US3477055A - Thermistor construction - Google Patents

Thermistor construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3477055A
US3477055A US692863A US3477055DA US3477055A US 3477055 A US3477055 A US 3477055A US 692863 A US692863 A US 692863A US 3477055D A US3477055D A US 3477055DA US 3477055 A US3477055 A US 3477055A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
thermistor
film
conductive film
printed
resistance
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US692863A
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English (en)
Inventor
Darwyn L Herbst
Keith E Ewing
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Motors Liquidation Co
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General Motors Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/04—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/042—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient mainly consisting of inorganic non-metallic substances
    • H01C7/043—Oxides or oxidic compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/16—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor
    • H05K1/167—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor incorporating printed resistors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49099—Coating resistive material on a base

Definitions

  • a relatively low resistance printed thermistor assembly having a thermistor film sandwiched between a lower and an upper conductive film which serve as terminals is disclosed.
  • This thermistor assembly is supported by an insulative substrate.
  • a specific example is a sheet of alumina substrate which has a conductive film of palladiumsilver printed thereon.
  • Printed on top of the palladiumsilver film is a thermistor film containing cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and glass.
  • a second palladium-silver conductive film is printed on top of the cobalt oxide-manganese oxide thermistor film.
  • This invention relates to thermistors, and more particularly to a printed low resistance thermistor assembly.
  • Thermistors are defined as being electrical resistors made of a material whose resistance varies sharply in a known manner with the temperature, that is, they have a medium to high temperature coefficient of resistance.
  • Thermistors are formed from copper oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide. The resistivity of these metal oxides separately or individually is high and as a result, mixtures of two or more of these oxides are usually used to obtain a thermistor composition having a lower resistivity.
  • thermistors are discreet ceramiclike beads, rods and discs which have two terminals connected thereto.
  • Thermistors of this type are suitable for use in many applications and are frequently used in highly sensitive thermostats and automatic controls.
  • a conventional strip of a printed resistor film (1 to 2 mils thick) 100 mils wide by 200 mils long terminating at each end of the resistor strip with a con: ductive material would have a resistance which can be varied from as low as 10 ohms up to 10,000 ohms or more at 25 C. "depending upon the resistance desired.
  • Thermistors have such a high resistivity that a conventional strip of printed thermistor film (1 to 2 mils thick) 100 mils wide by 200 mils long of a typical thermistor material would have a resistance of about 5 to 7 million ohms at 25 C., a resistance much too high for most applications. Reducing the length and increasing the width of the thermistor film to 400 mils wide by 40 mils long to achieve the minimum resistance for a thermistor film of this type would lower the resistance to be in the order of 300,000 ohms at 25 C. As a result of the high resistivity of the thermistor material, printed thermistor films have heretofore had a resistance which is too high to be used for most applications. Printed thermistor films having a resistance in the order of 100 to 10,000 ohms at 25 C.
  • a thermistor construction in which a thermistor film is sandwiched between two conductive films. This thermistor film assembly is supported on an insulative substrate. The thermistor film insulates the upper conductive film from the lower conductive film.
  • the resistance of a given thermistor film assembly can be readily adjusted by changing the area of the upper conductive film. For example, increasing the area of the upper conductive film decreases the thermistor assembly resistance.
  • FIGURE 1 is an elevational view partly in cross section of the thermistor assembly in accordance with this invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross sectional view of the thermistor assembly in FIGURE 1 taken along the lines 2-2.
  • thermistor assembly 10 is supported by the insulative substrate 12.
  • the insulative substrate 12 is a thin layer or sheet of a ceramic or glass material having a thickness of about 25 to 40 mils thick. Commercially available fired alumina sheets are preferred although other insulative materials or ceramics may be employed.
  • the thermistor assembly 10 has a lower conductive film 14 which is printed on the substrate 12.
  • the conductive film 14 has a portion thereof 16 which serves as a terminal and which is connected in an electrical circuit (not shown).
  • the conductive film 14 may be palladiumsilver, gold, gold-platinum or any other conductive film suitable for use in printed electrical circuitry. Conductive inks which are commercially available are well suited and preferred for preparing the conductive film 14.
