US3502148A - Method of improving bond strength - Google Patents

Method of improving bond strength Download PDF

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Publication number
US3502148A
US3502148A US612232A US3502148DA US3502148A US 3502148 A US3502148 A US 3502148A US 612232 A US612232 A US 612232A US 3502148D A US3502148D A US 3502148DA US 3502148 A US3502148 A US 3502148A
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Prior art keywords
cement
casing
setting
pipe
formation
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Expired - Lifetime
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US612232A
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English (en)
Inventor
Knox A Slagle
Lloyd G Carter
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Halliburton Co
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Halliburton Co
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/42—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for cementing wells and more particularly to a method for forming a strong, thermally stable bond between a well casing or other pipe and the wall of a bore hole.
  • An oil well may be drilled through permeable formations containing fluids such as fresh water, salt water, and gas.
  • fluids such as fresh water, salt water, and gas.
  • cementing also seals the producing formation so that it will not lose product into other permeable zones having less pressure. Additionally, cementing is used to bond the pipe or casing to the bore hole.
  • a typical cementing procedure involves, as a first step, running the pipe to be cemented to the desired depth.
  • Various equipment may be used to guide and center the pipe within the bore hole.
  • Cement is then placed in the annular space between the pipe and the bore hole wall by various techniques, e.g., introducing cement into the pipe thus forcing it down the pipe and then up through the annular space between the pipe and the bore hole wall. After the cement is in place, it is normally allowed to set at the ambient temperature of the formation.
  • the present invention involves prestressing a pipe in a bore hole during the cementing operation.
  • the process comprises anchoring the lower portion of the pipe in a bore hole, e.g., by cementing the lower portion of the pipe in the hole and then applying tension to the upper portion of the pipe as cement sets around the upper portion of the pipe.
  • Cementing can be accomplished by introducing two types of cement into the annulus between the casing and the formation.
  • a rapid setting cement may be introduced into the casing-formation annulus surrounding the bottom of the casing and a slow setting cement may be introduced adjacent to the upper portion of the pipe. Then, after the rapid setting cement has set to anchor the lower portion of the pipe, tension can be applied while the slow setting cement adjacent to the upper portion of the pipe is still setting.
  • FIGURES 1 to 6 are schematic views illustrating a well in longitudinal cross sections.
  • FIGURES 1 to 3 each illustrate a step in the process of this invention.
  • FIGURES 4 to 6 each illustrate a step in alternative embodiment of the process of this invention.
  • the first step of the invention is to anchor a casing or pipe at its bottom end in a well bore.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a casing 1 within a well formation indicated generally by 2 and having walls 3.
  • a slow setting cement 4 may be pumped down the casing and out into the annulus between the casing and the wall of the formation,
  • a rapid-setting cement 5 is pumped down the casing.
  • the slow-setting cement may be kept separated from the rapid-setting cement by a plug 6. As the rapid-setting cement rises in the casingformation annulus it will displace the water, drilling fluid or other material 7, which had occupied the annulus.
  • the rapid-setting cement will displace the slow-setting cement up into the casingformation annulus and will surround the lower portion of the pipe.
  • the rapid-setting cement is forced down the casing by use of water, drilling mud, or any other suitable fluid.
  • the quantity of rapid-setting cement and slowsetting cement should be such that when the rapid-setting cement has reached the bottom of the casing, it will surround the lower portion of the casing in the casing-foe mation annulus, with the slow-setting cement in contact with the upper portion of the casing for a major portion of its length.
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates the final step of the process.
  • the rapid-setting cement which has become set 8 anchors the casing in the bottom of the formation.
  • the slow-setting cement has not yet become set.
  • tension is applied at the top of the casing 9.
  • the means for applying the tension may be jacks, elevators on the rig, or any other suitable means.
  • FIGURES 4 to 6 An alternative method of adding the cement in the practice of this invention is illustrated by FIGURES 4 to 6.
  • the casing 1 has a collar 10 with ports 11.
  • the ports are closed as rapidsetting cement 5 is forced down the casing by fluid 7.
  • a diaphragm 12 follows the rapid-setting cement down the casing so that it will become lodged at the stops 13,
  • ' aphragm may follow directly after the rapid-setting cement if desired.
  • the ports 11 in the collar are opened. Then, slow-setting cement is pumped down the casing so that it will flow out of the ports and fill the casing-formation annulus above the rapid-setting cement. Any slow-setting cement remaining in the casing can be flushed out with a fluid such as water. After the slow-setting cement is in place, diaphragm 12 may be broken by applying an increased pressure to the fluid in the casing. After the rapidsetting cement has set as indicated in FIGURE 8, tension is applied to the casing at 9 and maintained while the slow-setting cement is setting.
  • any of the well-known techniques of cementing well casings may be applied to the present invention.
  • a chemical wash may be used ahead of the cement to condition the formation surface and remove drilling mud which would interfere with the bond between the casing and the formation.
  • wiper plugs may be used in adding the cement.
  • a wiper plug may be in the general form of a cylinder forced down the casing by fluid pressure. The wiper contacts the walls of the casing and cleans off any mud or other undesirable foreign material.
  • the plugs may have diaphragms set to rupture at a given pressure so that when they have reached the bottom of the casing they can be broken to permit communication between the casing and the casing-formation annulus.
