US3450830A - Photographic reproduction employing both sharp and unsharp masking - Google Patents

Photographic reproduction employing both sharp and unsharp masking Download PDF

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US3450830A
US3450830A US579298A US3450830DA US3450830A US 3450830 A US3450830 A US 3450830A US 579298 A US579298 A US 579298A US 3450830D A US3450830D A US 3450830DA US 3450830 A US3450830 A US 3450830A
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signal
signals
circuit
colour
photo
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Derek J Kyte
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Itek Graphix Corp
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Assigned to ITEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION A CORP OF DE reassignment ITEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION A CORP OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ALLIED CORPORATION A NY CORP., LINOTYPE-PAUL LIMITED AN ENGLISH CORP
Assigned to ITEK GRAPHIX CORP., 800 SOUTH STREET, 5TH FLOOR, WALTHAM, MA. 02254-9055, A CORP. OF DE. reassignment ITEK GRAPHIX CORP., 800 SOUTH STREET, 5TH FLOOR, WALTHAM, MA. 02254-9055, A CORP. OF DE. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ITEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.
Assigned to MANUFACTURERS HANOVER COMMERCIAL CORPORATION reassignment MANUFACTURERS HANOVER COMMERCIAL CORPORATION SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ITEK GRAPHIX CORP.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/46—Colour picture communication systems
    • H04N1/56—Processing of colour picture signals
    • H04N1/58—Edge or detail enhancement; Noise or error suppression, e.g. colour misregistration correction

