US3442250A - Apparatus for the deposition of a sensitive emulsion for autoradiographs - Google Patents

Apparatus for the deposition of a sensitive emulsion for autoradiographs Download PDF

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Publication number
US3442250A
US3442250A US595673A US3442250DA US3442250A US 3442250 A US3442250 A US 3442250A US 595673 A US595673 A US 595673A US 3442250D A US3442250D A US 3442250DA US 3442250 A US3442250 A US 3442250A
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United States
Prior art keywords
emulsion
sample
plates
holder
roller
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Expired - Lifetime
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US595673A
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English (en)
Inventor
Maurice Cornu
Louis Khau Van Kien
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/74—Applying photosensitive compositions to the base; Drying processes therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/02—Dosimeters
    • G01T1/08—Photographic dosimeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
    • G01T7/02—Collecting means for receiving or storing samples to be investigated and possibly directly transporting the samples to the measuring arrangement; particularly for investigating radioactive fluids
    • G01T7/06—Collecting means for receiving or storing samples to be investigated and possibly directly transporting the samples to the measuring arrangement; particularly for investigating radioactive fluids by electrostatic precipitation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
    • G01T7/08—Means for conveying samples received
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
    • G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
    • G03B42/028—Industrial applications

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus for the rapid and efficient deposition of a sensitive emulsion on batches of sample-holder plates each containing a radioactive substance to be studied for the purpose of preparing autoradiographs and in particular on batches of histological sections (thin slices of animal or plant tissues) for the purpose of obtaining autohistoradiographs.
  • the technique of autoradiography essentially consists in applying against a sample-holder plate for the purpose of studying the radioactivity of said plate a sensitive emulsion which may be provided in the state of photographic film.
  • a sensitive emulsion which may be provided in the state of photographic film.
  • an emulsion of this kind shows up the radioactivity areas and points of said sample-holder plate, and accordingly constitutes what is known as an autoradiograph.
  • Autoradiography is frequently employed in physical chemistry but is of special interest both in biology and in medicine in the field of histology (for the study of animal and vegetable tissues) and even in the field of cytology (for the study of cell structure) since it serves to determine the positions of radioactive zones and points of tissues and also of animal and plant cells. In this particular field, autoradiography is more especially referred-to as autohistoradiography.
  • the emulsion employed can be that of a photographic film. It is also possible to obtain an emulsion by the simple although somewhat primitive expedient of scraping photographic plates, melting the scrapings and pouring the resulting emulsion onto the sample-holder plate. A further possibility consists in utilizing a castable nuclear emulsion (of a type which is suited for the particles to be detected) which is spread in a thin layer over the sample-holder plate by means of a brush, although the coating thus obtained has the disadvantage of lacking uniformity.
  • Another method consists in spreading the emulsion after the manner of a blood-smear by means of a glass scraper or, better still, by means of a glass rod having a round section in order to avoid the formation of striae in the emulsion.
  • An alternative method consists in pouring a liquid emulsion over glass and then, when 1t "ice has set solid, in withdrawing it and detaching a pellicle or film having a thickness of, say, 0.6 mm. in thickness and employed either alone or in a stack of similar films. After the sample-holder plate under study has been exposed to radiation, the films are separated from each other, mounted again on glass and then developed. An ionizing event which appears in that film which was directly in contact with the sample-holder plate can. thus be followed over a long path through'the other films.
  • One industrial process of a more highly improved type consists in utilizing sensitive plates known as stripping films.
  • the sensitive layer is detached from its glass support, then floated on water to hydrate it and endow it with flexibility, the radioactive sample-holder plate to be studied being then immersed beneath this sensitive layer and thus caused to adhere to said layer.
  • the sensitive film coating thus formed is homogeneous and of uniform thickness but this process has the disadvantage of entailing immersion of the sample-holder plate in water, with the result that accurate localization of soluble isotopes in situ is not possible.
  • Another process consists in dipping the radioactive sample-holder plate under study (for example a thin radioactive histological section) in a liquid sensitive emulsion contained in a vessel. After a predetermined period of time, the sample-holder plate is withdrawn from the emulsion, then hung in a tank in order to eliminate excess emulsion. Intimate contact between the sample-holder plate and the sensitive emulsion is thus achieved, but the thickness of the emulsion coating is not uniform. Furthermore, in the case of soluble isotopes, this method has a disadvantage in that the emulsion contained in the vessel is contaminated.
