US3423250A - Method of manufacturing a cast iron roll - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing a cast iron roll Download PDF

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Publication number
US3423250A
US3423250A US693025A US3423250DA US3423250A US 3423250 A US3423250 A US 3423250A US 693025 A US693025 A US 693025A US 3423250D A US3423250D A US 3423250DA US 3423250 A US3423250 A US 3423250A
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roll
cast
cast iron
iron
percent
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US693025A
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Ichiro Morizumi
Yuichiro Sato
Kiyoshi Matsukura
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Nisso Seiko KK
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Nisso Seiko KK
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/38—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for roll bodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49544—Roller making
    • Y10T29/49565—One-piece roller making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a manufacturing method of rolls characterized by giving toughness in material quality by carrying out heat treatment on a roll formed by plastic deformation through hot working of a cast body which has an uniform structure of almost white pig iron up to .the interior of the cast body having composition range of hypoeutectic pig iron of high purity. Its object is to improve the roll quality drastically.
  • cast iron series rolls have good wear resistance due to high carbon content, however in the as-cast "ice condition they are brittle in nature and readily develop internal defects such as segregation and others. Therefore in order to give toughness to cast iron series rolls, efforts are made to improve the cast structure by long period heat treatment or by addition of alloying elements. For example, adamite rolls of 1.42.4% carbon content are similar to white cast iron of low carbon content in the as-cast concondition, and have structures composed of eutectoid cementite and eutectic cementite in pearlite matrix.
  • Ductile roll is produced by precipitating spheroidal free graphite in matrix by adding alloying elements which have the same effect as magnesium. Toughness is obtained by decrease of the internal notch effect of graphite.
  • Ductile roll can improve wear resistance by increasing hardness through increase of free cementite in matrix, however by so doing the quality becomes brittle, and the anti-cracking property is worstened.
  • toughness had to he sacrificed to maintain wear resistance.
  • cast iron not having large amount of alloying elements a large amount of cementite exists in a structure which appears almost like white pig iron, and such cast iron was considered to be very diflicult to plastically deform by hot working.
  • the present inventors after investigations based on research resulting in Japanese patent application No. 3819,786, invented a cast iron alloy which can be hot worked, given in Japanese patent application No. 39- 52,890.
  • This invention relates to a manufacturing method of cast iron series rolls having epoch making properties from such cast irons based on the prescribed two inventions.
  • the cast iron rolls described below include not only rolls made from a single casting but also sleeves used in composite type rolls.
  • the cast iron rolls manufactured by the method of this invention contain 1.7-3.8% carbon and below 2.5% silicon, and in order to make white pig iron like structure in the as-cast condition, alloying elements are limited to the following amounts; manganese content below 1.0%, chromium content below 2.0%, molybdenum content below 2.0%, vanadium content below 1.0%, tungsten content below 1.0%.
  • the minimum amount of one or more of these elements are added, and total content of detrimental elements such as phosphorus, sulphur, copper, tin, arsenic, lead, antimony, bismuth, and zinc is limited to below 0.20%, and particularly below 0.15%.
  • the method of manufacturing is characterized by combination of the following processes: a process of making a cast body of simple shape from a cast iron composition, a process in which this cast body is plastically hot deformed to make the roll shape, and the cast structure is destroyed, and carbide or graphite is made to be distributed in matrix as very fine structure, and a process in which heat treatment is carried out immediately after hot working to give toughness to a material degree.
  • the reason why the chemical composition of the cast body produced by the method of this invention is limited in the prescribed range is the following: first the reason why carbon content is limited to 1.7 to 3.8% is that as is generally known from the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, this range belongs to hypoeutectic pig iron, and for a total carbon content below 1.7%, the precipitation amount of eutectic cementite is too small to get sufficient hardness and wear resistance, and for a carbon content above 3.8% hot workability of cast body becomes increasingly difficult and the mechanical roperties of roll become inferior.