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  • FIG. 36 MAXIMUM OF Y.M, C AND w SIGNALS OUTPUT OF SUBTRACTION CIRCUIT 42 zuvzmon 'DEPEK d. KYTE aawm'am g 3A.
  • reds, warm blues, blacks, etc. were bounded by colours which appear light (e.g. yellows, light greens, etc.).
  • originals were being reproduced which comprised regions of warm colours (e.g. reds, oranges) which appear dark to the human eye bounding, or bounded by, light greys or colours which appear light to the eye, intermediate haloes occurred.
  • a typical example might be a picture of a basket of red cherries, many of which catch the reflection from a nearby source of light and, as a consequence, have almost white highlights on their surfaces. Because the unsharp masking signal is derived from luminance signals, it will be particularly effective at the boundaries between the red cherries and the highlights on their surfaces.
  • luminance unsharp masking will be to exaggerate this change, so that a dark halo appears on the red side of the junction and a light halo on the white side. In the final printed reproduction, this will result in a dark ring appearing around the highlights on the cherries. Furthermore, when reproducing originals in which the flesh tones are rather red, a common fault with duplicated transparencies, the effect of luminance unsharp masking on such originals can be to exaggerate the blemishes on flesh and given an unpleasant sore appearance to the printed reproduction.
  • a practical difiiculty encountered with certain of such systems is that it is necessary for the photo-cells (or photo-multipliers) and the associated electrical circuits to be very exactly balanced with respect to colour. If this is not the case, then the unsharp masking signal may be other than zero when scanning areas of the original of uniform colour. If such is the case, then the unsharp masking signal will alter the colour balance of the reproduction.
  • the unsharp masking signal may also contain noise which will be added to the main separation signals in the computer and will increase the signal to noise ratio.
  • an ideal method of producing an unsharp masking signal would be to combine a sharp black separation with an inverted unsharp black separation.
  • the resultant signal would be significant only in neutral details and could be used to increase the contrast of such details on any or all of the colour separations.
  • the basic method of producing a black separation electronically consists of selecting at every instant of time that one of the three colour separation signals which represents the least amount of ink. This principle is well known in the art and needs no further discussion here. Suffice to say that the three colour separation signals are derived primarily from three photo-cells or photo-multipliers, each of which has a different colour filter in front of it, and each of which receives part of the light resulting from the scanning of a small element of a coloured transparency or reflection original.
  • FIG. 1 represents diagrammatically one form of electro-optical colour separation device incorporating the 1nvention.
  • FIG. 2 shows in block diagram form the electronic circuitry associated with the application of the invention.
  • FIGS. 3A-3P show various signal wave-forms within the electronic circuits.
  • FIG. 4 shows one form of actual circuit performing the functions shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2.
  • a transparent scanning cylinder 1 and an exposing cylinder 2 rotate in synchronism and are driven by a constant speed motor (not shown).
  • a colour transparency is held on the outer surface of cylinder 1 and a beam of light from lamp 3 and lens 4 is projected through the drum and the transparency mounted thereon.
  • the emergent light is collected by lens 5, which is disposed so as to focus an image of the illuminated point of the transparency onto the plane of an aperture plate 6.
  • This plate contains a small hole which will normally be approximately in the centre of the area of plate 6 illuminated by the image.
  • the light emerging from the hole is collimated by lens 7 and split into three beams by the partially reflecting surfaces 8, 9 and the fully reflecting surface 10.
  • One of the signals for example the magenta signal, is shown connected to the circuit 21, whose function is explained below.
  • the output of circuit 21 is fed to the tonal and contrast adjustment circuits 22, the output signal from which controls the brightness of a glow modulator lamp 23.
  • the light from this lamp is focussed by lens 24 to form a small spot on a sheet of light sensitive film held on the cylinder 2.
  • the cylinders Whilst the cylinders revolve, they (or the scanning and exposing optics) are made to move transversely by a feed mechanism (not shown) so that the whole transparency is scanned in a spiral fashion and the film cylinder 2 is virtually simultaneously exposed point by point and line by line.
  • the image on the film will be representative of the amount of magenta ink, for example, which in conjunction with other inks is required to reproduce the colours of the original transparency.
  • a printing plate may be made from this film by any of the usual methods.
  • circuit 21 By repeating the scanning process with circuit 21 connected in turn to the yellow, cyan and black outputs of circuit 20, successive films may be produced which represent the amounts of yellow, cyan and black inks required to reproduce the original.
  • circuits 21, 22, glow lamp 23 and lens 24 may be provided, together with four exposing cylinders, so that all four colour separations may be produced simultaneously.
  • the additional components for adding contrast mainly to neutral details consist of partially reflecting surface 25, filter 26, photo-cell 27 and the circuits 28, 29 and 21. It is a necessary condition for these circuits to be effective that the photo-cell 27 receives light from a larger element of the transparency than do the photo-cells 14, 15 and 16. This condition will be met if the image of the illuminated element of the transparency on aperture plate 6 is larger than the hole in this plate. Suitably, the image would be two or three times the diameter of the hole.
  • the photo-cell 27 must have a sensitivity over virtually the whole visible range of wavelengths and this sensitivity should be substantially equal in the three regions of the visible spectrum to that defined by the blue, green, and red, colour filters in combination with the photocathodes of photo-cells 14, 15 and 16. This is easy to achieve with photo-cells having S11 photo-cathodes by placing a light orange filter in front. The object of filter 26, therefore, is to achieve this condition. Its exact colour will, however, depend on the type of photo-cathode possessed by photocell 27. Thus photo-cell 27 is making a white light scan, in contra-distinction to photo-cells 14, 15 and 16 which make blue, green and red light scans respectively.
  • circuit 28 which is preferably of exactly the same type as circuits 17, 18 and 19.
