US3432408A - Chromium plating electrolyte and method for preventing mist therein - Google Patents
Chromium plating electrolyte and method for preventing mist therein Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3432408A US3432408A US569833A US3432408DA US3432408A US 3432408 A US3432408 A US 3432408A US 569833 A US569833 A US 569833A US 3432408D A US3432408D A US 3432408DA US 3432408 A US3432408 A US 3432408A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- chromium plating
- acid
- perfluoro
- compounds
- mist
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
- C25D3/10—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium characterised by the organic bath constituents used
Definitions
- This invention relates to the prevention of mist and spray in acidic hexavalent electroplating baths. More particularly, it relates to the use of certain surface-active solfobetaines in chromium plating baths to suppress the evolution of the poisonous mist and spray of chromic acid from such baths.
- the baths of this invention are particularly useful in applications where chromium is deposited in thicknesses appreciably greater than those used in decorative chromium plate, i.e., in the so-called hard chromium plating wherein a chromium plate of greater than about 0.2 mil is used for engineering purposes to ob tain a hard surface for wear resistance or for low friction, etc.
- perfluoro alkane sulfonic acids such as perfluoro para ethyl cyclohexyl sulfonic acid and perfluoro n-octyl sulfonic acid tend to promote the pit enlargement effect described above, they nevertheless differ in the degree of enlargement they cause.
- the perfluoro n-octyl sulfonic causes less pit enlargement, less flaring out, than perfluoro p-ethyl cyclohexyl sulfonic acid, and this is especially noticeable with very small pits of about 2 or 3 mils diameters in the base metal, which are often not flared out.
- R is an alkyl group containing 12-22 carbon atoms inclusive; each of R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro, and methyl and ethyl radicals; n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive; and A is an organic radical selected from the group consisting of where R, and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl and cycloalkyl groups containing 1l8 carbon atoms wherein the sum of carbon atoms in R and R is no more than 18, and where is a heterocyclic radical wherein only nitrogen and carbon atoms are joined in a 5 or 6 membered ring. It is understood that hydrocarbon groups R R R and the heterocyclic radical may also be substituted with groups such as -NO --NH CN, halogen, etc.
- the compounds described above are sulfobetaines of N-alkane-sulfonic acids, i.e., inner sulfonic acid salts of long chain primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, or inner sulfonic acid salts of N-alkyl heterocyclic compounds.
- the compounds are sometimes known by other nomenclature, and for example may be referred to as alkane sultones of the various amines or heterocyclics, e.g., the propane sultone of stearyl dimethyl amine or the propane sultone of l-stearyl piperidine.
- Such compounds are quaternary wetting agents, are internally neutralized, and are compatible with anionics such as fluoroalkane sulfonic acids and phosphonic acids as well as the cationic 1,1-dihydroperfluoro hexyl amine.
- the compounds of this invention are known compounds and may be prepared by conventional techniques, see for example British Patent 764,340 or Ann. 565, 22, 1949.
- an alkane sultone such as propane sultone is reacted with an alkyl amine such as lauryl amine in methanol at about 35 C. to obtain the sulfobetaine of 3-laurylamine propanesulfonic acid
- propane sultone is reacted with an N-alkyl heterocyclic such as l-lauryl piperidine at about C. to obtain the sulfobetaine of 3-(1-lauryl piperidine) propanesulfonic acid.
- the more effective compounds of the invention are generally those wherein R is a straight chain alkyl group of 16-20 carbon, and n is 3 or 4.
- R and R are preferably hydrogen or methyl groups, most preferably the latter.
- A is a heterocyclic radical, preferably it contains 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms and is the residue of 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic compound originally containing at least one secondary nitrogen atom as exemplified by pyrrole, piperidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, pyrazole, pyrazine, etc.
- Especially preferred of the heterocyclic quaternaries is propane sultone of l-stearyl piperidine.
- the most preferred compound is the sulfobetainc of N,N-dimethyl-3-stearylamino propanesulfonic acid.
