US3408235A - Method of manufacturing wound nb3sn-containing bodies - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing wound nb3sn-containing bodies Download PDF

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Publication number
US3408235A
US3408235A US439681A US43968165A US3408235A US 3408235 A US3408235 A US 3408235A US 439681 A US439681 A US 439681A US 43968165 A US43968165 A US 43968165A US 3408235 A US3408235 A US 3408235A
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Prior art keywords
coil
wound
niobium
foil
tin
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Expired - Lifetime
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US439681A
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English (en)
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Berghout Cornelis Willem
Wolff Sonja
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/02—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances
    • H01B3/10—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances metallic oxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10N60/0184—Manufacture or treatment of devices comprising intermetallic compounds of type A-15, e.g. Nb3Sn
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H2714/00—Different types speed-changing mechanisms for toothed gearing
    • F16H2714/02—Different types speed-changing mechanisms for toothed gearing only with toothed wheels remaining engaged
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S493/00—Manufacturing container or tube from paper; or other manufacturing from a sheet or web
    • Y10S493/949—Electrical insulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/80—Material per se process of making same
    • Y10S505/812—Stock
    • Y10S505/813—Wire, tape, or film
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/80—Material per se process of making same
    • Y10S505/812—Stock
    • Y10S505/814—Treated metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/80—Material per se process of making same
    • Y10S505/815—Process of making per se
    • Y10S505/822—Shaping
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/917—Mechanically manufacturing superconductor
    • Y10S505/918—Mechanically manufacturing superconductor with metallurgical heat treating
    • Y10S505/919—Reactive formation of superconducting intermetallic compound
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/917—Mechanically manufacturing superconductor
    • Y10S505/924—Making superconductive magnet or coil
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49014—Superconductor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12361—All metal or with adjacent metals having aperture or cut
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12542—More than one such component
    • Y10T428/12549—Adjacent to each other
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12583—Component contains compound of adjacent metal
    • Y10T428/1259—Oxide

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a wound Nb Sn-containing body and to the wound body thus manufactured.
  • the compound Nb Sn is a known so-called hard" superconductor, that is to say a compound which has an infinitely small resistance up to very high magnetic field strengths at temperatures below 18 K.
  • Wound bodies manufactured from Nb Sn present the possibility of producing and maintaining these high field strengths (up to 200 kilo-oersted) with a comparatively small consumption of energy.
  • Nb Sn A drawback of the Nb Sn is that it is extremely brittle as a result of which it is impossible without a trick to manufacture coils of wound Nb Sn-wire.
  • a body is manufactured from a so-called impregnating alloy in which each of the components Nb and Sn is present but which has not yet been treated thermally to form the compound Nb Sn.
  • a body which consists of such an impregnating alloy may be machined with cutting tools in all kinds of manners such as milling, sawing or turning.
  • the impregnating alloy is obtained by compressing niobium powder or rolling niobium foil, it being ensured that the pore volume after compression, or after subsequent sintering, or the space between the foils is from 20 to 45%, and the body thus obtained is kept in contact with molten tin for such a period of time at a temperature between 600 and 1200 C. that the pores or the space between the foils are/or is filled with tin.
  • a coil may be manufactured by winding one or more niobium foils with foils of insulating material, then dipping this wound cylindrical body in liquid tin, then cutting the thus obtained body into a number of wafers, stacking the alternately turned wafers with interposed insulation and connecting them so that they are connected in series.
  • niobium wire or a number of these wires which are combined to form a bundle are provided with an insulating layer, are wound to a coil and are heated also only in this stage to form the compound Nb Sn.
  • the invention provides a method of manufacturing a wound Nb Sn-containing body with whole or partial interposition of an insulation material between the windings with which a simple solution to the problem of the insulation material is given.
  • the insulation material is obtained by thermal oxidation of niobium foil having a thickness of at most 60 microns consisting of a heating in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature between 625 and 850 C.
  • the oxide films thus obtained were found to be mechanically very strong. Also the thicker oxide films of approximately 30a were found to adhere readily to the metal so that the foils can readily be handled and are elastically deformable. According to the invention exactly the oxide layers thus manufactured impose particular propertieson Nb 'sn'magnet coils. These oxide layers remain chemically unattacked both when in contact with tin during the thermalrtreatment of the coils and with niobium or with the forming Nb Sn. Mechanically also they are not attacked in spite of the fact that they show already submicroscopic cracks after their formation.
  • the formation of the oxide layers used in accordance with the invention must not take place below 625 C. and not above 850 C. since otherwise the oxide layers show too many cracks and easily detach from the underlying metal.
  • the thickness of the oxide film is of minor importance.
  • thin foils will be used not only with a view to the requirements of use with respect to the space factor and the flexibility, but also because with foils having thicknesses above approximately 60 microns already traces of chipping oxide are noticed.
  • Niobium foil 23 1. thick, 25 mm. wide, was heated in air of 1 atmosphere at 625. C. for 4 minutes. The foil was heated to this temperature within 30 seconds. This thermal treatment resulted in an oxide layer of 5 microns thick on both sides of the foil.
  • the cylinder has a gap.
  • the insulation foil begins at the gap in order to prevent that afterwards a short-circuited Nb Sn circuit is formed.
  • the number of turns was 20.
  • On the outside the coil was surrounded by an Nb Sn ring with an inside diameter of 16 mm., an outside diameter of 20 mm., a length of 25 mm. and which was also provided with a gap in the longitudinal direction.
  • the insulation ends at the gap.
  • the body thus obtained was kept immersed in a bath of molten tin of a temperature of 930 C. for two hours. After cooling, wafers of 1 mm. thick were cut out of the resulting coil. After such a. wafer had been provided with current contacts, it was placed in liquid helium. Right after setting up a current of 100 a. a magnetic field of 1500 oersteds was formed in the centre of the spiral.
  • the resulting coil was provided in a cryostat with liquid helium and energized with a current of 80 a. In this case also a magnetic field of 7500 oersteds was reached without measurable delay immediately after setting up the current.
  • Niobium wire having a diameter of 0.15 mm. was provided with a tin film by dipping in a bath of molten tin heated at 950 C. Two of these tin-plated wires were united to form a tape by passing them together through a bath of molten tin which was heated at 250 C. Of this tape a small coil was wound, the layers of windings being separated from each other by Nb-foil oxidized accordingto Example 1. The windings in a layer were isolated from each other only by winding with some intermediate space. The length of the coil was 12 mm., the inside diameter 6 mm. and the outside diameter 10 mm. The coil consisted of 9 layers with each 12 turns.
  • the coil was heated in vacuo for two hours at 930 C. Then the coil was pickled with hydrochloric acid to remove a thin tin film which covered the whole coil. The coil was placed in a cryostat with liquid helium and, as in the preceding examples, it was found in this case also that the magnetic field of 5700 oersteds is formed in the coil without any delay when a current of 70 a. was set up.
  • the improvement which comprises employing as the insulating foil a fiat niobium foil having a. thickness of at most microns the surfaces of which have been oxidized by heating in oxygen at a temperature between 625 C. and 850 C.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
US439681A 1964-03-17 1965-03-15 Method of manufacturing wound nb3sn-containing bodies Expired - Lifetime US3408235A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL6402795A NL6402795A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1964-03-17 1964-03-17
BE661249A BE661249A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1964-03-17 1965-03-17