  • the output from circuit 28 designated by W, and the Y, M and C outputs from circuit 20 are all fed into the circuit 29, in which a special signal is derived for the purposes of improving the contrast of small details.
  • FIG. 2 shows the main parts of circuit 29 in block diagram form.
  • circuit 34 which is a maximum signal selector.
  • the output of circuit 34 on conductor 38 is equal at every instant to whichever one of the four inputs is the greatest in amplitude. It is assumed that the signal amplitude in all cases increases with increasing transmittance of the scanned transparency (i.e. light areas give high signals, dense areas give low signals).
  • the signals Y, M and C are also fed into maximum signal amplitude selector 35. The greatest of these therefore appears at the output of this circuit on conductor 39. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the signal on conductor 39 is representative of the neutral content of that part of the transparency being scanned. In other words, the signal on conductor 39 is a black separation. Conductors 38, 39 are connected to substraction circuit 42, which is arranged to subtract the signal on conductor 39 from that on conductor 38.
  • the output of circuit 34 will be W. In this case, therefore, the output of circuit 42 will be the result of subtracting the largest of the Y, M and C signals from the W signal.
  • the signals Y, M, C and W are fed to a minimum selector circuit 36.
  • the signal at the output of this circuit on conductor 40 will be equal to the least of the the four input signals.
  • the signals Y, M and C are also fed to a minimum selector circuit 37, the output of which on conductor 41 represents the least of the three inputs.
  • Conductors 40, 41 are connected to subtraction circuit 43 which is arranged to subtract the signal on 41 from the signal on 40.
  • the outputs 44, 46 of the two subtraction circuits 42 and 43 are fed via separate adjustable potentiometers 45 and 47 to the addition circuit 50, the output of which appears on conductor 51.
  • the output signal on conductor 51 is added to the main separation signals, either One at a time in turn in a single circuit 21, or simultaneously in respective circuits 21.
  • the Y, M and C signals are equal and high (the so-called white level).
  • the Y, M and C signals are equal and low (the so-called black level).
  • the Y signal is equal to the black level and the M and C signals are equal to the white level.
  • the M signal is equal to the black level and the Y and C signals are equal to the white level.
  • the C signal is equal to the black level and the M and Y signals are equal to the white level.
  • the waveforms shown in FIG. 3 are constructed by joining points by straight lines and are only for illustrative purposes.
  • the actual waveforms obtained in practice will be composed mainly of curves, the shape of such curves depending on the shape of the scanned picture elements and the amplitude response curves of the electronic circuits.
  • FIG. 3A shows a test transparency consisting of narrow yellow, magenta cyan and middle grey strips on a white background followed by similar strips on a black background.
  • FIGS. 3B, 3C and 3D show the amplitude of the Y, M and C signals respectively when such a transparency is scanned from left to right.
  • the horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis represents amplitude in arbitrary units.
  • the instantaneous maximum of the Y, M and C signals is shown in FIG. 3E, and this will be the output signal from the circuit 35 in FIG. 2. It will be seen that this signal is at the white level, or attains the white level, for all coloured regions, whereas in neutral areas its amplitude corresponds to the strength of grey present in the original.
  • FIG. 3F shows the W signal. Because this signal is derived from the scanning of a larger element of the original, the responses to scanned details stretch over a longer period of time than those illustrated in FIGS. 3B, C and D. Moreover, in the case of small netural details which are smaller than the scanned element, the amplitude change when traversing such details is less than for a scanning element of smaller size.
  • FIG. 36 is shown the instantaneous maximum of the Y, M, C and W signals. It will be seen that the peak response to coloured areas is identical with that of the signal shown in FIG. 3B.
  • the output of the subtraction circuit 42 which subtracts the signal of FIG. 3G from that of FIG. 3B, will be zero in pure colours. This output is shown in FIG. 3H.
  • the output of the adding circuit 50 on conductor 51 will be similar to the output of subtraction circuit 42 except that the amplitude may be reduced by the setting of potentiometer 45. This signal is added to the main separation signal in the addition circuit 21.
  • potentiometer 45 If potentiometer 45 is set so that its slider is at earth potential, there is no effect on the separation signal and it will have one of the forms shown in FIGS. 3B, C, D or E. In particular, the black separation signal will be similar to that shown in FIG. 3B. If this black separation signal is being used for exposing, i.e. it is connected to the input of circuit 21, and if now the potentiometer 45 is rotated so that its slider is no longer at earth potential, then the output of circuit 21 will be a modified black signal as illustrated in FIG. 3].
  • circuit 36, 37 and 43 operate in an analoguous manner to those discussed above.
  • the output of circuit 37 represents the instantaneous minimum of the signals Y, M and C and is illustrated in FIG. 3K.
  • the output of circuit 36 represents the instantaneous minimum of the Y, M, C and W signals and this is illustrated in FIG. 3L.
  • the subtraction circuit 43 subtracts the output from circuit 36 from that of circuit 37 and its output is shown in FIG. 3M.
  • the response of the white photo-cell 27 will be less with respect to the white level than the greatest of the responses from the blue Y, green M or red C photo-cells and will be greater with respect to the white level than the least of the responses from the blue, green or red photo-cells.
  • the effect will be that for certain colours very near neutral, the response of photo-cell 27 may not be less than the greatest or more than the least of the three responses from the blue, green and red cells. Since the colour concerned is near neutral, however, the response of the white photo-cell and both the maximum and minimum responses of the blue, gr en and red photo-cells will be so close together that the output of the subtraction circuits 42 and 43 will be near zero anyhow. Thus the effect on the main separation signal will be insignificant. Such effects are in any event minimized by the noise suppression circuits described below.
  • circuit 35 When scanning large (in the above sense) neutral areas, the Y, M, C and W signals will all be equal.
  • the output of circuit 35 will thus contain the instantaneous maximum of the noise signals on the Y, M and C inputs.
