US3474344A - Pressure vessel for hydrogen - Google Patents

Pressure vessel for hydrogen Download PDF

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US3474344A
US3474344A US718760A US3474344DA US3474344A US 3474344 A US3474344 A US 3474344A US 718760 A US718760 A US 718760A US 3474344D A US3474344D A US 3474344DA US 3474344 A US3474344 A US 3474344A
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hydrogen
shell
liner
pressure vessel
metal
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US718760A
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Alexander I Perl
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Foster Wheeler Inc
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Foster Wheeler Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J3/04—Pressure vessels, e.g. autoclaves
    • B01J3/048—Multiwall, strip or filament wound vessels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J3/002—Component parts of these vessels not mentioned in B01J3/004, B01J3/006, B01J3/02 - B01J3/08; Measures taken in conjunction with the process to be carried out, e.g. safety measures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0417—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the synthesis reactor, e.g. arrangement of catalyst beds and heat exchangers in the reactor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • PRESSURE VE SSSSSSSSSSSSS EN United States Patent 3,474,344 PRESSURE VESSEL FOR HYDROGEN Alexander I. Perl, Flushing, N.Y., assignor to Foster Wheeler Corporation, Livingston, N.J., a corporation of New York 7 Filed Apr. 4, 1968, Ser. No. 718,760 Int. Cl. B013 3/00; B65d 25/14; B23k 31/02 US. Cl. 2203 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Weld clad head is attached to a pressure vessel having a metal to metal stainless liner with a mill clad loose backing strip and weld clad thereover.
  • the shell plate of this vessel is made of high strength quenched and tempered carbon steel material. Under typical operating conditions some of the hydrogen becomes nascent H instead ofll At high pressures and temperatures nascent hydrogen has the remarkable ability to permeate the linear and walls of the vessel.
  • nascent hydrogen has the remarkable ability to permeate the linear and walls of the vessel.
  • CH carbon in the metal
  • alloying elements such as molybdenum or columbium
  • the hydrogen reacts with the carbon to form methane, CH
  • the methane builds up suflicient pressure in tiny molecular voids in the metal to cause fissures.
  • the build up of such fissures destroys the metal ductility and eventually its strength in a phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement, which proceeds as a function of temperature, pressure and time.
  • the pressure vessel has an outer wall of material selected for strength only, such as a low cost, high strength, quenched and tempered shell plate of ice carbon steel.
  • This wall 10 has a vent hole 12 therethrough near the top for hydrogen.
  • the pressure vessel also comprises an inner liner 14 of material not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably a stainless or chromium alloy steel.
  • This liner is in metal to metal contact with the outer Wall 10 along the line 15 preferably hydraulically expanded therein, but with no metallurgical bond therebetween, thereby providing an escape path for hydrogen that permeates through the liner.
  • the liner 14 has an inner cladding 16 of hydrogen resistant material.
  • a shell head 18 of material not subject to hydrogen embrittlement On top of the outer wall 10 is a shell head 18 of material not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably the same as that of the liner 14.
  • the head 18 is weld clad as at 20 with a material resistant to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably the same as the shell liner cladding 16.
  • the bottom of the weld clad shell 18 is welded as at 22 to the top of the shell Wall 10, and a loose backing strip 24 is placed in position over the weld 22 and over the inner end of the shell vent hole 12.
  • a weld overlay 26 is applied over the loose backing strip 24, this overlay being preferably of the same material as the liner cladding 16 and the head cladding 20.
  • a pressure vessel for containing hydrogen comprising an outer shell of carbon steel
  • said liner being in metal to metal contact with said outer shell by hydraulically expanding said liner into said outer shell without any metallurgical bond therebetween, thereby providing an escape path for hydrogen that permeates through the liner;
  • a shell head of alloy not subject to hydrogen embrittlement and weld clad with hydrogen resistant material said shell head being welded to said outer shell;