  • any amount of stress and tension applied to the casing during setting of the slow-setting cement will result in improved bond strength during heat treatments.
  • the preferred amount of stress is that which will result in an elongation of the casing at least equal to the elongation which would occur in an uninhibited pipe in being heated from the normal temperature of the formation to the temperature obtained during heat treatment. This stress and the load required to produce it can be readily calculated using standard engineering calculations and the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials involved.
  • the amount of rapid-setting cement used should be suflicient to anchor the lower portion of the casing securely in the well formation.
  • the rapid-setting cement should contact as small a portion of the casing which is exposed to the heat treatment as possible.
  • any type of cement which will anchor the casing in the formation may be used for the cement identified in this application as the rapid-setting cement.
  • the cement which anchors the casing is introduced into the formation by the method illustrated in FIGURE 1 to 3, it should be a cement which sets more rapidly than the cement which is in contact with the remainder of the casing.
  • the terms rapid-setting cement and slow-setting cement are relative terms.
  • rapid setting cement is merely used to indicate that the anchoring cement sets rapidly in relationship to the rate of setting of the cement which is in contact with the remainder of the pipe.
  • a cement which actually is considered to set at a moderate speed or even a fairly slow speed can be used to anchor the pipe as long as the other cement sets at a slower rate yet.
  • the cement used to anchor the pipe could set at the same rate or even a slower rate than the cement which is in contact with the upper portion of the pipe during tensioning if the method of introducing cement shown in FIGURES 4 through 6 were employed.
  • the relative rate of setting of the two cements would not be critical.
  • a suitable cement which can be used as the rapidsetting cement is a calcium aluminate cement such as Lumnite containing an accelerator.
  • the calcium aluminate cement may also contain about 40% silica flour.
  • a slower-setting cement which may be used in this invention is an API Class G cement containing about 30% to 50% silica flour.
  • a perlite may also be added at a 1:1, or 2:1 ratio.
  • additives such as cement friction reducers, bentonite, and chemical accelerators may be used.
  • the stress is applied to the casing until the cement has completely set.
  • Any type of metallic casing may be used in this invention.
  • a pipe of API J-55 steel should prove suitable for process.
  • Example I The process of this invention .was used to set a casing in a well located in Santa Barbara County, Calif. A hole 9%" in diameter was drilled to a depth of 2,378 feet. A 7" casing with buttress threads of N-8O steel was then set to a depth of 2,258 feet.
  • the casing had a solid nose guide shoe, three centralizers one of each of the first, third and fifth joints, and four circulating holes cut in the pipe 4" above the guide shoe with two cement baskets installed below these holes. After the casing was installed, mud was circulated for forty-five minutes.
  • a wiper plug was installed at the top of the casing ahead of cement prepared by mixing 550 sacks of Colton Class G, 1:1 Perf-A-Lite, 40 percent silica flour, 2 percent gel, and an accelerator. The wiper plug was forced down the casing ahead of the cement thus keeping the cement separated from any mud and wiping the walls of the casing free of mud.
  • a more rapid setting cement formed by mixing 44 sacks of Universal Atlas Lumnite cement (a calcium aluminum cement), 20 percent silica flour and a retarder was pumped down the casing. The cement was then displaced with 500 cubic feet of mud.
  • the casing was placed in tension by applying a load of 180,- 000 pounds resulting in an elongation in the casing of 7". After tension was applied, it was found that cement was 70 feet down from thesurface and the cement level was brought to the surface by adding 75 sacks of Colton Class G cement. Although the Lumnite cement was allowed to set for 5% hours, it showed good compressive strength after four hours. The Perf-A-Lite cement had a fluid life of approximately eight hours, set in twelve hours and showed 360 psi. compressive strength in sixteen hours.
  • any manner of cementing the casing may be used so long as the lower portion of the casing is anchored in the formation prior to setting of the cement in the upper portion of the casing-formation annulus.
  • the casing may be anchored by methods other than cementing, e.g., by a pin connecting the casing with the formation wall.
  • any desired method of applying stress to the casing during cementing of the cement may be used.
  • a method of cementing a casing in a borehole to form a thermally stable, pre-stressed bond comprising introducing a relatively slow setting cement into the casing-borehole annulus, introducing a relatively rapid setting cement into the annulus to displace the relatively slow setting cement in the lower portion of the annulus and to force the relatively slow setting cement into the upper portion of the annulus whereby the relatively rapid setting cement sets and anchors the lower portion of the casing, applying stress in tension to the casing after the relatively rapid setting cement has set and prior to the setting of the relatively slow setting cement in the upper portion of the annulus, and maintaining the casing in a stressed condition until the relatively slow setting cement has set.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
US612232A 1967-01-27 1967-01-27 Method of improving bond strength Expired - Lifetime US3502148A (en)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3650327A (en) * 1970-07-14 1972-03-21 Shell Oil Co Thermal insulation of wells
US3876004A (en) * 1974-04-29 1975-04-08 Atlantic Richfield Co Method for completing wells
FR2372358A1 (fr) * 1976-11-10 1978-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Dispositif permettant de fermer hermetiquement les trous d'acces de cavites dans le sol avec des roches vitrifiees
US4275788A (en) * 1980-01-28 1981-06-30 Bj-Hughes Inc. Method of plugging a well
US4567945A (en) * 1983-12-27 1986-02-04 Atlantic Richfield Co. Electrode well method and apparatus
US5370181A (en) * 1993-08-13 1994-12-06 Shell Oil Company Anti gas-migration cementing
US20050194190A1 (en) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-08 Becker Thomas E. Method for accelerating oil well construction and production processes and heating device therefor