  • the emulsion coating is thinned by subjecting said plate to the action of centrifugal force by means of a turntable and crank or an electric motor. While this method is excellent for the preparation of autoradiographs having a high resolution which are intended to be examined under the electron microscope, it nevertheless has a drawback in that it cannot readily be applied to large batches of radioactive sample-holder plates.
  • the apparatus in accordance with the invention has the following characteristics:
  • the hygrometric state is regulated during the entire period of operation of the apparatus.
  • the apparatus comprises a device for oxidizing the air which surrounds the treated sample-holder plates (by means of hydrogen peroxide or gaseous oxygen) and said oxidation associated with a suitable temperature and relative humidity, assists the removal of impressions produced by cosmic radiations or accidental stray radiations.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for the rapid, efiicient and automatic deposition of a sensitive emulsion on batches of radioactive sample-holder plates (such as histological sections, for example) with a view to preparing autoradiographs which permit the possibility of quantitative comparison
  • said apparatus being constituted by a sensitive-emulsion deposition chamber which is provided with perfect optical insulation from the exterior and in which thermal and hygrometric conditions can be regulated with precision
  • said chamber being characterized in that it comprises a stationary frame fitted with roller tracks, a removable support panel with retractable cover carrying a series of radioactive sample-holder plates and capable of being locked in position relatively to said stationary frame, a motor-driven carriage adapted to perform a reciprocating movement along said roller tracks, said carriage being adapted on the one hand to carry a sensitive-emulsion distribution unit formed by a vessel provided at the lower end thereof with a nozzle pierced by a calibrated aperture located above said plate and, on the other hand, to draw with it in its motion a roller which
  • the system of link-arms which initiates the discharge of sensitive emulsion through the nozzle comprises a rocker-arm assembly pivotally mounted on a bearing member which is rigidly fixed to the carriage, provision being made at one end of said rocker-arm assembly for a push-button which is adapted to bear on the rod of a piston mounted in the emulsion vessel whilst the other end of said rocker-arm assembly is pivotally attached to a tappet which moves upwards by virtue of the fact that the lower end thereof passes over a runner-wheel as and when the emulsion-delivery nozzle arrives directly above each sample-holder plate, each upward movement of said tappet having the effect of initiating the downward movement of the push-button over a well-defined distance and consequently of initiating the discharge of a well-defined quantity of sensitive emulsion.
  • FIG. 1 is a external view in perspective of the complete apparatus according to the invention and of its different ancillary components;
  • FIG. 2 is a rear view of the same unit
  • FIG. 3 is a view in elevation showing the interior of the emulsion deposition chamber
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are respectively a partial transverse cross-section and an overhead view of said deposition chamber.
  • FIG. 6 is a detail view of the device for lifting and locking the tappet at the end of travel of the carriage.
  • FIG. 1 is a view looking on the exterior of the emulsion deposition chamber which constitutes the essential object of the invention and which is designated by the reference numeral 1.
  • Said deposition chamber is provided with three lateral access doors which are closed by means of a magnetic latch system and which permit such handling operations as are entailed in servicing, cleaning and inspection (two of the doors referred-to are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) and is further provided with a top door or hatch 4 through which the emulsion vessel is introduced.
  • An eye-glass 5 provides a view of the chamber through a window 6 (shown in FIG. 3) by means of which the chamber is thermally-insulated from the exterior; a sliding shutter 7 which is rigidly fixed to the base of said eye-glass prevents any light from penetrating into the deposition chamber.
  • the mechanism employed for driving the carriage which is mounted within the emulsion deposition chamber 1 is constituted by an electric motor (not shown in the figure) which is housed in a frame 8 and by a reduction gear unit 9.
  • the frame 8 comprises a number of different ancillary components (such as a knob 10 for switchin -on the lamp which serves to illuminate the interior of the deposition chamber, a device 11 for controlling the deposition chamber carriage either for continuous operation or for plate-by-plate operation, etc.
  • Compartment 13 contains a hot water tank 15 (as ShOWn in FIG. 2), a resistance-type heater element 16 and a flow-regulating pump (not shown).
  • the hot'water is circulated through a heating coil which is housed within the deposition chamber 1 and which will be described hereinafter, passes out of the tank 15 through a pipe 17 and is returned to said tank through a pipe 18.
  • a luminous indicator 19 or safety lamp is provided on the front face of compartment 13.