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Description

Oct. 21, 1969 A. PERL 3,474,344
PRESSURE VE SSSSSSSSSSSSS EN United States Patent 3,474,344 PRESSURE VESSEL FOR HYDROGEN Alexander I. Perl, Flushing, N.Y., assignor to Foster Wheeler Corporation, Livingston, N.J., a corporation of New York 7 Filed Apr. 4, 1968, Ser. No. 718,760 Int. Cl. B013 3/00; B65d 25/14; B23k 31/02 US. Cl. 2203 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Weld clad head is attached to a pressure vessel having a metal to metal stainless liner with a mill clad loose backing strip and weld clad thereover.
Background of the invention This invention was developed for pressure vessels containing hydrogen, such as ammonia reactor vessels.
For reasons of economy, the shell plate of this vessel is made of high strength quenched and tempered carbon steel material. Under typical operating conditions some of the hydrogen becomes nascent H instead ofll At high pressures and temperatures nascent hydrogen has the remarkable ability to permeate the linear and walls of the vessel. In a steel such as the shell plate, where the carbon in the metal is not tightly bonded by alloying elements such as molybdenum or columbium the hydrogen reacts with the carbon to form methane, CH The methane builds up suflicient pressure in tiny molecular voids in the metal to cause fissures. The build up of such fissures destroys the metal ductility and eventually its strength in a phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement, which proceeds as a function of temperature, pressure and time.
Summary of the invention Applicants invention provides metal to metal contact under hydraulic pressure, but with no metallurgical bond therebetween thereby providing an escape path for hydrogen that permeates through the liner. Outboard of this boundary the hydrogen pressure cannot build up and damage the shell plate. Inboard of the liner, and in the vessel head, an alloy not subject to hydrogen embrittlement must be used.
Brief description of the drawing In the drawing the single figure is a vertical cross section through the welded joint between the shell wall and the shell head of the pressure vessel for hydrogen according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Description of the preferred embodiments As shown, the pressure vessel has an outer wall of material selected for strength only, such as a low cost, high strength, quenched and tempered shell plate of ice carbon steel. This wall 10 has a vent hole 12 therethrough near the top for hydrogen.
The pressure vessel also comprises an inner liner 14 of material not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably a stainless or chromium alloy steel. This liner is in metal to metal contact with the outer Wall 10 along the line 15 preferably hydraulically expanded therein, but with no metallurgical bond therebetween, thereby providing an escape path for hydrogen that permeates through the liner. The liner 14 has an inner cladding 16 of hydrogen resistant material.
On top of the outer wall 10 is a shell head 18 of material not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably the same as that of the liner 14. The head 18 is weld clad as at 20 with a material resistant to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably the same as the shell liner cladding 16.
The bottom of the weld clad shell 18 is welded as at 22 to the top of the shell Wall 10, and a loose backing strip 24 is placed in position over the weld 22 and over the inner end of the shell vent hole 12. A weld overlay 26 is applied over the loose backing strip 24, this overlay being preferably of the same material as the liner cladding 16 and the head cladding 20.
What is claimed is:
1. A pressure vessel for containing hydrogen comprising an outer shell of carbon steel;
an inner liner of alloy not subject to hydrogen embrittlement;
said liner being in metal to metal contact with said outer shell by hydraulically expanding said liner into said outer shell without any metallurgical bond therebetween, thereby providing an escape path for hydrogen that permeates through the liner;
a shell head of alloy not subject to hydrogen embrittlement and weld clad with hydrogen resistant material, said shell head being welded to said outer shell;
a loose backing strip placed in position over the weld between said shell head and outer shell; and a high ductility weld clad overly applied over said loose backing strip in contact with said inner liner and said shell head.
2. A pressure vessel according to claim 1 in which said interliner is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel and chromium alloy steel.
3. A pressure vessel according to claim 1 in which said interliner is a weld clad, hydrogen resistant material.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,209,290 7/ 1940 Watts 29-471.1 X 3,231,338 1/ 1966 Andrus 23290 RAPHAEL H. SCHWARTZ, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 29-471.l, 482
US718760A 1968-04-04 1968-04-04 Pressure vessel for hydrogen Expired - Lifetime US3474344A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3612345A (en) * 1969-07-22 1971-10-12 Fike Metal Prod Corp Rupture disc pressure relief structure for polymerization reactors
US3733686A (en) * 1971-10-27 1973-05-22 Du Pont Method for welding titanium clad steel
US4073427A (en) * 1976-10-07 1978-02-14 Fansteel Inc. Lined equipment with triclad wall construction
US4142664A (en) * 1977-09-21 1979-03-06 Titanium Fabrication Corporation Method of joining titanium clad steel plates
US5565393A (en) * 1992-09-22 1996-10-15 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Corrosion resistant equipment for manufacturing highly fluorinated alkanes

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2209290A (en) * 1937-05-01 1940-07-23 Standard Oil Co Noncorrosive vessel
US3231338A (en) * 1962-04-19 1966-01-25 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co Multi-layer pressure vessel for high temperature hydrogenation processes

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2209290A (en) * 1937-05-01 1940-07-23 Standard Oil Co Noncorrosive vessel
US3231338A (en) * 1962-04-19 1966-01-25 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co Multi-layer pressure vessel for high temperature hydrogenation processes

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3612345A (en) * 1969-07-22 1971-10-12 Fike Metal Prod Corp Rupture disc pressure relief structure for polymerization reactors
US3733686A (en) * 1971-10-27 1973-05-22 Du Pont Method for welding titanium clad steel
US4073427A (en) * 1976-10-07 1978-02-14 Fansteel Inc. Lined equipment with triclad wall construction
US4142664A (en) * 1977-09-21 1979-03-06 Titanium Fabrication Corporation Method of joining titanium clad steel plates
US5565393A (en) * 1992-09-22 1996-10-15 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Corrosion resistant equipment for manufacturing highly fluorinated alkanes

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