US3434814A - Emission control additive - Google Patents

Emission control additive Download PDF

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US3434814A
US3434814A US561415A US3434814DA US3434814A US 3434814 A US3434814 A US 3434814A US 561415 A US561415 A US 561415A US 3434814D A US3434814D A US 3434814DA US 3434814 A US3434814 A US 3434814A
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nitrobenzene
emission
fuel
carbon atoms
deposits
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Michael Dubeck
Joseph P Kleiman
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Ethyl Corp
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Ethyl Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
    • C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a fuel composition for use in internal combustion engines which results in reduced hydrocarbon emission in the exhaust gas and a reduced amount of combustion chamber deposits.
  • this invention relates to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing an aromatic nitro compound.
  • the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines contains some quantity of unburned hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are reported by researchers to react with ozone in the atmosphere, forming irritants. Research has attributed photochemical smog to the presence of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Thus, a need exists for a method to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon introduced into the atmosphere from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. Previous means of accomplishing this have been through the secondary oxidation of the unburned exhaust hydrocarbons employing catalytic oxidizing methods or direct flame oxidation in the exhaust system. If the amount of unburned hydrocarbons initially in the exhaust can be reduced, the need for secondary oxidation is diminished. Previous attempts to reduce the initial hydrocarbon content of the exhaust gas have concentrated on mechanical methods such as improved carburetion.
  • the present invention relates to a method of reducing exhaust emission and engine deposits through the use of a fuel containing an exhaust emission reducing additive.
  • An object of this invention is to provide an improved fuel composition.
  • a further object is to provide a fuel composition which, when used to operate an internal combustion engine, results in reduced hydrocarbon emission.
  • a still further object is to provide a fuel that will substantially reduce the amount of deposits formed in the combustion chamber of engines.
  • an improved fuel composition comprising a major portion of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a minor quantity, sutficient to reduce exhaust emission and engine deposits, of an aromatic nitro compound having the formula:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1-20 carbon atoms, aryl radicals having from 6-20 carbon atoms, aralkyl radicals having from 7-20 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, hydroxyl radicals and halogens having an atomic No. from 17-35, and R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro radicals,
  • R in Formula I is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1-2-() carbon atoms, aryl radicals having from '6-20 carbon atoms, aralkyl radicals having from 7-20 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, and halogens having an atomic No.
  • R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro radicals, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkyl radicals containing from 1-20 carbon atoms, aryl radicals containing from 6-20 carbon atoms and aralkyl radicals containing from 7-20 carbon atoms.
  • nitrobenzene itself causes an increase in both exhaust emission and combustion chamber deposits.
  • the useful aromatic nitro compounds are those having some fuel solubility and an ortho substituent as shown in Formula I.
  • Some examples of these aromatic nitro compounds are o-nitro toluene, 2,6-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,5-dimethoxy nitrobenzene, o-sec-dodecyl-nitrobenzene, Z-dodecoxy-4-methyl-nitrobenzene, 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-nitrobenzene, 2-ch1oro-4-methoxy-nitrobenzene, 2-bromo-S-tert-eicosyl-nitrobenzene, Z-hexanoyloxy-4-phenyl-nitrobenzene, 2-methoxy-4-tert butyl-S-hydroxy-nitrobenzene, Z-tert-octyl-6-chloro-nitrobenzene, 2,
  • Highly preferred aromatic nitro additives are 1,4-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitro-toluene and picryl acetate.
  • the additives of this invention can be used to reduce emissions and combustion chamber deposits resulting from the use of a broad range of liquid hydrocarbon fuels including both spark ignition and diesel fuels. It is especially useful in gasoline used in spark ignition engines. These liquid hydrocarbon fuels have a boiling range of from about to about 400 F., and contain aliphatic, aromatic, olefinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fuels may contain other materials frequently used in such fuels.
  • the fuels may contain antiknock agents such as tetraethyllea d, tetramethyllead, triethylmethyllead, diethyldimethyllea'd, trimethylethyllead, tetravinyllead, triethylvinyllead, diethyldivinyllead, trivinylethyllead, ferrocene, methyl ferrocene, iron carbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, N,N-dimethylaniline, and the like.