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5095992A (en) * 1991-03-22 1992-03-17 Parco Mast And Substructures, Inc. Process for installing casing in a borehole

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2071389A (en) * 1932-12-05 1937-02-23 Erd V Crowell Well cementing
US2168735A (en) * 1935-08-27 1939-08-08 Erd V Crowell Method of cementing wells
US2188589A (en) * 1939-05-22 1940-01-30 Elwin B Hall Method for handling well casings
US2206389A (en) * 1939-09-27 1940-07-02 Standard Oil Dev Co Method of cementing wells
US2236987A (en) * 1939-01-04 1941-04-01 California Portland Cement Co Method of cementing wells
US3055424A (en) * 1959-11-25 1962-09-25 Jersey Prod Res Co Method of forming a borehole lining or casing
US3219110A (en) * 1964-02-17 1965-11-23 Continental Oil Co Method of controlling incompetent formations
US3277963A (en) * 1964-05-27 1966-10-11 Pan American Petroleum Corp Completing wells
US3360046A (en) * 1965-02-08 1967-12-26 Halliburton Co Cementing compositions for maximum thermal insulation

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2071389A (en) * 1932-12-05 1937-02-23 Erd V Crowell Well cementing
US2168735A (en) * 1935-08-27 1939-08-08 Erd V Crowell Method of cementing wells
US2236987A (en) * 1939-01-04 1941-04-01 California Portland Cement Co Method of cementing wells
US2188589A (en) * 1939-05-22 1940-01-30 Elwin B Hall Method for handling well casings
US2206389A (en) * 1939-09-27 1940-07-02 Standard Oil Dev Co Method of cementing wells
US3055424A (en) * 1959-11-25 1962-09-25 Jersey Prod Res Co Method of forming a borehole lining or casing
US3219110A (en) * 1964-02-17 1965-11-23 Continental Oil Co Method of controlling incompetent formations
US3277963A (en) * 1964-05-27 1966-10-11 Pan American Petroleum Corp Completing wells
US3360046A (en) * 1965-02-08 1967-12-26 Halliburton Co Cementing compositions for maximum thermal insulation

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3650327A (en) * 1970-07-14 1972-03-21 Shell Oil Co Thermal insulation of wells
US3876004A (en) * 1974-04-29 1975-04-08 Atlantic Richfield Co Method for completing wells
FR2372358A1 (fr) * 1976-11-10 1978-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Dispositif permettant de fermer hermetiquement les trous d'acces de cavites dans le sol avec des roches vitrifiees
US4275788A (en) * 1980-01-28 1981-06-30 Bj-Hughes Inc. Method of plugging a well
US4567945A (en) * 1983-12-27 1986-02-04 Atlantic Richfield Co. Electrode well method and apparatus
US5370181A (en) * 1993-08-13 1994-12-06 Shell Oil Company Anti gas-migration cementing
US20050194190A1 (en) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-08 Becker Thomas E. Method for accelerating oil well construction and production processes and heating device therefor
US7156172B2 (en) * 2004-03-02 2007-01-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method for accelerating oil well construction and production processes and heating device therefor

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