- This compound is preferred because of its great stability and relatively high solubility in water and in acidic hexavalent chromium plating solutions. It is much more soluble in water and in the chromic acid bath than the compound where R is an 18 carbon straight alkyl chain and R and R are hydrogen and the hydrogen ion, respectively.
- R is an 18 carbon straight alkyl chain and R and R are hydrogen and the hydrogen ion, respectively.
- concentrations as low as about 5 to 1 mg./liter are adequate, and while the sodium, ammonium, etc. salts of these free acids are more soluble, the compounds, of course, are present as the free acid, or the sulfobetaine form in the acidic chromium plating baths.
- the above described surface-active compounds can also be used in decortaive (thin) chromium plating operations, either alone or in conjunction with more expensive, highly fiuorinated, surface-active agents such as per-fluoro alkane sulfonic or fiuoro-alkane phosphonic acids. When used in combination, less of the fluoro-alkane surfaceactive agents will drag-out as films as the chromium plated work is withdrawn from the bath.
- the sulfobetaines of this invention When used for thick (hard chrome) application, they should be used in the absence of the perfiuoro alkane sulfonic acids. The presence of the per fiuoro alkane sulfonic acid would, as described above, promote the pit enlargement effect. On the other hand, certain compounds such as 1,1 di-hydro perfluoro hexylamine, (CF (CF CH NH do not cause pit enlargement, but they are not as effective as the sulfobetaines in the filling in of the surface pits with thicker chromium plating.
- CF (CF CH NH 1,1 di-hydro perfluoro hexylamine
- the preferred perfluoro alkane sulfonic acids to be used in conjunction with the sulfobetaines in decorative plating are the ring types such as perfluoro p-ethyl cyclohexyl sulfonic acids, perfiuoro cyclohexyl ethane omega sulfonic acid and similar perfiuoro alkane sulfonic acids that have similar surface tension properties.
- the straight chain type such as perfluoro n-octyl sulfonic acid also gives good conjunctive results.
- fiuoro-alkane phosphonic acids e.g. H(CF CF ),,PO(OH) where n is 1 to may be used together with the surface-active sulfobetaine compounds for purposes of decorative chromium plating.
- the surface-active sulfobetaines of this invention can be used in all types of acidic hexavalent chromium plating baths, dilute or concentrated, and containing catalyst radicals besides sulfate, such as fluoride, silicofluoride (fluosilicate), fluoborate, fiuoaluminate, fluotitanate, fluozirconate, trichloroacetic, monochloroacetic, monochloropropionic, or mixtures of these catalyst radicals.
- catalyst radicals besides sulfate such as fluoride, silicofluoride (fluosilicate), fluoborate, fiuoaluminate, fluotitanate, fluozirconate, trichloroacetic, monochloroacetic, monochloropropionic, or mixtures of these catalyst radicals.
- the acidic hexavalent chromium plating baths may be made up from straight chromic acid anhydride or chromic acid, or from mixtures with dichromates, chromates, and polychromates. It is generally preferred to use straight chromic acid or chromic acid anhydride.
- the presence of cations besides hydrogen such as Na, K, Li, NH Mg, Sr, Zn, Cu, Co, Al, Ca, pyridinium etc. are not detrimental but in general they are best kept in minor concentration.
- a preferred compound of this invention such as the sulfobetaine of N,N-dimethyl-'stearylamine propane sulfonic acid, it is possible to suppress to a very great extent the [mist and spray from the chromium plating baths operated at about 105 F. with as little as 2 mg./ liter of such compounds. With baths operated at about 120 F., it is preferred to use slightly higher concentrations such as 3 to 5 mg./liter. When using compounds with shorter alkyl chains, i.e., R in the foregoing formula contains 12 carbon atoms, concentrations as high as 0.3 and 0.5 gram/ liter may be optimum.
- foam blanket forms very readily with very low concentrations and does not collapse very readily when the current is turned off.
- long chain compounds require more careful control of concentration to avoid over-foaming, nevertheless, only trace concentrations (5 mg./ liter) are needed to suppress mist and sprays.