  • silicon In the case of silicon, as the content increases, the strength of matrix is increased, and castability is improved, however when its content exceeds 2.5%, in the cast structure of the cast body, free graphite tends to be easily formed, and in order to make structure near the white pig iron structure, large additions of alloying elements such as manganese and chromium are required for graphitization prevention. It also worsens greatly the mechanical strength after hot working and heat treatment. However in order to prevent decrease of mechanical strength of roll-shaped formations after hot working and heat treatment without giving harmful effect on high temperature deformability of the cast body of this invention, silicon content should desirably be limited to the range of 0.41.5%.
  • the alloying elements to be added to the cast body of this invention such as manganese, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten not only prevent the formation of free graphite in the as-cast condition, but also help to stabilize austenite and cemetite at high temperature.
  • the contents of detrimental elements are very small in the cast body of this invention, graphitization speed is fast, therefore additions 'of the prescribed alloying elements are asbolutely necessary.
  • the maximum allowable contents are limited to manganese 1.0%, chromium 2.0%, molybdenum 2.0%, vanadium 1.0%, and tungsten 1.0%.
  • the invention is characterized by the least possible addition of one or more of these elements such that the structure near white cast iron is obtained in the as-cast condition based on iron carbon binary carbide.
  • the cast iron roll of this invention is characterized by the least :addition of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten, while carbon content is increased to make the greatest use of iron-carbon binary carbide.
  • alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten
  • carbon content is increased to make the greatest use of iron-carbon binary carbide.
  • large amounts of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten are added to form compound carbides of ironcarbon with these elements, thereby improving hot workability of the roll.
  • the first process of the manufacturing method of this invention is to cast the prescribed cast iron compositions into the cast body, and the second process is to obtain the cast iron formations by carrying out hot working due to forging after dispersion annealing and homogenization treatment as required.
  • the heat treatment temperature and hot working temperature before hot working of the cast body of this invention should not exceed 1,125 C. If 1,125 C. is exceeded, partial melting is brought about.
  • the hot working method of the cast body of this invention is most suitably done by press forging among various forging methods. After heating up to 50 C. lower than the solids line of the cast body of this invention, hot working in the temperature range of 1,125 C.900 C. is desirably carried out. Even within this range, hot working at the higher temperatures to obtain high deformability is desirable.
  • the cast body of this invention has two or three phases existing together consisting of austenite and eutectic cementite or austenite, eutectic cementite and very small amount of graphite, but due to small contents of detrimental elements as previously described, plastic deformation is easy.
  • Cementite which is said t be hard and brittle in general, and exists as a network in the as-cast condition (since the ductility of the matrix is high) can be dispersed uniformly in the matrix, being easily broken up into fine grains by the process of hot working.
  • the reason for shaping into roll form by causing plastic deformation at high temperature is the following: ordinary cast iron rolls are cast in metal molds or in sand molds depending on roll shape in any case.
  • ordinary cast iron rolls are cast in metal molds or in sand molds depending on roll shape in any case.
  • cast body of simple shape such as cylindrical, polygonal column or their hollow shapes.
  • sand mold casting methods and centrifugal casting methods.
  • production of one or more number of rolls or sleeves from one cast body is an outstanding characteristic of this invention.
  • the shaft part which requires the greatest strength for a roll is formed with much larger forging ratio than the barrel of the roll, therefore the strength can be made large also.
  • the ability to use a large forging ratio for the part is another characteristic of this invention.
  • the third process in the manufacturing method of cast iron roll related to this invention enables us to give various mechanical properties required in roll application by heat treatment of the cast iron formations and by machining.
  • the cast iron formations after hot working are slowly cooled by the well known method in a furnace or in sand.