  • antiknock agents such as tetraethyllea d, tetramethyllead, triethylmethyllead, diethyldimethyllea'd, trimethylethyllead, tetravinyllead, trie
  • the fuels When metallic antiknock agents are employed the fuels generally contain a scavenging agent.
  • a particularly useful scavenging agent when lead alkyls are employed are the halohydrocarbons such as ethylenedichlo' ride, ethylenedibrornide, and the like.
  • An especially useful fuel in this invention is a fuel containing from 0.5 to 6 grams of lead per gallon as tetraethyllead and from 1.5 to 2.5 gram atoms of chlorine as a chlorohydrocarbon per gram atom of lead and from 0.5 to 1.5 gram atoms of bromine as a bromohydrocarbon per gram atom of lead.
  • the most prefered chlorohydrocarbon is ethylenedichloride, and the most preferred bromohydrocarbon is ethylenedibromide.
  • the fuels can also contain deposit modifying agents such as phosphorus containing additives, for example, tricresylphosphate, cresyldiphenylphosphate, trimethylphosphate, ldimethylcresylphosphate, tris (,B-chloropropyl) phosphate, and the like.
  • deposit modifying agents such as phosphorus containing additives, for example, tricresylphosphate, cresyldiphenylphosphate, trimethylphosphate, ldimethylcresylphosphate, tris (,B-chloropropyl) phosphate, and the like.
  • the fuels frequently contain antioxidant additives such as 2,6 di tertbutylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- methylenebis(4 methyl-6-tert butylphenol); phenylenediamines; p-nonylphenol; mixed alkylated phenols, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert butylphenol) and the like.
  • antioxidant additives such as 2,6 di tertbutylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- methylenebis(4 methyl-6-tert butylphenol); phenylenediamines; p-nonylphenol; mixed alkylated phenols, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert butylphenol) and
  • Other materials can be present in the fuel such as deicers, metal deactivators, pour point depressants, boron esters, nickel alkyl phosphates and dyes.
  • a tetraethyllead antiknock agent containing two gram atoms of chlorine as ethylenedichlori de per gram atom of lead and one gram atom of bromine as ethylenedibromide per grams atom of lead.
  • the quantity of tetraethyllead antiknock agent added is sufficient to provide 3.17 grams of lead per gallon of fuel.
  • suflrcient l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is then added to give a concentration of 0.25 weight percent. The mixture is agitated until thoroughly mixed, resulting in a gasoline having reduced exhaust emission properties.
  • a tetraethyllead antiknock mixture containing one theory of chlorine as ethylenedichloride and 0.5 theory of bromine as ethylenedibromide.
  • a quantity sufficient to provide 2.12 grams of lead per gallon is added.
  • 0.15 weight percent of 1,4-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene is added and the mixture thoroughly stirred, resulting in a gasoline giving reduced emission and combustion chamber deposits weight when used to operate a spark ignition internal combustion engine.
  • EXAMPLE 3 To a blending vessel is added 1000 gallons of a diesel fuel having a boiling range of from 430-572 F., and a cetane number of 47. To this is added 0.3 weight percent amyl nitrate as a cetane improver. There is then added 0.2 weight percent of picryl acetate, resulting in a diesel fuel having reduced exhaust emission properties.
  • the forementioned emission reducing compounds can be employed, giving fuels having reduced emission properties.
  • the concentrations may be varied from those shown. In general, a concentration of from about 0.05 to 3 weight percent of the emission reducing additive can be employed. A preferred concentration range is from about 0.1 to 1 weight percent, and a most useful range is from about 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent.
  • the above cycle is continuously repeated until both deposits and hydrocarbon emissions have stabilized. This usually requires from about -145 hours of operation.
  • the hydrocarbon content of the exhaust gas is determined using a Beckman 109-A Flame Isomerization Detector, and the deposits are determined by disassembling the engine, removing and weighing the deposits. The procedure is first carried out using a fuel without the emission reducing additive and then repeated on the same fuel containing an emission reducing additive. This is followed by another test on the fuel, again without the emission additive, to reconfirm the baseline. Using this procedure, the following results in terms of the percent reduction in exhaust hydrocarbon emission and engine deposits were obtained using emission reducing additives of this invention.