  • the output of circuit 34 will contain the instantaneous maximum of the Y, M, C and W noise signals. These two outputs will not have fully correlated noise signals and thus there will in this case be some noise present at the output of subtraction circuit 42. Similarly, noise will be present at the output of circuit 43.
  • noise signals can be eliminated by introducing threshold values in the circuits 34 and 36 so that in the former case, the W signal is only selected if it is greater than either the Y, M or C signals by a certain value, and in the latter case the W signal is only selected it it is less than the Y, M, or C signals by a certain value.
  • the value of the threshold should be chosen to be greater than the peak noise voltage expected on the W signal plus the peak noise voltage expected on the Y, M or C signals.
  • the threshold value will mean that output from the circuits 34 and 36 will be derived only from Y, M and C signals.
  • the noise signals from circuits 34 and 35, and from 36 and 37 will be correlated and the outputs of subtraction circuits 42 and 53 will be substantially noise free.
  • threshold values as explained above will also prevent small differences in the colour sensitivity of photo-cell 27 from the ideal from affecting the separations. Moreover, the existence of thresholds will prevent the detail contrast system from Working when very small or very low contrast details are being scanned. This can be advantageous in preventing grain and dust spots on the original transparency from being exaggerated on the exposed separations.
  • the Y, M and C signals fed to the detail contrast circuit 29 are taken from the outputs of the colour correction circuits 20. It is not essential that this is done. The system will operate satisfactorily if the Y, M and C signals from the outputs of the amplifiers 17, 18 and 19 are used instead. In this case, however, the increase in detail contrast may have a slight eifect on certain pure colour detailsparticula-rly the green, blue and violet details. The reason for this is that when scanning such colours, the basic photo-cell signals Will indicate that they contain an appreciable amount of grey. The effect is not great, and may be advantageous in some cases.
  • FIG. 4 a circuit is shown which performs the functions shown in block form in FIG. 2.
  • This particular circuit is designed for DC. operation and it is assumed in this case that the Y, M and C signals are available as DC. signals of both polarities. Thus the signals Y, M and C are negative going Whilst the signals Y, M and C are positive going. The signal W is only required as a negative going signal.
  • Diodes D1, D2 and D3 form a maximum signal selector so that the signal on conductor 1 is positive and equal to the maximum of the Y, M and C signals, less the voltage drop across a diode. These three diodes form the equivalent of circuit 35 in FIG. 2.
  • Diodes D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8 for-m another maximum signal selector Diodes D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8 for-m another maximum signal selector.
  • the signal conductor 3 is negative and equal to the maximum of the Y, M and C signals and the signal at the junction of D7 and D8, less the volts drop across one diode.
  • the signal at the junction of D7 and D8 is equal to the W signal less the volts drop across D8.
  • D8 gives the threshold value referred to above for the suppression of noise in neutral areas.
  • the signals on conductors 1 and 3 are added by the network of resistors R1, R2, potentiometer P1, DC amplifier 50 and the feedback resistor R7. This is standard circuitry and needs no further explanation here.
  • Diodes D9, D10 and D11, together with diode 17 and resistor R connected to a positive bias potential form a minimum selector circuit equivalent to circuit 37 in FIG. 2.
  • the potential at the junction of resistors R3 and R5 is positive and equal to the least of the Y, M and C signals less twice the volts drop across a diode.
  • the purpose of diode D17 is to make this circuit symmetrical, as far as the Y, M and C signals are concerned, with the second minimum selector described below.
  • the diodes D12, D13, D14, D15, D16 and resistor R6 connected to a n egative bias voltage form a second minimum selector.
  • the signal at the junction of R4 and R6 is negative and equal to the least of (Y2V), (M2V), (C2V) and (W- V) signals, where V is the volts drop across a diode.
  • the threshold value in this case is obtained by inserting a diode D16 in series with that part of the circuit concerned with obtaining the minimum of the Y, M and C signals.
  • the signals on conductors 4 and 6 are of opposite polarity and are added by the network R3, R4, potentiometer P2 and the DC. amplifier 50 and feedback resis- 10 tor R7. This addition process corresponds to the subtraction circuit 43 of the FIG. 2.
  • the output of the whole circuit is on conducor 51 and this may be added to the main separation signal as described earlier to improve the contrast of small neutral details.
  • the amount of the effect may be controlled by potentiometers P1, which affects primarily dark details on a light background and P2, which affects light details on a dark background.
  • Similar circuits may be devised for achieving the same functions, either with DC. or AC. signals. No mention has been made of the nature of the amplitude response of the circuitry to the original photocell signals. They may bear a linear relationship or a logarithmic relationship or any combination of these. With linear characteristics, the effect of the detail contrast circuits will be reduced where dark details against dark backgrounds are concerned relative to their effect on light details on light backgrounds With logarithmic relationships, the effect of the detail contrast circuits may be made to extend to dark details against dark backgrounds.
  • Apparatus for the production of colour separation images from coloured originals comprising photo-electric sharp scanning equipment and associated colour separation equipment for producing electrical colour separation signals; photoelectric unsharp scanning equipment for producing electrical white signals; means for determining a first difference (if any) between the maximum individual signal amplitude occurring among the colour separation signals plus the White signal, and the maximum individual signal amplitude occurring among the colour separation signals alone; means for determining a second difference (if any) between the minimum individual signal amplitude occurring among the colour separation signals plus the white signal and the minimum individual signal amplitude occurring among the colour separation signals alone; means for determining the sum of said first and second differences; and means for adding said sum to each of the colour separation signals to form the signals to be used in the production of the colour separation images.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and comprising means for ensuring that the White signal is selected as the signal of maximum, or minimum, amplitude, only if the white signal is greater, or less, than each of the colour separation signals by a predetermined amount.

