US3446655A - Method of producing refractory metal articles - Google Patents
Method of producing refractory metal articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3446655A US3446655A US466113A US3446655DA US3446655A US 3446655 A US3446655 A US 3446655A US 466113 A US466113 A US 466113A US 3446655D A US3446655D A US 3446655DA US 3446655 A US3446655 A US 3446655A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- article
- glaze
- tantalum
- niobium
- metals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 25
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 43
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 43
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 25
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 22
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 11
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 10
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 4
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-NJFSPNSNSA-N silicon-30 atom Chemical compound [30Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004017 vitrification Methods 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-BJUDXGSMSA-N Boron-10 Chemical compound [10B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGUJWQZQKHUJMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[B] Chemical compound [AlH3].[B] FGUJWQZQKHUJMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARZRWOQKELGYTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [V].[Mn] Chemical compound [V].[Mn] ARZRWOQKELGYTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical class O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYSYRRRAJPTBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium molybdenum tungsten Chemical compound [Cr][W][Mo] OYSYRRRAJPTBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052851 sillimanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- PMTRSEDNJGMXLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium zirconium Chemical compound [Ti].[Zr] PMTRSEDNJGMXLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D5/00—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/02—Alloys based on vanadium, niobium, or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/18—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/936—Chemical deposition, e.g. electroless plating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/937—Sprayed metal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/938—Vapor deposition or gas diffusion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/939—Molten or fused coating
Definitions
- a refractory article formed of a metallic material composed of at least 50% by weight of niobium or tantalum has its surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze composed of 30% to 50% silicon, vanadium and/or manganese to 25 and at least three of the following: tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, and boron.
- the invention relates to refractory articles composed principally of niobium or tantalum, or of an alloy comprising at least fifty percent by weight of one of these metals, and having a surface modified to reduce interstitial penetration at high temperatures by gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
- the surface is protected by an outer surface layer which is a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze):
- metal is used in this specification to include silicon and boron.
- the outer surface layer in the form of a glaze, better resistance to interstitial penetration by gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen is obtained, than with an unglazed outer surface layer, but it is necessary for the glaze to be resistant to de-vitrification.
- gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen
- the glaze In general, the more complex the constitution of the glaze, the more resistant it is to de-vitrification, which is important for glazes exposed to attack by de-vitrification at low temperatures, say 1100 C. or less. A reasonable degree of resistance is obtained by including at least five elements.
- an adherent coating of the constituent metals of the glaze, or at least of those not already present in the body of the article is applied to the surface of the article by dipping in a slurry or by a cold or hot spraying process, and the article is then heated at least once under non-oxidizing conditions to fuse the coating onto the article and then under oxidizing conditions to oxidise and glaze the coating.
- This method may be used to coat articles which have previously been given a metallising protective treatment by the same or another method, the final treatment being either for the purpose of enhancing the general protection or to repair parts of the previously formed protective layer which have become damaged or removed.
- the article which may already have had a diffusion treatment with silicon and/or other metals, is dipped in a slurry composed of the metal constituents of the glaze, including silicon, vanadium and/or manganese, in the form of powder passing a 200 mesh per inch sieve in admixture with a suspensionpromoting agent such as modified bentonite and a binder such as acrylic resin in toluene,
- a suspensionpromoting agent such as modified bentonite
- a binder such as acrylic resin in toluene
- the article with the dry adherent coating is then heated in a vacuum better than 10- millimeters of mercury, or in argon, for 3 hours at 1350 C., or at a somewhat higher temperature for a shorter period, to cause the coating to become fused to and partly difiused into the article, this action being assisted by the presence of the silicon and vanadium and/or manganese.
- the proportions of metals in the slurry correspond to those of the metal in the final glaze, subject to diffusion of metals from the underlying article.
- the proportions of the constituents of the slurry it is possible to control the glaze reform temperature of the glaze.
- the significance of this is that if the glaze becomes cracked or holed, then the newly exposed surface, which may be metallic or mixed metals and oxides, will automatically oxidize and reglaze as soon as the article during use is raised to a temperature above the glaze reform temperature.
- the glaze reform temperature of the metals of slurry A is about 1200 C.
- the glaze reform temperature of the metals of slurry B is about 1400 C.
- Articles made by this process have been found to have a life of from 150 and 200 hours at 1300 C. in oxidising gases.
- Articles made from tantalum may be treated in the same way except that the content of tantalum in the slurry is replaced by niobium, so as to maintain the same degree of complexity of the glaze.