- the sulfobetaines of this invention are used together with a fluoroalkane surface-active agent in decorative chromium plating baths, it is possible to use, for example, 2 to 3 milligrams/liter of the sulfobetaine of N,N-dimethyl-stearylamino propanesulfonic acid with as little as 5 to 10 mg./l. of perfluoro p-ethyl cyclohexyl sulfonic acid (or the K, Na, Mg, etc. salts) to completely suppress mist and spray. Similar small additions need be made only once per 8 hours of continuous plating, or half such additions per 4 hours of continuous electrolysis.
- EXAMPLE I Hard chrome 150 g./l. CrO CrO /SO ratio equal to about to 1 0.3 to 0.5 g./l. of fluosilicic acid Temperature of about F.
- Cathode current densities 100 to 250 amps/ sq. ft. 0. 002 to 0. 006 gram/ liter of t 0H3wmmcnrlf-(onnisoasulfobetaine of N,N-dimethyl-3-stearylamino propanesulfonic acid
- EXAMPLE II 100-150 g./l. CrO
- Gro /S ratio equal to about 100 to 1 to 150 to 1 0 to 0.5 g./l. fluosilicic acid Temperature of about 120 F.
- An aqueous acidic hexavalent chromium electroplating bath containing dissolved therein cromic acid and from 0.002 to about 0.5 gram/liter of a surface-active compound of the formula where R is an alkyl group containing 12-22 carbon atoms inclusive; each of R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro, and methyl and ethyl radicals; n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive; and A is an organic radical selected from the group consisting of where R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl and cycloalkyl groups containing 1-18 carbon atoms wherein the sum of carbon atoms in R and R is no more than 18, and where is a heterocyclic radical wherein only nitrogen and carbon atoms are joined in a 5 or 6 membered ring.
- a bath in accordance with claim 1 wherein said surface-active compound is the sulfobentaine of N,N-dimethyl-3-stearylamino propanesulfonic acid.
- R is an alkyl group containing 12-22 carbon atoms inclusive; each of R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro, and methyl and ethyl radicals; n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive; and A is an organic radical selected from the group consisting of where R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl and cycloalkyl groups containing 1-18 carbon atoms wherein the sum of carbon atoms in R and R is no more than 18, and where is a heterocyclic radical wherein only nitrogen and carbon atoms are joined in a 5 to 6 membered ring.
- R is an alkyl group containing 16-20 carbons
- R is hydro gen
- n is the integer 3 or 4.
- said surface-active compound is sulfobetaine of N ,N-dimethyl- 3-stearylamino propanesulfonic acid.
- said surface-active compound is the sulfobetaine of -N,N-dimethyl-stearylamino butanesulfonic acid.
- said surface-active compound is the sulfobetaine of 3-'( l-stearyl piperidine) propanesulfonic acid.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Description
Claims (1)
- 6. IN A METHOD TO SUPPRESS MIST AND SPRAY FROM AQUEOUS ACID HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM PLATING BATHS, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH COMPRISES THE ADDITION TO SAID BATH OF FROM 0.002 TO ABOUT 0.5 GRAM/LITER OF A SURFACE-ACTIVE COMPOUND REPRESENTED BY THE FORMULA
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US56983366A | 1966-08-03 | 1966-08-03 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3432408A true US3432408A (en) | 1969-03-11 |
Family
ID=24277074
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US569833A Expired - Lifetime US3432408A (en) | 1966-08-03 | 1966-08-03 | Chromium plating electrolyte and method for preventing mist therein |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3432408A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1621186B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1128737A (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4006064A (en) * | 1975-02-28 | 1977-02-01 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the electrodeposition of chrome plate using fluorine-containing wetting agents |
US4093522A (en) * | 1975-01-10 | 1978-06-06 | Horst Dillenberg | Electrolytic chromic acid bath for chrome plating |
WO2012160187A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-29 | Jado Technologies Gmbh | Amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
WO2012160186A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-29 | Jado Technologies Gmbh | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US9573886B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2017-02-21 | Glycoregimmune, Inc. | Hydroxy-substituted amino and ammonium derivatives and their medical use |
CN110055564A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-07-26 | 天津格林泰格科技有限公司 | A kind of inhibition reagent of electrodeposited chromium mist |
WO2021122932A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | Atotech Deutschland Gmbh | Electroplating composition and method for depositing a chromium coating on a substrate |
WO2022129491A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | Atotech Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Electroplating composition and method for electroplating a chromium coating on a substrate |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006025847A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-06 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Use of phosphinic acid in electroplating |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2750337A (en) * | 1953-04-22 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Electroplating of chromium |