  • the thickness of the lower conductive film is about 0.4 to 1.2 mils with the preferred thickness being 0.7 mil.
  • thermistor film 18 Printed on top of the conductive film 14 is a thermistor film 18.
  • the thermistor film is from 1 to about 10 mils thick with the preferred thickness being about 2 to 3 mils. Thicknesses less than 1 mil are subject to having pin holes therein which permit the transfer of current therethrough. Film thicknesses of 2 to 3 mils or more are preferred since the thickness is sufficient to be relatively free from pin holes.
  • the thermistor film consists of 40 to weight percent of a metal oxide and preferably a mixture of two or more oxides taken from the group consisting of copper oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide and 20 to 60 weight percent of a low melting glass.
  • a preferred thermistor film composition is a mixture containing 45 parts by weight manganese oxide, 55 parts cobalt oxide and 98 parts glass. Such a mixture has a resistivity in the range of 3x10 ohm-centimeters whereas cobalt oxide by itself has a resistivity of 10 ohm-centimeters and manganese oxide by itself has a resistivity of 4 l0 ohm-centimeters.
  • the particle size of the metal oxides should be less than 0.5 mil and preferably about .1 mil in size.
  • the presence of glass in the thermistor film is necessary in order to bond the thermistor material and to provide sufficient abrasion resistance so that the thermistor film can withstand the normal handling and the environments to which the film is exposed during manufacturing. Concentrations of glass below 20 weight percent do not provide sutficient bonding strength and abrasion resistance. Concentrations of glass above 60 weight percent are not satisfactory because the thermistor film becomes brittle and subject to crazing and/or cracking.
  • the glass can be added as a powder or in the form of the commercially available glass paste which contains a carrier or solvent. The preferred particle size of the glass is less than 15 microns.
  • the glass should have a coefiicient of thermal expansion in the range of 6 to 9 10- per degree C.
  • Lead boro silicate glasses are preferred in the practice of this invention.
  • a typical lead borosilicate glass useful in the practice of this invention contains 63 weight percent PbO, 25 weight per-cent B and 12 weight percent SiO and has a melting point of 750 C.
  • the upper conductive film 20 which is sometimes referred to as the counter electrode.
  • the upper conductive film 20 has a portion 22 thereof which serves as a terminal and which is connected in an electrical circuit (not shown).
  • the conductive film 20 may be palladium-silver, gold, gold-platinum or any other conductive film suitable for use in printed electrical circuitry. Conductive inks which are commercially available are well suited and preferred for preparing the conductive film 20.
  • the thickness of the upper conductive film is about 0.4 to 1.2 mils with the preferred thickness being about 0.7 mil.
  • the upper conductive film 20 and the lower conductive film 14 are insulated from each other by the thermistor film 18.
  • the resistance of the thermistor assembly is determined by the resistivity of the thermistor, composition, the thickness of the thermistor film which is the length of the current path, and by the cross sectional area of the upper conductive film as shown by the following formula:
  • Resistivityxlength of the current path Gross sectional area Resistance to change the resistance of the thermistor assembly is by.
  • the resistance of the thermistor assembly can also be changed by changing the thermistor composition so that the resistivity is different.
  • the resultant resistance of the thermistor assembly can be made to be in the 100 to 10,000 ohm at 25 C. resistance range, a range which covers a substantial portion of most thermistor applications.
  • the resistance of the thermistor assembly described in this invention is kept low by making the length of the current path, that is, the thermistor film thickness, small and by making the cross sectional area, that is the area of the upper conductive film or counter electrode, large.
  • the thermistor assembly of this invention is made by printing a conductive ink, for example palladium-silver, onto an alumina substrate so that the resultant film would be 0.5 to 0.7 mil thick.
  • the conductive film is dried and then fired at a temperature of 760 C.
  • resistors are printed in series or parallel with the conductive lead 16 at this time and dried.
  • a thermistor ink containing, for example, 20.6 weight percent cobalt oxide, 16.8 weight percent manganese oxide, 0.6 weight percent ethyl cellulose (binder), 11.9 weight percent diethylene glycol monobutylether (solvent and carrier) and 50 weight percent glass paste containing 75 weight percent solids is printed onto the conductive film 14.
  • the thermistor film is dried and a second layer of thermistor ink is printed on top of the first thermistor film and dried.
  • the resultant thermistor film 18 has a combined thickness of about 2.4 mils.
  • a conductive ink such as previously mentioned is then printed on top of the resultant thermistor film 18.