  • a liquid hydrocarbon fuel of the gasoline boiling range having reduced emission and deposit forming properties when used to operate an internal combustion engine comprising a major quantity of a liquid hydrocarbon of the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount suflicient to reduce exhaust emissions and engine deposits of an aromatic nitro compound selected from the group consisting of 1.4-dimethoxy-Z-nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and picryl acetate.
  • composition of claim 1 containing from 0.5 to References Cited 6 grams of lead per gallon as a tetraalkyllead antiknock, from 0.5 to 2 theories of chlorine as ethylene dichloride UNITED STATES PATENTS and from 0.25 to 1.0 theory of bromine as ethylene- 11423050 7/1922 Tunison 44 Momma 5 3,294,501 12/1966 Kawahara 44-75 XR 3.
  • aromatic nitro compound is 1,4-dimethoxy-Z-nitrobenzene.
  • DANIEL WYMAN P r 1mm y Examiner 4 The composition of claim 1 wherein said aromatic W. J. SHINE, Assistant Examiner. nitro compound is 2,4-dinitro toluene.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein said aromatic 10 US. Cl. X.R. nitro compound is picryl acetate, 44-57, 74, 75

Description

United States Patent US. CI. 4469 5 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Increase of combustion chamber deposits and exhaust hydrocarbon emission of internal combustion engines is reduced by operating the engine on gasoline containing ortho-substituted aromatic nitro compounds.
This invention relates to a fuel composition for use in internal combustion engines which results in reduced hydrocarbon emission in the exhaust gas and a reduced amount of combustion chamber deposits. In particular, this invention relates to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing an aromatic nitro compound.
The exhaust gas of internal combustion engines contains some quantity of unburned hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are reported by researchers to react with ozone in the atmosphere, forming irritants. Research has attributed photochemical smog to the presence of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Thus, a need exists for a method to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon introduced into the atmosphere from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. Previous means of accomplishing this have been through the secondary oxidation of the unburned exhaust hydrocarbons employing catalytic oxidizing methods or direct flame oxidation in the exhaust system. If the amount of unburned hydrocarbons initially in the exhaust can be reduced, the need for secondary oxidation is diminished. Previous attempts to reduce the initial hydrocarbon content of the exhaust gas have concentrated on mechanical methods such as improved carburetion. The present invention relates to a method of reducing exhaust emission and engine deposits through the use of a fuel containing an exhaust emission reducing additive.
An object of this invention is to provide an improved fuel composition. A further object is to provide a fuel composition which, when used to operate an internal combustion engine, results in reduced hydrocarbon emission. A still further object is to provide a fuel that will substantially reduce the amount of deposits formed in the combustion chamber of engines.
These and other objects are accomplished by providing an improved fuel composition comprising a major portion of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a minor quantity, sutficient to reduce exhaust emission and engine deposits, of an aromatic nitro compound having the formula:
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1-20 carbon atoms, aryl radicals having from 6-20 carbon atoms, aralkyl radicals having from 7-20 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, hydroxyl radicals and halogens having an atomic No. from 17-35, and R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro radicals,
3,434,814 Patented Mar. 25, 1969 hydroxyl radicals, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkyl radicals containing from 1-20 carbon atoms, aryl radicals containing from 6-20 carbon atoms, and aralkyl radicals containing from 7-20 carbon atoms.
In more preferred embodiments of the invention, R in Formula I is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1-2-() carbon atoms, aryl radicals having from '6-20 carbon atoms, aralkyl radicals having from 7-20 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, and halogens having an atomic No. from 17-35, and R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro radicals, alkoxy radicals containing from 1-12 carbon atoms, alkyl radicals containing from 1-20 carbon atoms, aryl radicals containing from 6-20 carbon atoms and aralkyl radicals containing from 7-20 carbon atoms.