  • Compartment 14 contains the electronic and electromechanical installation and is provided on the front face thereof (as shown in FIG. 1) with a number of signal lamps 20, switches 21, 22, 23 which control respectively the relay motors, the heating of the tank 15 and the flowregulating pump, fuses 24, 25, 26 which correspond to said switches and a general switch 27.
  • FIG. 2 shows a thermometer 28 and the end of a panel 29 which serves as a support for the sample-holder plates and which is inserted within the chamber 1. Said support panel will be described in detail below.
  • FIGS. 3 to 6 which will be described later show the interior of the emulsion deposition chamber 1 which constitutes the essential feature of this invention.
  • the support panel 29 with retractable cover for carrying radioactive sample-holder plates 31 (such as, for example, histological sections) from which it is desired to obtain autoradiographs by processing within the emulsion deposition chamber 1 is introduced in this latter and is maintained in a stationary position therein;
  • a carriage 32 which is driven in the direction of the arrow F by the motor of the frame 8 (as shown in FIG. 1) carries a vessel 33 which is filled with sensitive emulsion.
  • Said vessel is provided at the lower end thereof with a nozzle 34 pierced by a calibrated aperture and is adapted to draw with it in its motion a roller 35 which is attached to said vessel by means of a solid arm 36.
  • a link-arm system constituted by an assembly of rocker-arms 37, 38 pivotally mounted on a bearing member 40 comprises (at the extremity of the arm 37) a push-button or knob 41, the function of which is to produce action on the rod 42 of a piston (not shown) which is fitted within the vessel 33.
  • a tappet 43 which is pivotally connected at 44 to the arm-38 is adapted to move upwards as the nozzle 34 arrives directly above each sample-holder plate 31 by. virtue of the fact that it passes over a runner-wheel 45 (the apparatus is provided with a whole series of similar runnerwheels, each of which corresponds to one sample-holder plate 31).
  • Each upward movement of the aforesaid tappet has the effect of lifting the rocker-arm 38 and lowering the rockerarm 37 and the push-button 41 to a predetermined extent and consequently of initiating the discharge of. a welldefined (and adjustable) quantity of sensitive emulsion through the calibrated aperture of the nozzle 34 onto each sample-holder plate 31.
  • the mode of assembly of the roll er 35 is such that the aperture of the nozzle 34 is located at a distance of a few centimeters in front of said roller in order that the emulsion which has just been poured onto a sample-holder plate 31 may thus be permitted to spread prior to being subjected to the action of the roller.
  • said roller is applied under high pressure (without rotating about its own axis) against the plate which has just received the sensitive emulsion.
  • a reversing unit 46 which is actuated by means of a shoulder 47 its starting point while ensuring that no emulsion is discharged from the vessel and that the roller 35 does not come into contact with the sample-holder plates 31 which have just been treated.
  • the roller is again lowered automatically after it has returned to its starting point.
  • the plate-coating operation is carried out within the chamber 1 in total darkness, the doors 2, 3, 4 and 30 being closed and the shutter 7 being caused to slide into position so as to seal off the viewing window 6.
  • the plates 31 which have just been treated are enclosed by means of the retractable cover (not shown) of the support panel 29 and this latter is withdrawn from the chamber 1 through a shielded slit formed in the door 30, the sample-holder plates which are shielded in this manner by said cover being no longer liable to be affected by the action of light. Said sample-holder plates will then be developed and will accordingly constitute the desired autoradiographs.
  • the displacement of the carriage is carried out on a roller track constituted by guide rails 48 forming part of a frame 49 in which the support panel 29 is fitted.
  • Said frame 49 is disposed above a heating stage 50 containing a coil 51 which is supplied with hot water from the tank 15 via the pipe 17.
  • the top wall 52 of the heating stage 50 is provided with regulating holes (not shown). The water is circulated continuously through the coil 51.
  • the small dimensions of the chamber 1 make it possible to ensure effective regulation of the temperature which is maintained therein by virtue of a contact thermometer 28.
  • the signal lamps and switches which are shown in FIG. I serve respectively to indicate the moment at which the desired temperature is attained, to start up the motor and to initiate automatic control for a series of sample-holder plates.
  • the coating operation can also be carried out in single-plate sequence by limited and successive displacements of the carriage 32.
  • the desired relative humidity or prevailing hygrometric state is maintained during the coating of sample holder plates by means of ahumidifying tank (not shown) which is placed at the inlet of the chamber 1 (on the lefthand side in FIGS. 3 and 5).
  • ahumidifying tank (not shown) which is placed at the inlet of the chamber 1 (on the lefthand side in FIGS. 3 and 5).
  • Known volumes of fresh and filtered hydrogen peroxide can be added in said tank so as to produce the favorable oxidation conditions required for the renovation of the emulsions and thus to provide a constant basis of reference at the outlet of the apparatus. Since the initial coating of sample-holder plates 31 is carried out under constant conditions, it will accordingly be possible to perform a quantitative study of the radioactivity of sample-holder plates in respect of several batches of plates. Oxidation can also be performed by gaseous oxygen.