  • the thermistor assembly is fired in an oven for a period of 40 to 50 minutes in which the temperature goes from room temperature to a peak temperature ofabout 760 C. where it is held for about 10 minutes and then back to room temperature.
  • the resultant thermistor assembly has a resistance of from about to 10,000 ohms or more at 25 C.
  • Example I 1 A palladium-silver conductive ink was printed on an alumina substrate, dried and fired to form a conductive film 225 mils long by 225 m-ils wide by 0.7 mil thick.
  • a thermistor ink composition containing 33 weight percent C0 0 27 weight percent MnO 19 weight percent diethylene glycol monobutylether, 1 weight percent ethyl cellulose and 20 weight percent glass paste (75 weight percent solid) was printed on top of the lower conductive film and then dried. Another layer of the same thermistor ink was printed on top of the first thermistor film layer and dried.
  • the resultant thermistor film had a thickness of 2.4 mils and was 240 mils long by 240 mils wide.
  • the counter electrode or upper con ductive film was formed on top of the thermistor film by printing with a palladium-silver conductive ink.
  • the upper conductive film was 215 mils long by 215 mils wide by 0.7 mil thick.
  • the thermistor assembly was placed in an oven and fired at a peak temperature of 760 C. for 10 minutes. The resistance of the thermistor assembly thus formed was 300 ohms at 25 C.
  • Example 2 A palladium-silver conductive film having a size of 125 mils long by 125 mils wide by 0.7 mil thick was formed as described in Example 1.
  • a thermistor film was formed as described in Example 1 from a thermistor ink containing 23.7 weight percent C0 0 12.9 weight percent MnO 12.8 weight percent diethylene glycol monobutylether, 0.6 weight percent ethyl cellulose and 50 weight percent glass paste (75% solid). The thermistor film was 140 mils wide by 140 mils long by 2.4 mils wide.
  • the upper conductive film was made from a palladium-silver ink and it had a size of mils long by 115 mils wide by 0.7 mil thick.
  • the thermistor assembly was fired as indicated in Example 1.
  • the resistance of the thermistor assembly was 1,000 ohms at 25 C.
  • Example 3 A palladium-silver conductive film was printed having a size of 100 mils long by 100 mils wide by 0.7 mil thick.
  • a thermistor film was printed from a thermistor ink containing 10.5 weight percent C0 0 27.9 weight percent MnO 11.0 weight percent diethylene glycol monobutylether, 0.6 weight percent ethyl cellulose and 50 weight percent glass paste (75% solid). The thermistor film was mils long by 120 mils Wide by 2.4 mils thick.
  • the counter electrode was printed on top of the thermistor film with a palladium-silver ink and had a size of 85 mils long by 85 mils wide by 0.7 mil thick.
  • the thermistor assembly was fired as indicated in Example 1.
  • the resistance of the thermistor assembly was 50,000 ohms at 25 C.
  • this thermistor assembly is being used in a hybrid integrated voltage regulator.
  • This assembly also has many applications in other printed electrical circuits since it provides a process which is compatible With the processing steps used in forming typical printed circuits.
  • This thermistor assembly also provides a means of obtaining a low resistance thermistor assembly having a resistance in the range of 100 to 10,000 ohms or more at 25 C.
  • a thermistor assembly having a resistance between 100 and 100,000 ohms at 25 C. printed on an insulative substrate comprising a first conductive film printed on said substrate, said conductive film having a portion thereof adapted to be connected in an electric circuit,
  • a thermistor film consisting essentially of glass, cobalt oxide and manganese oxide printed on top of said first conductive film and a second conductive film adapted to serve as a terminal printed on top of said thermistor film, said second conductive film being separated from first conductive film by said thermistor film, the area of said second conductive film being less than the area of said thermistor film, whereby said area of said second conductive film determines the resistance of said assembly to a substantial extent.
  • a thermistor assembly having a resistance between 100 and 100,000 ohms at 25 C., printed on an insulative substrate comprising a first conductive film printed on said substrate, said conductive film having a portion on one edge thereof adapted to be connected in an electric circuit,
  • a thermistor film one to ten mils in thickness consisting essentially by weight of 20% to glass and 40% to of manganese oxide and cobalt oxide printed on top of said first conductive film, said thermistor film having an end portion thereof overlapping another edge of said first conductive film and a second conductive film printed on top of said thermistor film, said second conductive film having a portion thereof extending over said thermistor film end portion onto said substrate to be connected in said electric circuit, said second conductive film being separated from said first conductive film by said thermistor film, the area of said second conductive film being less than the area of said thermistor film, wherein said area of said second conductive film determines the resistance of said assembly to a substantial extent.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)
US692863A 1967-12-22 1967-12-22 Thermistor construction Expired - Lifetime US3477055A (en)