- Method II This method is similar to Method I except that the adherent coating is applied by a hot spraying process, for example by flame spraying or plasma arc spraying. Furthermore, the initial heating in vacuum or argon can be dispensed with; fusing, diffusing and glazing being effected by a single heating period in air for about 3 hours at 1300 C.
- Spraying, hot or cold, is suitable for articles of simple shape such as gas turbine blades, while dipping is preferable for articles of complex shape such as combustion chambers of gas turbine engines.
- Method III After degreasing and vapour blasting, an article made from niobium is packed in a mixture of metal powders of about 150-200 mesh per inch particle size with about 0.5% by weight of potassium fluoride contained in a refractory container made for example of alumina, sillimanite or mullite, and having a loose fitting lid.
- the metal powder constituents comprise, by weight, 33% silicon, 7% vanadium, 7% manganese, 7% tantalum, 22% tungsten, 7% molybdenum, 7% chromium, titanium and 5% aluminium.
- the container is then heated in a vacuum better than 10* millimeters of mercury at a temperature of 1350 C. for three hours, or for a somewhat longer period at 1300" C., so that the metal powder constituents diffuse into the article.
- the article is thus formed with a modified surface layer comprising niobium from the article in association with the metal constituents of the treatment powder.
- the article After the container has cooled to handling temperature, the article is removed and cleaned by brushing off the loose powder and washing in hot water. The article is then heated in air for l to 3 hours at a temperature of 1300 C. until the surface becomes oxidised and the oxides fuse to form an outer surface layer in the form of a glaze.
- Method IV This method differs from Method III in that, after cleaning and vapour blasting, but before subjection to the diffusion and glazing treatments described, a surface layer of the article is modified by diffusion of titanium into it. It has been found that this pretreatment assists the subsequent formation of a uniform glaze.
- the diffusion of titanium into the article is preferably carried out by heating in vacuum substantially in the manner already described except that the complex metal powder is replaced by titanium powder of about 40 mesh per inch particle size, and the heating is at about ll60. C. for 5 to 10 hours.
- Methods I and II the various constituents of a bath or spray may lie within the same ranges as those specified for the metal constituents of the glaze, the mixtures used in Methods III and IV are subject to reduced upper limits for some metals, namely Percent Manganese 15 Tantalum 25 Niobium 25 Tantalum and niobium together 25 Tungsten 10 Molybdenum 10 Chromium 10 Titanium 10 Zirconium l0 Aluminium 15 Boron 10 We claim:
- a method of producing a refractory article composed principally of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum and alloys comprising at least 50% by weight of a substance selected from the the group consisting of niobium and tantalum and having a surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze).
- a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25%;
- a method of making a refractory article composed principally of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum and alloys comprising at least 50% by weight of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum and having a surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze):
- a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25%;
- a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25%
- the glaze contains both niobium and
Description
United States Patent Office 3,446,655 Patented May 27, 1969 US. Cl. 117-129 9 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A refractory article formed of a metallic material composed of at least 50% by weight of niobium or tantalum has its surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze composed of 30% to 50% silicon, vanadium and/or manganese to 25 and at least three of the following: tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, and boron.
The invention relates to refractory articles composed principally of niobium or tantalum, or of an alloy comprising at least fifty percent by weight of one of these metals, and having a surface modified to reduce interstitial penetration at high temperatures by gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
According to the invention the surface is protected by an outer surface layer which is a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze):
(a) Silicon, 30 to 50%;
(b) Vanadium or manganese 5 to 25 or both vanadium and manganese totalling 10 to 25% (c) At least three of the following:
Percent Tantalum 5 to 50 Niobium 5 to 50 Tungsten 3 to 25 Molybdenum 3 to 25 Chromium 3 to 25 Titanium 3 to 25 Zirconium 3 to 25 Aluminium 3 to 25 Boron 3 to subject to the limitation that the total of tantalum and niobium does not exceed 50%.
(The term metal is used in this specification to include silicon and boron.)
By providing the outer surface layer in the form of a glaze, better resistance to interstitial penetration by gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen is obtained, than with an unglazed outer surface layer, but it is necessary for the glaze to be resistant to de-vitrification. In general, the more complex the constitution of the glaze, the more resistant it is to de-vitrification, which is important for glazes exposed to attack by de-vitrification at low temperatures, say 1100 C. or less. A reasonable degree of resistance is obtained by including at least five elements. The presence of silicon and either vanadium or manganese (or both) is particularly advantageous when, in accordance with a preferred method of making the article, a sintered layer of the elements in metallic form is first formed on the article and is then oxidised and glazed, since the silicon, vanadium and manganese form a liquid phase of relatively low melting point which aids in sintering the other constituents to form a strongly adherent coating. The subsequent presence of vanadium and/or manganese oxides in the surface layer has also been found to assist the formation of a homogeneous glaze.