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US579298A 1965-09-20 1966-09-14 Photographic reproduction employing both sharp and unsharp masking Expired - Lifetime US3450830A (en)

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GB40081/65A GB1096376A (en) 1965-09-20 1965-09-20 Improvements in or relating to photographic reproduction

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DE (1) DE1522502A1 (de)
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NL (1) NL6613084A (de)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3651249A (en) * 1969-02-25 1972-03-21 Hell Rudolf Dr Ing Method of reproducing polychromatic picture originals
US3887939A (en) * 1972-04-27 1975-06-03 Eastman Kodak Co Scanning apparatus and method using sharp and unsharp spots
US4005475A (en) * 1972-06-02 1977-01-25 Dr. -Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh Method for improving sharpness when recording half-tone pictures by modulating a sharpness signal
US4054916A (en) * 1972-06-02 1977-10-18 Dr. -Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh Apparatus for improving sharpness when recording continuous-tone pictures
US4097892A (en) * 1976-10-08 1978-06-27 Balding George H Video color film analyzer
US4250522A (en) * 1978-01-20 1981-02-10 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Color facsimile previewer
US4403258A (en) * 1980-11-07 1983-09-06 Ringier & Co., Ag. Method and device for sequentially imaging an original
DE3417188A1 (de) * 1983-05-10 1984-11-15 Canon K.K., Tokio/Tokyo Verfahren und system zur farbbildreproduktion
US5678715A (en) * 1993-05-21 1997-10-21 Stoughton Composites, Inc. Composite stacking frame assembly for shipping container
US9067729B2 (en) 2005-09-02 2015-06-30 Sti Holdings, Inc. Compartmentalized stacking posts and container with compartmentalized stacking posts