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US69286367A 1967-12-22 1967-12-22

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US (1) US3477055A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1815759A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1596172A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1226789A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6818405A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3648363A (en) * 1970-03-06 1972-03-14 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of making resistor
US3851291A (en) * 1974-01-17 1974-11-26 Ceramic Magnetics Inc Thin film thermistor
US3928837A (en) * 1973-09-27 1975-12-23 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ceramic oxide resistor element
US4031272A (en) * 1975-05-09 1977-06-21 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Hybrid integrated circuit including thick film resistors and thin film conductors and technique for fabrication thereof
US4041436A (en) * 1975-10-24 1977-08-09 Allen-Bradley Company Cermet varistors
US4143177A (en) * 1977-01-31 1979-03-06 Panametrics, Inc. Absolute humidity sensors and methods of manufacturing humidity sensors
US4151401A (en) * 1976-04-15 1979-04-24 U.S. Philips Corporation PTC heating device having selectively variable temperature levels
US4160227A (en) * 1977-03-18 1979-07-03 Hitachi, Ltd. Thermistor composition and thick film thermistor
US4160969A (en) * 1976-12-27 1979-07-10 The Garrett Corporation Transducer and method of making
DE2940212A1 (de) * 1978-10-06 1980-05-08 Cardone Magneto Tecnica Magnetische aufspannvorrichtung
US4317367A (en) * 1977-03-18 1982-03-02 Milton Schonberger Fever thermometer, or the like sensor
DE3410578A1 (de) * 1983-03-23 1984-10-04 Sharp K.K., Osaka Duennfilm-feuchtigkeitsmessfuehler
DE3416108A1 (de) * 1983-04-30 1984-11-08 Sharp K.K., Osaka Feuchtigkeits-sensor
US4816737A (en) * 1987-02-18 1989-03-28 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for controlling the charging of rechargeable batteries
US20020125985A1 (en) * 2001-03-09 2002-09-12 Rohm Co., Ltd. Chip resistor
US20060174477A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2006-08-10 Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd. Wiring board provided with a resistor and process for manufacturing the same
WO2010033827A1 (en) * 2008-09-18 2010-03-25 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Printed circuit assembly for a solenoid module for an automatic transmission
US9970533B2 (en) 2013-11-27 2018-05-15 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Solenoid rebuilding method for automatic transmissions
CN108603479A (zh) * 2015-12-17 2018-09-28 Seg汽车德国有限公司 用于内燃机的配备有ntc电阻的起动装置
US20180321091A1 (en) * 2015-11-02 2018-11-08 Epcos Ag Sensor Element and Method for Producing a Sensor Element
CN116487135A (zh) * 2023-06-01 2023-07-25 中山敏瓷科技有限公司 一种片式ntc热敏电阻及其制备用装置

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE460810B (sv) * 1988-06-08 1989-11-20 Astra Meditec Ab Termistor avsedd foer temperaturmaetning samt foerfarande foer tillverkning av densamma
US5273776A (en) * 1991-12-06 1993-12-28 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Method for forming thermistor thin film
DE4420657A1 (de) * 1994-06-14 1995-12-21 Siemens Matsushita Components Sinterkeramik für hochstabile Thermistoren und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2966646A (en) * 1958-06-05 1960-12-27 Servo Corp Of America Flake thermistor
US3015633A (en) * 1957-01-23 1962-01-02 Csf Manufacture of thermistors
US3219480A (en) * 1961-06-29 1965-11-23 Gen Electric Method for making thermistors and article
US3408311A (en) * 1966-09-29 1968-10-29 Du Pont Thermistor compositions and thermistors made therefrom