In one preferred method of making articles according to the invention, an adherent coating of the constituent metals of the glaze, or at least of those not already present in the body of the article, is applied to the surface of the article by dipping in a slurry or by a cold or hot spraying process, and the article is then heated at least once under non-oxidizing conditions to fuse the coating onto the article and then under oxidizing conditions to oxidise and glaze the coating. This method may be used to coat articles which have previously been given a metallising protective treatment by the same or another method, the final treatment being either for the purpose of enhancing the general protection or to repair parts of the previously formed protective layer which have become damaged or removed.
In another method of making articles according to the Method I An article made from niobium is subjected to a vapour degreasing process and a vapour blasting operation with a mild abrasive to obtain a fine matt surface.
After degreasing and vapour blasting, the article, which may already have had a diffusion treatment with silicon and/or other metals, is dipped in a slurry composed of the metal constituents of the glaze, including silicon, vanadium and/or manganese, in the form of powder passing a 200 mesh per inch sieve in admixture with a suspensionpromoting agent such as modified bentonite and a binder such as acrylic resin in toluene, The dipping is repeated with intermediate drying, as necessary to produce a dry coating from 0.003 inch to 0.005 inch thick. Alternatively the slurry may be sprayed onto the article by means of an air-operated spray gun, with drying between coatings as necessary.
The article with the dry adherent coating is then heated in a vacuum better than 10- millimeters of mercury, or in argon, for 3 hours at 1350 C., or at a somewhat higher temperature for a shorter period, to cause the coating to become fused to and partly difiused into the article, this action being assisted by the presence of the silicon and vanadium and/or manganese. Finally, to
Percent Silicon. Vanadium- Manganese.. Tantalum.
Tungsten Molybdenum Chromium. Titanium Zirconium Aluminium Boron The proportions of metals in the slurry correspond to those of the metal in the final glaze, subject to diffusion of metals from the underlying article. By varying the proportions of the constituents of the slurry, it is possible to control the glaze reform temperature of the glaze. The significance of this is that if the glaze becomes cracked or holed, then the newly exposed surface, which may be metallic or mixed metals and oxides, will automatically oxidize and reglaze as soon as the article during use is raised to a temperature above the glaze reform temperature. The glaze reform temperature of the metals of slurry A is about 1200 C., while the glaze reform temperature of the metals of slurry B is about 1400 C.
Articles made by this process have been found to have a life of from 150 and 200 hours at 1300 C. in oxidising gases.
Articles made from tantalum may be treated in the same way except that the content of tantalum in the slurry is replaced by niobium, so as to maintain the same degree of complexity of the glaze.
Similarly, when treating articles made from niobiumbase or tantalum base alloys containing metals such as tungsten and titanium which it is desired to have present in the glaze, it is not always necessary to include these metals in the slurry. By including a proportion of these metals, or some of them, in the slurry, it is possible however to increase the proportions in which they occur in the glaze.
Method II This method is similar to Method I except that the adherent coating is applied by a hot spraying process, for example by flame spraying or plasma arc spraying. Furthermore, the initial heating in vacuum or argon can be dispensed with; fusing, diffusing and glazing being effected by a single heating period in air for about 3 hours at 1300 C.
Spraying, hot or cold, is suitable for articles of simple shape such as gas turbine blades, while dipping is preferable for articles of complex shape such as combustion chambers of gas turbine engines.
Method III After degreasing and vapour blasting, an article made from niobium is packed in a mixture of metal powders of about 150-200 mesh per inch particle size with about 0.5% by weight of potassium fluoride contained in a refractory container made for example of alumina, sillimanite or mullite, and having a loose fitting lid. The metal powder constituents comprise, by weight, 33% silicon, 7% vanadium, 7% manganese, 7% tantalum, 22% tungsten, 7% molybdenum, 7% chromium, titanium and 5% aluminium.
The container is then heated in a vacuum better than 10* millimeters of mercury at a temperature of 1350 C. for three hours, or for a somewhat longer period at 1300" C., so that the metal powder constituents diffuse into the article. The article is thus formed with a modified surface layer comprising niobium from the article in association with the metal constituents of the treatment powder.