  • the mechanism of the emulsion deposition chamber 1 further comprises a switch 53 which initiates the motion of the carriage 32 and stops the carriage at the end of its return travel.
  • the good operation within the chamber 1 and the final result of the operations which consist in coating the sample-holder plates 31 can be checked by means of the eye-glass or telescope 5 which is capable of displacement above the sample-holder plates (positions 5, 5a, 5b). Said telescope is fitted with a red screen and the sighting aperture is retractable by means of a return spring (not shown).
  • FIG. 4 shows the mode of attachment of the sampleholder plates 31 in their support panel 29. The top surface of these plates is placed at the same level by means of springs 54.
  • FIGS. 3 and 6 show the devices for lifting and locking the roller 35 and the tappet 43.
  • the member 55 which is secured to the carriage 32 and which had rested up to that time on the top edge of the member 56 (which is secured to the arm 36) comes into abutment with a shoulder-bracket 57, then swings over, with the result that the nose 58 of said member 55 engages in a notch 59 of the member 56.
  • the roller 35 is thus locked in the top position thereof (positions 55a, 56a, 35a) during the return motion of the carriage and is no longer applied against the sample-holder plates.
  • FIG. 6 shows the carriage 32 in the position of return to its initial position (as indicated by the arrow F Accordingly, the tappet 43 is in the raised position and the roller 35 (not shown) is locked in the raised position by virtue of the fact that the member 55 is securely maintained in the notch of the member 56 (positions 55a, 56a).
  • each runner-wheel 45 is provided with a flat portion 62, with the result that, if the runner-wheel is caused to pivot through an angle of 180 so that said fiat portion is directed upwards, the tappet 43 does not come into contact with the runner-wheel and is consequently not lifted when it comes directly above said runner-Wheel. In that case, sensitive emulsion is not discharged onto the corresponding plate; the flat portions therefore serve to cut some plates out of circuit.
  • the dose of sensitive emulsion is a function of the radius of said runnerwheel and of the height of the push-button 41.
  • the roller 35 is preferably of large diameter and formed of stainless steel. It works without rotating about its own axis, but can be subjected to a movement of rotation should requirements so dictate.
  • the carriage is drawn by means of a steel cable 63 which passes over a driving pulley 64 which is coupled to the reduction gear unit 9 by means of a bevel drive system. At the other end of the run, said cable passes over two pulleys 65 and 66.
  • the emulsion vessel 33 is provided with a lateral opening 67 for the purpose of filling the vessel if necessary by means of a pipette.
  • the apparatus in accordance with the invention has a considerable advantage in that the user is permitted to Work under normal lighting conditions during all operations.
  • the only moment when a darkroom is essential is when the vessel has to be filled with sensitive emulsion.
  • Said vessel can contain, for example, 50 g. of emulsion, which makes it possible to process a large number of sample-holder plates without necessitating a further filling operation.
  • said apparatus comprising a sensitive-emulsion deposition chamber which is provided with perfect optical insulation from the exterior and in which thermal and hygrometric conditions can be regulated with precision, said chamber comprising a stationary frame fitted with roller tracks, a removable support panel carrying a series of radioactive sample-holder plates and capable of being locked in position relatively to said stationary frame, a motor-driven carriage adapted to perform a reciprocating movement along said roller tracks, said carriage being adapted on the one hand to carry a sensitive-emulsion distribution unit formed by a vessel provided at the lower end thereof with a nozzle pierced by a calibrated aperture located
  • said system of link-arms which initiates the discharge of sensitive emulsion through the nozzle comprises a rocker-arm assembly pivotally mounted on a bearing member which is rigidly fixed to said carriage, provision being made at one end of said rocker-arm assembly for a push-button which is adapted to bear on the rod penetrating into the emulsion vessel whilst the other end of said rocker-arm assembly is pivotally attached to a tappet which moves upwards by virtue of the fact that the lower end thereof passes over a runner-wheel as and when the emulsiondelivery nozzle arrives directly above each sample-holder plate, each upward movement of said tappet having the effect of initiating the downward movement of the pushbutton over a well-defined distance and consequently of initiating the discharge of a well-defined quantity of sensitive emulsion.
  • each runner-wheel is capable of rotating about its own axis and is provided with a flat portion which, when the said fiat portion is directed upwards does not engage said tappet and has the effect of cutting out of circuit the sample-holder plate which corresponds to the said runner-wheel.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
US595673A 1965-11-26 1966-11-21 Apparatus for the deposition of a sensitive emulsion for autoradiographs Expired - Lifetime US3442250A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR40012A FR1466409A (fr) 1965-11-26 1965-11-26 Appareil de dépôt d'émulsion sensible pour autoradiogrammes