  • the body is annealed in the temperature range of 700 C.- 850 C., and is kept at the temperature range of 850 C.- 950 C.; then quenching or normalizing is carried out; it is tempered in the temperature range of 400 C.700 C., then annealed in the temperature range of C.250 C.
  • the cast iron formations can be made into the cast iron roll or the sleeve by subsequent machining.
  • FIG. 3, FIG. 4, and FIG. 5 are the summary of many test results obtained on the relations among total content of detrimental elements, mechanical properties, cracking property, and Wear amount for the cast iron roll mannfactured by the method of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a microscopic structure (magnification 100) of the above sample after heat treatment consisting of air cooling after keeping 40 minutes at 900 C. and air cooling after keeping 60 minutes at 630 C.
  • FIG. 1 a very fine graphite G dispersed in sorbitic pearlite matrix p is seen, and also eutectic cementite C, which is divided into fine structure by hot working, is observed.
  • FIG. 2 shows relations between carbon content and mechanical properties such as (a) hardness (BHN), (b) tensile strength, and (c) elongation after heat treatment of annealing and tempering of the cast iron roll (Cr, 0.9l.2%; Mo, 03-05%) manufactured by the method of this invention.
  • BHN hardness
  • tensile strength tensile strength
  • the method of preparation of the sample was the following: a 100 kg. sample piece was melted in a high frequency furnace, and cast into a cast block. This cast body was forged and hot worked "according to the method of this invention, and obtained the cast iron formation having forging ratio of 4.18.
  • FIG. 3 shows relations between amount of detrimental element and mechanical properties such as (a) hardness (BHN), (b) tensile strength and (c) elongation.
  • FIG. 4 shows relations between amount of detrimental element and length of cracks developed.
  • FIG. 5 shows relations between amount of detrimental element and wear amounts. As can be seen from the figures, when the total amount of detrimental elements exceed 0.15%, particularly 0.2%, mechanical properties and anti-cracking property become extremely bad.
  • the cast iron roll manufactured by the method of this invention has almost the same chemical composition as the general cast iron roll, however it has large toughness comparable to cast steel series rolls. Further it has a superior wear resistance which cannot be seen in the cast steel series rolls, and its anti-cracking property is extremely large. Therefore when its roll is used for particularly severe conditions such as when cast steel series roll is used by sacrificing wear resistance in place of strong toughness required, when strength is not sufficient although ductile roll and adamite roll are desirably used, or when roll breakage or breakage of caliber part are apt to occur due to deep and complicated shape of the caliber is required, the life of the roll of the invention is extremely prolonged due to its spectacular characteristics.
  • EXAMPLE 1 The molten metal refined in a Hroult type electric steel making furnace was cast in the 11 tons octagonal ingot mold, and it was shaped by forging with a press at working temperature of 1110-930 C. for three high roughing roll for shape steel mill (barrel diameter 680 mm, barrel length 1,800 mm., total length 2,700 mm., weight 6,590 kg.).
  • the cast body had white pig iron-like structure with large amount of precipitated eutectic cementite, and had the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the total amount of detrimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium was not more than about 0.080%. This satisfies sufficiently the limiting value of 0.20%, and particularly of below 0.15% for the amount of detrimental elements in the cast iron roll of this invention.
  • the forging ratio at the barrel part of the above-roll manufactured by this high purity cast iron body is 2,65.
  • the cast body After hot working, the cast body was kept for 10 hours at 900 C., and normalized, then after tempered at 650 C. for 15 hours, the cast body showed the following mechanical properties:
  • EXAMPLE 2 The molten metal refined in a Hroult electric steel making furnace was cast in the 5 t. octagonal metal mold, and the cast body was forged by a press at a working temperature of 1,080-980 C. for a three high medium roll for marchant bar (barrell diameter 330 mmrp, barrel length 1,000 mm., total length 1,570 mm., Weight 820 kg.).
  • This cast body had a white pig iron-like structure with large amount of precipitated eutectic cementite, and had the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the total amount of detrimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium was not more than about 0.078%, and satisfied sufliciently the upper limit 0.20% particularly below 0.15 for content of detrimental elements for the cast iron roll manufactured by the method of this invention.