After the container has cooled to handling temperature, the article is removed and cleaned by brushing off the loose powder and washing in hot water. The article is then heated in air for l to 3 hours at a temperature of 1300 C. until the surface becomes oxidised and the oxides fuse to form an outer surface layer in the form of a glaze.
Method IV This method differs from Method III in that, after cleaning and vapour blasting, but before subjection to the diffusion and glazing treatments described, a surface layer of the article is modified by diffusion of titanium into it. It has been found that this pretreatment assists the subsequent formation of a uniform glaze.
The diffusion of titanium into the article is preferably carried out by heating in vacuum substantially in the manner already described except that the complex metal powder is replaced by titanium powder of about 40 mesh per inch particle size, and the heating is at about ll60. C. for 5 to 10 hours.
Whereas in Methods I and II the various constituents of a bath or spray may lie within the same ranges as those specified for the metal constituents of the glaze, the mixtures used in Methods III and IV are subject to reduced upper limits for some metals, namely Percent Manganese 15 Tantalum 25 Niobium 25 Tantalum and niobium together 25 Tungsten 10 Molybdenum 10 Chromium 10 Titanium 10 Zirconium l0 Aluminium 15 Boron 10 We claim:
1. A method of producing a refractory article composed principally of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum and alloys comprising at least 50% by weight of a substance selected from the the group consisting of niobium and tantalum and having a surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze).
(a) silicon 30 to 50%;
(b) a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25%;
(c) at least 3 of the following: Percent tantalum 5 to 50 niobium 5 to 50 tungsten 3 to 25 molybdenum 3 to 25 chromium 3 to 25 titanium 3 to 25 zirconium 3 to 25 aluminium 3 to 25 boron 3 to 15 subject to the limitation that the total of tantalum and niobium does not exceed 50% in which metal constituents are applied in a mixture as an adherent coating to the surface of article to be protected and the article is then heated in an oxidizing atmosphere to fuse the coating onto the article and to oxidize and glaze at least an outer surface layer of the coating, the metal constituents in the mixture being those required in the final glaze, less any which diffuse into the coating from the body of the article.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the coated article is heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere before it is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the glaze contains both niobium and tantalum.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which (b) is vanadium 5 to 25%, or both vanadium and manganese totalling to 25%.
5. A method of making a refractory article composed principally of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum and alloys comprising at least 50% by weight of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum and having a surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze):
(a) silicon 30 to 50%;
(b) a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25%;
(c) at least 3 of the following: Percent tantalum 5 to 50 niobium 5 to 50 tungsten 3 to 25 molybdenum 3 to 25 chromium 3 to 25 titanium 3 to 25 zirconium 3 to 25 aluminum 3 to 25 boron 3 to subject to the limitation that the total of tantalum and niobium does not exceed 50% in which the constituent metals of the glaze, less any which diffuse from the body of the article, are diffused into the surface of the article to form a modified surface layer and the article is then heated under oxidizing conditions to convert the metals in at least an outer surface layer to oxides and to fuse the oxides to form a glaze.
6. A method according to claim 5, in which, before diffusion of the metal constituents, a surface layer of the article is modified by diffusion of titanium into it.
7. A method of producing a refractory article composed principally of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum and alloys comprising at least 50% .by weight of a substance selected from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum and having a surface protected by a mixed metallic oxide glaze, the metal constituents of which are the following metals within the ranges specified (reckoned by weight on the total metal content of a sample of the glaze):
(a) silicon 30 to 50%;
(b) a metallic material consisting of at least 5% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium and manganese, the amount of said metal constituent totalling not more than 25% (c) at least 3 of the following: Percent tantalum 5 to 50 niobium 5 to 50 tungsten 3 to 25 molybdenum 3 to 25 chromium 3 to 25 titanium 3 to 25 zirconium 3 to 25 aluminium 3 to 25 boron 3 to 15 subject to the limitation that the total of tantalum and niobium does not exceed 50% in which metal constituents are applied in a mixture as an adherent coating to the surface of article to be protected and the article is then heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to fuse the coating onto the article and thereafter in an oxidizing atmosphere to oxidize and glaze at least an outer surface layer of the coating, the metal constituents in the mixture being those required in the final glaze, less any which diffuse into the coating from the body of the article. 8. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which the glaze contains both niobium and tantalum.
9. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which (.b) is vanadium 5 to 25 or both vanadium and manganese totalling 10 to 25 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,809,127 10/1957 Gibson 11771 3,037,883 6/1962 Wachtell et al. 148-6.3 X 3,293,068 12/1966 Bradley et a1. 117106 X 3,317,343 5/1967 Jefferys 117107.2
FOREIGN PATENTS 676,913 8/1952 Great Britain.
ALFRED L. LEAVITT, Primary Examiner. THOMAS E. BOKAN, Assistant Examiner.
US. Cl. X.R. 29-195; 11746, 71, 106, 135.1; 1486.3
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB24103/64A GB1113066A (en) | 1964-06-24 | 1964-06-24 | Improvements in refractory metal articles |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3446655A true US3446655A (en) | 1969-05-27 |
Family
ID=10206417
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US466113A Expired - Lifetime US3446655A (en) | 1964-06-24 | 1965-06-22 | Method of producing refractory metal articles |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3446655A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1293401B (en) |
GB (1) | GB1113066A (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3664884A (en) * | 1968-03-11 | 1972-05-23 | Concept Research Corp | Method of coloring metals by the application of heat |
US5786031A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-07-28 | Engelhard Corporation | Barrier for a metal substrate |
EP1229146A2 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2002-08-07 | General Electric Company | Oxidation resistant coatings for niobium-based silicide composites |
CN103215614A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-24 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Preparation method of metallic oxide anode containing cold spraying tantalum intermediate layer |
CN105483596A (en) * | 2015-11-14 | 2016-04-13 | 华文蔚 | Inorganic coating and preparing method thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN110551878B (en) * | 2019-10-12 | 2021-06-08 | 东北大学 | Ultrahigh-strength ultrahigh-toughness low-density dual-phase layered steel plate and preparation method thereof |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB676913A (en) * | 1950-04-25 | 1952-08-06 | Metro Cutanit Ltd | Improvements relating to the production of adherent coatings on metallic bodies |
US2809127A (en) * | 1948-11-19 | 1957-10-08 | Metal Gas Company Ltd | Surface treatment of metals |
US3037883A (en) * | 1959-02-18 | 1962-06-05 | Chromalloy Corp | Diffusion coating of non-ferrous metals |
US3293068A (en) * | 1963-08-19 | 1966-12-20 | United Aircraft Corp | Coatings for columbium base alloys |
US3317343A (en) * | 1963-02-01 | 1967-05-02 | Richard A Jefferys | Activated coating of columbium metal |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE895848C (en) * | 1950-01-11 | 1953-11-05 | Metallwerk Plansee G M B H | Process for the production of firmly adhering, gas-tight coatings on molded bodies made of preferably high-melting metals |
-
1964
- 1964-06-24 GB GB24103/64A patent/GB1113066A/en not_active Expired
-
1965
- 1965-06-22 US US466113A patent/US3446655A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1965-06-23 DE DEB82521A patent/DE1293401B/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2809127A (en) * | 1948-11-19 | 1957-10-08 | Metal Gas Company Ltd | Surface treatment of metals |
GB676913A (en) * | 1950-04-25 | 1952-08-06 | Metro Cutanit Ltd | Improvements relating to the production of adherent coatings on metallic bodies |
US3037883A (en) * | 1959-02-18 | 1962-06-05 | Chromalloy Corp | Diffusion coating of non-ferrous metals |
US3317343A (en) * | 1963-02-01 | 1967-05-02 | Richard A Jefferys | Activated coating of columbium metal |
US3293068A (en) * | 1963-08-19 | 1966-12-20 | United Aircraft Corp | Coatings for columbium base alloys |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3664884A (en) * | 1968-03-11 | 1972-05-23 | Concept Research Corp | Method of coloring metals by the application of heat |
US5786031A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-07-28 | Engelhard Corporation | Barrier for a metal substrate |
EP1229146A2 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2002-08-07 | General Electric Company | Oxidation resistant coatings for niobium-based silicide composites |
EP1229146A3 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2004-03-31 | General Electric Company | Oxidation resistant coatings for niobium-based silicide composites |
CN103215614A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-24 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Preparation method of metallic oxide anode containing cold spraying tantalum intermediate layer |
CN103215614B (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2015-05-27 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Preparation method of metallic oxide anode containing cold spraying tantalum intermediate layer |
CN105483596A (en) * | 2015-11-14 | 2016-04-13 | 华文蔚 | Inorganic coating and preparing method thereof |
CN105483596B (en) * | 2015-11-14 | 2018-08-07 | 河南永业环保工程有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of inorganic coating |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1293401B (en) | 1969-04-24 |
GB1113066A (en) | 1968-05-08 |
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