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS55146451A (en) * 1979-05-02 1980-11-14 Dainippon Screen Mfg Co Ltd Sharpness emphasis method in image scanning recorder
US4264921A (en) * 1979-06-29 1981-04-28 International Business Machines Corporation Apparatus for color or panchromatic imaging
JP2677283B2 (ja) * 1984-06-14 1997-11-17 キヤノン株式会社 カラー画像処理装置

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2981792A (en) * 1957-10-31 1961-04-25 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Color correction computer for engraving machines
US3100815A (en) * 1959-04-29 1963-08-13 Newspaper Entpr Ass Inc Apparatus for producing color separation negatives and the like
US3110761A (en) * 1960-02-03 1963-11-12 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Colour printer with colour correction

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2981792A (en) * 1957-10-31 1961-04-25 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Color correction computer for engraving machines
US3100815A (en) * 1959-04-29 1963-08-13 Newspaper Entpr Ass Inc Apparatus for producing color separation negatives and the like
US3110761A (en) * 1960-02-03 1963-11-12 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Colour printer with colour correction

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3651249A (en) * 1969-02-25 1972-03-21 Hell Rudolf Dr Ing Method of reproducing polychromatic picture originals
US3887939A (en) * 1972-04-27 1975-06-03 Eastman Kodak Co Scanning apparatus and method using sharp and unsharp spots
US4005475A (en) * 1972-06-02 1977-01-25 Dr. -Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh Method for improving sharpness when recording half-tone pictures by modulating a sharpness signal
US4054916A (en) * 1972-06-02 1977-10-18 Dr. -Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh Apparatus for improving sharpness when recording continuous-tone pictures
US4097892A (en) * 1976-10-08 1978-06-27 Balding George H Video color film analyzer
US4250522A (en) * 1978-01-20 1981-02-10 Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. Color facsimile previewer
US4403258A (en) * 1980-11-07 1983-09-06 Ringier & Co., Ag. Method and device for sequentially imaging an original
DE3417188A1 (de) * 1983-05-10 1984-11-15 Canon K.K., Tokio/Tokyo Verfahren und system zur farbbildreproduktion
US5678715A (en) * 1993-05-21 1997-10-21 Stoughton Composites, Inc. Composite stacking frame assembly for shipping container
US9067729B2 (en) 2005-09-02 2015-06-30 Sti Holdings, Inc. Compartmentalized stacking posts and container with compartmentalized stacking posts
US9334107B2 (en) 2005-09-02 2016-05-10 Sti Holdings, Inc. Gusseted container and method of manufacturing same
US9487352B2 (en) 2005-09-02 2016-11-08 Sti Holdings, Inc. Container with supports

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NL6613084A (de) 1967-03-21
FR1500276A (fr) 1967-11-03
GB1096376A (en) 1967-12-29
DE1522502A1 (de) 1969-09-18

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