  • EXAMPLE 3 The molten metal refined in a Hroult type electric steel making furnace was cast in a semi-chilled mold having a riser head of special cone shape, and forged by a press to form a finishing roll for a shaped steel mill (barrel diameter 340 mme, barrel length 1,000 mm., total length 1,570 mm., weight 1,040 kg.) at the working temperature of 1,100 -950" C.
  • This cast body had a white pig iron-like structure with a large amount of precipitated eutectic cementite, and its chemical composition was the following:
  • the total amount of detrimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenumand vanadium was not more than about 0.075%, and satisfied sufiiciently the upper limit of detriment-a1 elements 0.20% particularly below 0.15% for the cast iron roll manufact-ured by the method of the invention.
  • the forging ratio for the barrel part of the above described roll manufactured by this high purity roll material is 3.58. After keeping it for 5 hours at 900 C., and temper'ing it at 630 C. for hours, the mechanical properties obtained showed the following:
  • EXAMPLE 4 The molten metal refined in a Hroult type electric steel making furnace was cast into a casting mold with a feeder head having special cone shape, and press forged at working temperature of 1,050-980 C. to make a finishing roll for a shaped steel mill (barrel diameter 327 mlmgb, barrel length 1,000 mm., total length 1,590 mm., weight 760 kg.).
  • This cast body had a white pig iron-like structure with a large amount of precipitated eutectic cementite, and had the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the total amount of detrimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromuirn, molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten was not more than about 0.072%, and satisfied sufiiciently the upper limit of determintal elements, 0.20%, particularly below 0.15 for the cast iron roll produced by the method of this invention.
  • the forging ratio at the barrel part of the above roll manufactured from this hilgh purity roll material was 2.98.
  • EXAMPLE 5 The molten metal refined in a Hroult type electric steel making furnace was cast into the cast body for cylindrical sleeve of 5 t. and this was hot forged, punched and mandrel forged to form a sleeve shape (outside diameter 630 mm., thickness mm., length 1,500 mm.) at the working temperature of 1,080 C.-900 C.
  • This cast iron sleeve had white pig iron-like structure and the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the total amount of detrimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium was not more than about 0.085% and was within the limit of detrimental elements specified by the invention.
  • This cast iron sleeve had white pig iron like structure and the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the content of derimental elements except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium was not more than about 0.066% and was within the limit of detrimental elements specified by the invention.
  • barrel length 1,000 mm.; total length, 1,590 mm.; weight, 1,060 kg.
  • EXAMPLE 7 The molten metal Hroult type electric steel making furnace was cast into a piece for a cylindrical sleeve of 3 tons, and this was hot forged, punched and mandrel forged to produce the compound type roll sleeve (outside diameter 750 111mg), thickness mm., length 700 mm.) at the working temperature of 1,100 C.950 C.
  • This cast iron body had white pig iron structure and the following chemical composition (percent):
  • the total amount of detrimental element except carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium was not more than about 0.075%, and was within the limit of detrimental elements specified in this invention.
  • a method of manufacturing cast iron rolls which comprises preparing a casting having a uniform white pig iron-like structure from an iron composition consisting essentially of from about 1.7 to about 3.8 percent carbon, from about 0.4 to about 1.5 percent silicon, at least one alloying element selected from the group consisting of less than about 1.0 percent manganese, less than about 2.0 percent chromium, less than about 2.0 percent molybdenum, less than about 1.0 percent vanadium, and less than about 1.0 percent tungsten and containing less than about a 0.20 percent total of phosphorus, sulfur, copper,
  • tin, arsenic, lead, antimony, bismuth, and zinc and the balance iron hot working the casting at temperatures in the range of from 900 C. to 1125 C. after heating to a temperature 50 below the solidus line to disperse cementite uniformly in the casting; heat treating the hotworked casting at 700 C. to 950 C., and tempering the heat-treated casting at 400 C. to 700 C.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Reduction Rolling/Reduction Stand/Operation Of Reduction Machine (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
US693025A 1964-09-17 1967-12-22 Method of manufacturing a cast iron roll Expired - Lifetime US3423250A (en)