Not all nitro aromatics are useful in reducing exhaust emissions. For example, nitrobenzene itself causes an increase in both exhaust emission and combustion chamber deposits. The useful aromatic nitro compounds are those having some fuel solubility and an ortho substituent as shown in Formula I. Some examples of these aromatic nitro compounds are o-nitro toluene, 2,6-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,5-dimethoxy nitrobenzene, o-sec-dodecyl-nitrobenzene, Z-dodecoxy-4-methyl-nitrobenzene, 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-nitrobenzene, 2-ch1oro-4-methoxy-nitrobenzene, 2-bromo-S-tert-eicosyl-nitrobenzene, Z-hexanoyloxy-4-phenyl-nitrobenzene, 2-methoxy-4-tert butyl-S-hydroxy-nitrobenzene, Z-tert-octyl-6-chloro-nitrobenzene, 2,4-dibromo-nitrobenzene, 2-(a-methylbenzyl)nitrobenzene, Z-acetoxy-S-tert-cetyl-nitrobenzene, 2-methoxy-3,S-dichloro-nitrobenzene, 2,6-dinitro-chlorobenzene, 2-dodecanoyloxy-4-tert-octadecyl-nitrobenzene, 2-chloro-4-benzyl-nitrobenzene, 2 methyl 5-(2,4-ditertbutyl-u,a dimethyIbenZyl)-nitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitro-6-(2-methyl-4-sec-tridecylphenyl)benzene, and
the like.
Highly preferred aromatic nitro additives are 1,4-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitro-toluene and picryl acetate.
The additives of this invention can be used to reduce emissions and combustion chamber deposits resulting from the use of a broad range of liquid hydrocarbon fuels including both spark ignition and diesel fuels. It is especially useful in gasoline used in spark ignition engines. These liquid hydrocarbon fuels have a boiling range of from about to about 400 F., and contain aliphatic, aromatic, olefinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fuels may contain other materials frequently used in such fuels. For example, the fuels may contain antiknock agents such as tetraethyllea d, tetramethyllead, triethylmethyllead, diethyldimethyllea'd, trimethylethyllead, tetravinyllead, triethylvinyllead, diethyldivinyllead, trivinylethyllead, ferrocene, methyl ferrocene, iron carbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, N,N-dimethylaniline, and the like. When metallic antiknock agents are employed the fuels generally contain a scavenging agent. A particularly useful scavenging agent when lead alkyls are employed are the halohydrocarbons such as ethylenedichlo' ride, ethylenedibrornide, and the like. An especially useful fuel in this invention is a fuel containing from 0.5 to 6 grams of lead per gallon as tetraethyllead and from 1.5 to 2.5 gram atoms of chlorine as a chlorohydrocarbon per gram atom of lead and from 0.5 to 1.5 gram atoms of bromine as a bromohydrocarbon per gram atom of lead. The most prefered chlorohydrocarbon is ethylenedichloride, and the most preferred bromohydrocarbon is ethylenedibromide.
The fuels can also contain deposit modifying agents such as phosphorus containing additives, for example, tricresylphosphate, cresyldiphenylphosphate, trimethylphosphate, ldimethylcresylphosphate, tris (,B-chloropropyl) phosphate, and the like.
The fuels frequently contain antioxidant additives such as 2,6 di tertbutylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- methylenebis(4 methyl-6-tert butylphenol); phenylenediamines; p-nonylphenol; mixed alkylated phenols, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert butylphenol) and the like.
Other materials can be present in the fuel such as deicers, metal deactivators, pour point depressants, boron esters, nickel alkyl phosphates and dyes.
The following examples illustrate the preparation of typical improved fuel compositions of this invention.
EXAMPLE 1 To a blending vessel is added 1000 gallons of a gasoline having the following properties:
Boiling range F 101-375 Research octane number 93 Aromatics (volume percent) 38 Olefinics do 10 Aliphatics do 52 To this gasoline is added a tetraethyllead antiknock agent containing two gram atoms of chlorine as ethylenedichlori de per gram atom of lead and one gram atom of bromine as ethylenedibromide per grams atom of lead. The quantity of tetraethyllead antiknock agent added is sufficient to provide 3.17 grams of lead per gallon of fuel. There is then added suflrcient l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to give a concentration of 0.25 weight percent. The mixture is agitated until thoroughly mixed, resulting in a gasoline having reduced exhaust emission properties.
EXAMPLE 2 To a blending vessel is added 1000 gallons of a gasoline having the following properties:
Boiling range F 94-403 Research octane number 97 Aromatics (volume percent) 62 Olefinics do Aliphatics -do 33 To this gasoline is added a tetraethyllead antiknock mixture containing one theory of chlorine as ethylenedichloride and 0.5 theory of bromine as ethylenedibromide. A quantity sufficient to provide 2.12 grams of lead per gallon is added. There is also added, as an antioxidant, a mixture of butylated phenols containing about 75 percent 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, such that the gasoline contains 0.1 weight percent of the antioxidant mixture. Then 0.15 weight percent of 1,4-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene is added and the mixture thoroughly stirred, resulting in a gasoline giving reduced emission and combustion chamber deposits weight when used to operate a spark ignition internal combustion engine.