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3015633A (en) * 1957-01-23 1962-01-02 Csf Manufacture of thermistors
US2966646A (en) * 1958-06-05 1960-12-27 Servo Corp Of America Flake thermistor
US3219480A (en) * 1961-06-29 1965-11-23 Gen Electric Method for making thermistors and article
US3408311A (en) * 1966-09-29 1968-10-29 Du Pont Thermistor compositions and thermistors made therefrom

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3648363A (en) * 1970-03-06 1972-03-14 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of making resistor
US3928837A (en) * 1973-09-27 1975-12-23 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ceramic oxide resistor element
US3851291A (en) * 1974-01-17 1974-11-26 Ceramic Magnetics Inc Thin film thermistor
US4031272A (en) * 1975-05-09 1977-06-21 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Hybrid integrated circuit including thick film resistors and thin film conductors and technique for fabrication thereof
US4041436A (en) * 1975-10-24 1977-08-09 Allen-Bradley Company Cermet varistors
US4151401A (en) * 1976-04-15 1979-04-24 U.S. Philips Corporation PTC heating device having selectively variable temperature levels
US4160969A (en) * 1976-12-27 1979-07-10 The Garrett Corporation Transducer and method of making
US4143177A (en) * 1977-01-31 1979-03-06 Panametrics, Inc. Absolute humidity sensors and methods of manufacturing humidity sensors
US4160227A (en) * 1977-03-18 1979-07-03 Hitachi, Ltd. Thermistor composition and thick film thermistor
US4317367A (en) * 1977-03-18 1982-03-02 Milton Schonberger Fever thermometer, or the like sensor
DE2940212A1 (de) * 1978-10-06 1980-05-08 Cardone Magneto Tecnica Magnetische aufspannvorrichtung
DE3410578A1 (de) * 1983-03-23 1984-10-04 Sharp K.K., Osaka Duennfilm-feuchtigkeitsmessfuehler
DE3416108A1 (de) * 1983-04-30 1984-11-08 Sharp K.K., Osaka Feuchtigkeits-sensor
US4816737A (en) * 1987-02-18 1989-03-28 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for controlling the charging of rechargeable batteries
US20020125985A1 (en) * 2001-03-09 2002-09-12 Rohm Co., Ltd. Chip resistor
US6856233B2 (en) * 2001-03-09 2005-02-15 Rohm Co., Ltd. Chip resistor
US20060174477A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2006-08-10 Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd. Wiring board provided with a resistor and process for manufacturing the same
EP1494514A3 (en) * 2003-07-03 2007-04-18 Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd. Wiring board provided with a resistor and process for manufacturing the same
USD883240S1 (en) 2008-09-18 2020-05-05 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Printed circuit for an automatic transmission solenoid module
WO2010033827A1 (en) * 2008-09-18 2010-03-25 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Printed circuit assembly for a solenoid module for an automatic transmission
US9198301B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2015-11-24 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Printed circuit assembly for a solenoid module for an automatic transmission
US9844137B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2017-12-12 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Printed circuit assembly for a solenoid module for an automatic transmission
US9970533B2 (en) 2013-11-27 2018-05-15 Advanced Powertrain Engineering, Llc Solenoid rebuilding method for automatic transmissions
US20180321091A1 (en) * 2015-11-02 2018-11-08 Epcos Ag Sensor Element and Method for Producing a Sensor Element
US10788377B2 (en) 2015-11-02 2020-09-29 Epcos Ag Sensor element and method for producing a sensor element
US10908030B2 (en) * 2015-11-02 2021-02-02 Epcos Ag Sensor element and method for producing a sensor element
CN108603479B (zh) * 2015-12-17 2020-02-07 Seg汽车德国有限公司 用于内燃机的配备有ntc电阻的起动装置
CN108603479A (zh) * 2015-12-17 2018-09-28 Seg汽车德国有限公司 用于内燃机的配备有ntc电阻的起动装置
CN116487135A (zh) * 2023-06-01 2023-07-25 中山敏瓷科技有限公司 一种片式ntc热敏电阻及其制备用装置
CN116487135B (zh) * 2023-06-01 2023-11-10 中山敏瓷科技有限公司 一种片式ntc热敏电阻及其制备用装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1596172A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-06-15
NL6818405A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-06-24
DE1815759A1 (de) 1969-07-24
GB1226789A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-03-31

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