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JP5289064 1964-09-17
JP6743664 1964-12-02

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3844844A (en) * 1972-03-06 1974-10-29 Pacific Metals Co Ltd High toughness iron balls and process of making the same
US5288346A (en) * 1991-04-29 1994-02-22 Dmk Tek, Inc. Process for producing deformable white cast iron
US5439535A (en) * 1993-10-18 1995-08-08 Dmk Tek, Inc. Process for improving strength and plasticity of wear-resistant white irons
US5950310A (en) * 1996-06-28 1999-09-14 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Forged roll for rolling a seamless steel pipe and manufacturing method of same
CN111790755A (zh) * 2020-06-19 2020-10-20 常州市瑞宏轧辊有限公司 一种改进型铬合金型钢成品轧辊及其制造方法
CN111790757A (zh) * 2020-06-19 2020-10-20 常州市瑞宏轧辊有限公司 一种铬合金大型型钢精轧辊及其制造方法
CN114346197A (zh) * 2021-12-21 2022-04-15 中钢集团邢台机械轧辊有限公司 一种中厚板轧机用抗表面粗糙轧辊的制备方法
CN115354138A (zh) * 2022-08-19 2022-11-18 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 提高20CrNiMo压延辊全截面硬度均匀性的热处理工艺

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2430796A1 (fr) * 1978-07-11 1980-02-08 Thome Cromback Acieries Corps broyants forges en acier et leur procede de fabrication
CH667285A5 (de) * 1986-02-14 1988-09-30 Sulzer Ag Walze mit harter mantelflaeche.
DE3943492C1 (en) * 1989-11-09 1990-11-15 Vegla Vereinigte Glaswerke Gmbh, 5100 Aachen, De Cast iron curving shape for glass windows - contains carbon, silicon, chromium nickel, for press curving glass
RU2146300C1 (ru) * 1999-06-09 2000-03-10 Ассоциация металлургов и инвесторов Чугун
RU2194790C1 (ru) * 2001-08-22 2002-12-20 Закрытое акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие ФАН" Чугун для прокатных валков
CN110595930B (zh) * 2019-10-18 2024-04-19 青岛锦钻针业有限公司 针耐磨性测试装置

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1999153A (en) * 1931-12-17 1935-04-23 Ind Furnace Corp Heat treatment of white cast iron
US2241270A (en) * 1933-11-08 1941-05-06 Timken Roller Bearing Co Process for working iron carbon alloys
US2633438A (en) * 1950-09-07 1953-03-31 Aralloy Company Alloy and process

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1999153A (en) * 1931-12-17 1935-04-23 Ind Furnace Corp Heat treatment of white cast iron
US2241270A (en) * 1933-11-08 1941-05-06 Timken Roller Bearing Co Process for working iron carbon alloys
US2633438A (en) * 1950-09-07 1953-03-31 Aralloy Company Alloy and process

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3844844A (en) * 1972-03-06 1974-10-29 Pacific Metals Co Ltd High toughness iron balls and process of making the same
US5288346A (en) * 1991-04-29 1994-02-22 Dmk Tek, Inc. Process for producing deformable white cast iron
US5439535A (en) * 1993-10-18 1995-08-08 Dmk Tek, Inc. Process for improving strength and plasticity of wear-resistant white irons
US5950310A (en) * 1996-06-28 1999-09-14 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Forged roll for rolling a seamless steel pipe and manufacturing method of same
CN111790755A (zh) * 2020-06-19 2020-10-20 常州市瑞宏轧辊有限公司 一种改进型铬合金型钢成品轧辊及其制造方法
CN111790757A (zh) * 2020-06-19 2020-10-20 常州市瑞宏轧辊有限公司 一种铬合金大型型钢精轧辊及其制造方法
CN114346197A (zh) * 2021-12-21 2022-04-15 中钢集团邢台机械轧辊有限公司 一种中厚板轧机用抗表面粗糙轧辊的制备方法
CN114346197B (zh) * 2021-12-21 2024-04-05 中钢集团邢台机械轧辊有限公司 一种中厚板轧机用抗表面粗糙轧辊的制备方法
CN115354138A (zh) * 2022-08-19 2022-11-18 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 提高20CrNiMo压延辊全截面硬度均匀性的热处理工艺
CN115354138B (zh) * 2022-08-19 2023-11-21 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 提高20CrNiMo压延辊全截面硬度均匀性的热处理工艺

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BE669695A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-01-17
GB1117025A (en) 1968-06-12

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