Good results are also obtained in the above example when 2,4-dinitro-toluene is employed as the emission and deposit reducing agent.
EXAMPLE 3 To a blending vessel is added 1000 gallons of a diesel fuel having a boiling range of from 430-572 F., and a cetane number of 47. To this is added 0.3 weight percent amyl nitrate as a cetane improver. There is then added 0.2 weight percent of picryl acetate, resulting in a diesel fuel having reduced exhaust emission properties.
In any of the previous examples, the forementioned emission reducing compounds can be employed, giving fuels having reduced emission properties. Also, the concentrations may be varied from those shown. In general, a concentration of from about 0.05 to 3 weight percent of the emission reducing additive can be employed. A preferred concentration range is from about 0.1 to 1 weight percent, and a most useful range is from about 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent.
Tests have been conducted to demonstrate the useful exhaust emission properties of the present compounds. In these tests, a single cylinder overhead valve engine, having a 10:1 compression ratio and a 36 cubic inch displacement, is operated on a typical commercial gasoline containing 3.17 grams of lead as a commercial tetraethyllead antiknock mixture containing one theory of chlorine as ethylenedichloride and 0.5 theory of bromine as ethylenedibromide. One theory of either bromine or chlorine is two gram atoms of bromine or chlorine per gram atom of lead. The engine is idled for 45 seconds and then run at 50 percent wide open throttle for 135 seconds under the following conditions.
Air/fuel ratio 13 R.p.m. 1370 Ignition timing BTC-.. 15
The above cycle is continuously repeated until both deposits and hydrocarbon emissions have stabilized. This usually requires from about -145 hours of operation. The hydrocarbon content of the exhaust gas is determined using a Beckman 109-A Flame Isomerization Detector, and the deposits are determined by disassembling the engine, removing and weighing the deposits. The procedure is first carried out using a fuel without the emission reducing additive and then repeated on the same fuel containing an emission reducing additive. This is followed by another test on the fuel, again without the emission additive, to reconfirm the baseline. Using this procedure, the following results in terms of the percent reduction in exhaust hydrocarbon emission and engine deposits were obtained using emission reducing additives of this invention.
1 Gain average of two tests.
Cone. Additive 1:
Deposits As these results show, the emission reducing additives of the present invention effectively reduce both exhaust emission and engine deposits. The reduction in deposits and emission was very significant. Deposit reduction ranged from 22-40 percent and emission reduction from 14-25 percent. In contrast, nitrobenzene (not claimed as this invention) gave a sharp increase in both deposit weight and exhaust emission.
We claim:
1. A liquid hydrocarbon fuel of the gasoline boiling range having reduced emission and deposit forming properties when used to operate an internal combustion engine, said fuel comprising a major quantity of a liquid hydrocarbon of the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount suflicient to reduce exhaust emissions and engine deposits of an aromatic nitro compound selected from the group consisting of 1.4-dimethoxy-Z-nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and picryl acetate.
2. The composition of claim 1 containing from 0.5 to References Cited 6 grams of lead per gallon as a tetraalkyllead antiknock, from 0.5 to 2 theories of chlorine as ethylene dichloride UNITED STATES PATENTS and from 0.25 to 1.0 theory of bromine as ethylene- 11423050 7/1922 Tunison 44 Momma 5 3,294,501 12/1966 Kawahara 44-75 XR 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said aromatic nitro compound is 1,4-dimethoxy-Z-nitrobenzene. DANIEL WYMAN P r 1mm y Examiner 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said aromatic W. J. SHINE, Assistant Examiner. nitro compound is 2,4-dinitro toluene.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein said aromatic 10 US. Cl. X.R. nitro compound is picryl acetate, 44-57, 74, 75
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3 ,434 ,8l4
March 25 19 Michael Dubeck et al.
ed that error appears in the above identified It is certifi atent are hereby corrected as patent and that said Letters P shown below:
"1.4-" should read 1,4- Column 5, line Column 4, line 74,
d dibromide.
