabushiki Kaisha AC wave switching circuit using at least one switching transistor
US20040133363A1 (en) * 2002-10-28 2004-07-08 Ramaswamy Vaidyanathan Process and method for chemical manufacturing using transformation of on-line instrumentation data
US20120193992A1 (en) * 2011-02-02 2012-08-02 Oliver Heuermann Power converter system

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2964676A (en) * 1957-08-29 1960-12-13 Gen Electric Co Ltd Circuit arrangements for operating low pressure electric discharge lamps
US3221187A (en) * 1963-10-22 1965-11-30 Bendix Corp Switching circuit arrangement
US3239763A (en) * 1963-06-05 1966-03-08 Ibm Signal converter

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2964676A (en) * 1957-08-29 1960-12-13 Gen Electric Co Ltd Circuit arrangements for operating low pressure electric discharge lamps
US3239763A (en) * 1963-06-05 1966-03-08 Ibm Signal converter
US3221187A (en) * 1963-10-22 1965-11-30 Bendix Corp Switching circuit arrangement

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3581112A (en) * 1968-02-05 1971-05-25 Hasler Ag Electronic relay
US3953747A (en) * 1973-02-10 1976-04-27 Iwasaki Tsushinki Kabushiki Kaisha AC wave switching circuit using at least one switching transistor
US20040133363A1 (en) * 2002-10-28 2004-07-08 Ramaswamy Vaidyanathan Process and method for chemical manufacturing using transformation of on-line instrumentation data
US20120193992A1 (en) * 2011-02-02 2012-08-02 Oliver Heuermann Power converter system
CN102629839A (zh) * 2011-02-02 2012-08-08 西门子公司 变流器系统
US9106154B2 (en) * 2011-02-02 2015-08-11 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Power converter system using voltage sources driven in alternation

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FR1513699A (fr) 1968-02-16
NL6701821A (de) 1967-08-08
DE1512245A1 (de) 1969-04-24
DE1512245B2 (de) 1971-02-11
GB1124873A (en) 1968-08-21

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