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US3442250A true US3442250A (en) 1969-05-06

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US595673A Expired - Lifetime US3442250A (en) 1965-11-26 1966-11-21 Apparatus for the deposition of a sensitive emulsion for autoradiographs

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US (1) US3442250A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE689816A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH466440A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES333734A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1466409A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1104834A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IL (1) IL26857A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
LU (1) LU52403A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6616052A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE327843B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102615013A (zh) * 2012-03-22 2012-08-01 汕头大学 面向工艺多样性的模块化涂布小车的接口设计方法
CN107876304A (zh) * 2017-11-20 2018-04-06 湖州永恒钢球有限公司 一种新型的钢球自动上油装置
CN110127163A (zh) * 2019-05-30 2019-08-16 郭玉梅 一种标本分类收取箱

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1680584A (en) * 1927-03-03 1928-08-14 Angell Andrew Distributor for condiments and the like
US2441701A (en) * 1945-07-02 1948-05-18 Robert W Irwin Automatic rubbing and polishing machine
US3114790A (en) * 1961-09-26 1963-12-17 Temescal Metallurgical Corp Wide angle viewing apparatus for high vacuum systems

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1680584A (en) * 1927-03-03 1928-08-14 Angell Andrew Distributor for condiments and the like
US2441701A (en) * 1945-07-02 1948-05-18 Robert W Irwin Automatic rubbing and polishing machine
US3114790A (en) * 1961-09-26 1963-12-17 Temescal Metallurgical Corp Wide angle viewing apparatus for high vacuum systems

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102615013A (zh) * 2012-03-22 2012-08-01 汕头大学 面向工艺多样性的模块化涂布小车的接口设计方法
CN102615013B (zh) * 2012-03-22 2016-05-18 汕头大学 面向工艺多样性的模块化涂布小车的接口设计方法
CN107876304A (zh) * 2017-11-20 2018-04-06 湖州永恒钢球有限公司 一种新型的钢球自动上油装置
CN107876304B (zh) * 2017-11-20 2019-07-09 湖州永恒钢球有限公司 一种新型的钢球自动上油装置
CN110127163A (zh) * 2019-05-30 2019-08-16 郭玉梅 一种标本分类收取箱

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Publication number Publication date
CH466440A (fr) 1968-12-15
FR1466409A (fr) 1967-01-20
GB1104834A (en) 1968-02-28
SE327843B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-08-31
LU52403A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-01-23
BE689816A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-05-02
NL6616052A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-05-29
ES333734A1 (es) 1969-01-01
IL26857A (en) 1970-04-20

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