5, bromide. should rea Signed and sealed this 7th day of April 1970.
(SEAL) Attest:
WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, 1
Edward M. Fletcher, Jr. Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patel
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Cited By (26)

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US4347148A (en) * 1976-07-15 1982-08-31 The Lubrizol Corporation Full and lubricant compositions containing nitro phenols
US4370147A (en) * 1979-10-01 1983-01-25 Horizon Chemical, Inc. Fuel for compression ignition engines
EP0385441A1 (en) * 1989-03-01 1990-09-05 Acna Chimica Organica S.P.A. Marker for petroliferous products
EP0420581A1 (en) * 1989-09-27 1991-04-03 KIRSTEN Inc. Additive for hydrocarbon fuels
AU640314B2 (en) * 1991-05-03 1993-08-19 Nalco Chemical Company Identification of liquid hydrocarbons using chemical markers
US5380345A (en) * 1993-12-03 1995-01-10 Chevron Research And Technology Company Polyalkyl nitro and amino aromatic esters and fuel compositions containing the same
US5407452A (en) * 1993-07-28 1995-04-18 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing poly(oxyalkylene) aromatic esters
US5409507A (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-04-25 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing poly(oxyalkylene) aromatic ethers
US5441544A (en) * 1993-12-23 1995-08-15 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing substituted poly(oxyalkylene) aromatic ethers
US5466268A (en) * 1994-12-30 1995-11-14 Chevron Chemical Company Polyalkyl and polyalkenyl aromatic amides and fuel compositions containing the same
US5538521A (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-07-23 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing polyalkyl and poly(oxyalkylene)aromatic esters
US5540743A (en) * 1994-12-30 1996-07-30 Chevron Chemical Company Polyalky and poly(oxyalkylene) benzyl amine esters and fuel compositions containing the same
US5618320A (en) * 1996-05-14 1997-04-08 Chevron Chemical Company Aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and fuel compositions containing the same
US5620486A (en) * 1994-12-30 1997-04-15 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing aryl succinimides
US5628803A (en) * 1995-12-29 1997-05-13 Chevron Chemical Company Polyalkylphenyl and polyalkyloxycarbonylphenyl amino and nitro benzoates and fuel compositions containing the same
US5637119A (en) * 1995-12-29 1997-06-10 Chevron Chemical Company Substituted aromatic polyalkyl ethers and fuel compositions containing the same
US5637121A (en) * 1994-12-30 1997-06-10 Chevron Chemical Company Poly(oxyalkylene) aromatic amides and fuel compositions containing the same
US5709720A (en) * 1996-11-07 1998-01-20 Chevron Chemical Company Aromatic ethers of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and fuel compositions containing the same
US5830244A (en) * 1996-12-30 1998-11-03 Chevron Chemical Company Poly (oxyalkyene) benzyl amine ethers and fuel compositions containing the same
EP0879871A1 (en) * 1997-05-19 1998-11-25 Ethyl Corporation Gasoline compositions containing ignition improvers
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US5830244A (en) * 1996-12-30 1998-11-03 Chevron Chemical Company Poly (oxyalkyene) benzyl amine ethers and fuel compositions containing the same
EP0879871A1 (en) * 1997-05-19 1998-11-25 Ethyl Corporation Gasoline compositions containing ignition improvers
US6039773A (en) * 1997-12-22 2000-03-21 Chevron Chemical Company Llc Fuel compositions containing polyamines of polyalkyl aromatic esters
US5942014A (en) * 1998-08-28 1999-08-24 Chevron Chemical Company Llc Pyridyl and piperidyl esters of polyalklphenoxyalkanols and fuel compositions containing the same
US6117197A (en) * 1998-11-25 2000-09-12 Chevron Chemical Company Llc Fuel compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxy alkanols, poly(oxyalkylene) amines and di- or tri-carboxylic acid esters
US6071319A (en) * 1998-12-22 2000-06-06 Chevron Chemical Company Llc Fuel additive compositions containing aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols and aliphatic amines
US20100319243A1 (en) * 2009-06-22 2010-12-23 Afton Chemical Corporation Compositions comprising combustion improvers and methods of use thereof
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US8603200B2 (en) * 2009-06-22 2013-12-10 Afton Chemical Corporation Compositions comprising combustion improvers and methods of use thereof
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