US2750334A (en) * | 1953-01-29 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Electrodeposition of chromium |
US2750335A (en) * | 1953-07-17 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Chromium electrodeposition |
US2846380A (en) * | 1956-05-07 | 1958-08-05 | Udylite Res Corp | Chromium electroplating |
US3341434A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-09-12 | M & T Chemicals Inc | Electrodeposition of chromium |
US3342709A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-09-19 | M & T Chemicals Inc | Electrodeposition of chromium and anti-misting agents therefor |
-
1966
- 1966-08-03 US US569833A patent/US3432408A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1967
- 1967-07-25 DE DE1967U0014090 patent/DE1621186B1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1967-08-01 GB GB35351/67A patent/GB1128737A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2750334A (en) * | 1953-01-29 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Electrodeposition of chromium |
US2750337A (en) * | 1953-04-22 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Electroplating of chromium |
US2750335A (en) * | 1953-07-17 | 1956-06-12 | Udylite Res Corp | Chromium electrodeposition |
US2846380A (en) * | 1956-05-07 | 1958-08-05 | Udylite Res Corp | Chromium electroplating |
US3341434A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-09-12 | M & T Chemicals Inc | Electrodeposition of chromium |
US3342709A (en) * | 1963-09-24 | 1967-09-19 | M & T Chemicals Inc | Electrodeposition of chromium and anti-misting agents therefor |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4093522A (en) * | 1975-01-10 | 1978-06-06 | Horst Dillenberg | Electrolytic chromic acid bath for chrome plating |
US4006064A (en) * | 1975-02-28 | 1977-02-01 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the electrodeposition of chrome plate using fluorine-containing wetting agents |
US10829506B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2020-11-10 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US10815195B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2020-10-27 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US9573886B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2017-02-21 | Glycoregimmune, Inc. | Hydroxy-substituted amino and ammonium derivatives and their medical use |
US9751834B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2017-09-05 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US9850265B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2017-12-26 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US10143668B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2018-12-04 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Hydroxy-substituted amino and ammonium derivatives and their medical use |
US11564895B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2023-01-31 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Hydroxy-substituted amino and ammonium derivatives and their medical use |
EP3597634A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2020-01-22 | GRI Bio, Inc. | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
EP3610868A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2020-02-19 | GRI Bio, Inc. | Amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
WO2012160186A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-29 | Jado Technologies Gmbh | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
WO2012160187A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-29 | Jado Technologies Gmbh | Amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
US10952977B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2021-03-23 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Hydroxy-substituted amino and ammonium derivatives and their medical use |
US11453642B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2022-09-27 | Gri Bio, Inc. | Oxygenated amino- or ammonium-containing sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives and their medical use |
CN110055564A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-07-26 | 天津格林泰格科技有限公司 | A kind of inhibition reagent of electrodeposited chromium mist |
WO2021122932A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | Atotech Deutschland Gmbh | Electroplating composition and method for depositing a chromium coating on a substrate |
WO2022129491A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | Atotech Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Electroplating composition and method for electroplating a chromium coating on a substrate |
US20240035183A1 (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2024-02-01 | Atotech Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Electroplating composition and method for electroplating a chromium coating on a substrate |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1621186B1 (en) | 1970-08-20 |
GB1128737A (en) | 1968-10-02 |
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Owner name: HOOKER CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CORP. Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:OXY METAL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004075/0885 Effective date: 19801222 |
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