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US3408235A true US3408235A (en) 1968-10-29

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US439681A Expired - Lifetime US3408235A (en) 1964-03-17 1965-03-15 Method of manufacturing wound nb3sn-containing bodies

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3408235A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE661249A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1514246A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK112112B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1101003A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6402795A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3591705A (en) * 1967-11-21 1971-07-06 British Insulated Callenders Superconductive devices and conductors therefor
US3868768A (en) * 1972-05-31 1975-03-04 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Method of producing a composite superconductor
US3946348A (en) * 1971-03-22 1976-03-23 Bbc Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Radiation resistant ducted superconductive coil
US4708888A (en) * 1985-05-07 1987-11-24 Eltech Systems Corporation Coating metal mesh
US4990491A (en) * 1988-06-29 1991-02-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Insulation for superconductors
US5021401A (en) * 1989-04-03 1991-06-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Integrated production of superconductor insulation for chemical vapor deposition of nickel carbonyl
WO1994012989A1 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-09 Composite Materials Technology, Inc. Insulation for superconductors
US5987731A (en) * 1987-04-01 1999-11-23 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Elongated superconductive member

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4262412A (en) * 1979-05-29 1981-04-21 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite construction process and superconductor produced thereby
CH678465A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1988-07-14 1991-09-13 Asea Brown Boveri

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3055088A (en) * 1958-09-22 1962-09-25 Du Pont Composite metal body for high temperature use
US3056889A (en) * 1958-05-19 1962-10-02 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Heat-responsive superconductive devices
US3239731A (en) * 1964-04-21 1966-03-08 Hughes Aircraft Co Self-healing thin-film capacitor
US3243871A (en) * 1963-08-12 1966-04-05 Nat Res Corp Method of making ductile superconductors
US3258828A (en) * 1963-05-29 1966-07-05 Gen Electric Method of producing a superconductive solenoid disc

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3056889A (en) * 1958-05-19 1962-10-02 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Heat-responsive superconductive devices
US3055088A (en) * 1958-09-22 1962-09-25 Du Pont Composite metal body for high temperature use
US3258828A (en) * 1963-05-29 1966-07-05 Gen Electric Method of producing a superconductive solenoid disc
US3243871A (en) * 1963-08-12 1966-04-05 Nat Res Corp Method of making ductile superconductors
US3239731A (en) * 1964-04-21 1966-03-08 Hughes Aircraft Co Self-healing thin-film capacitor

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3591705A (en) * 1967-11-21 1971-07-06 British Insulated Callenders Superconductive devices and conductors therefor
US3946348A (en) * 1971-03-22 1976-03-23 Bbc Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Radiation resistant ducted superconductive coil
US3868768A (en) * 1972-05-31 1975-03-04 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Method of producing a composite superconductor
US4708888A (en) * 1985-05-07 1987-11-24 Eltech Systems Corporation Coating metal mesh
US5987731A (en) * 1987-04-01 1999-11-23 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Elongated superconductive member
US4990491A (en) * 1988-06-29 1991-02-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Insulation for superconductors
US5021401A (en) * 1989-04-03 1991-06-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Integrated production of superconductor insulation for chemical vapor deposition of nickel carbonyl
WO1994012989A1 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-09 Composite Materials Technology, Inc. Insulation for superconductors
US5364709A (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-11-15 Composite Materials Technology, Inc. Insulation for superconductors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE661249A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-09-17
DK112112B (da) 1968-11-11
GB1101003A (en) 1968-01-31
DE1514246A1 (de) 1969-05-08
NL6402795A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-09-20

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