US3402254A - Composite electrical bus bar - Google Patents
Composite electrical bus bar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3402254A US3402254A US598818A US59881866A US3402254A US 3402254 A US3402254 A US 3402254A US 598818 A US598818 A US 598818A US 59881866 A US59881866 A US 59881866A US 3402254 A US3402254 A US 3402254A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bus bar
- copper
- aluminum
- strip
- composite
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
- H01B5/02—Single bars, rods, wires, or strips
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12354—Nonplanar, uniform-thickness material having symmetrical channel shape or reverse fold [e.g., making acute angle, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12382—Defined configuration of both thickness and nonthickness surface or angle therebetween [e.g., rounded corners, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12986—Adjacent functionally defined components
Definitions
- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A composite strip of relatively thick aluminum and relatively thin copper metallurgically bonded thereto is longitudinally folded by oppositely bending opposite marginal portions flatwise against intermediate portions so as to place the edges of the strip near one another, with a reverse bend of the intermediate portion formed therebetween. The small spaces between the edges and the reverse bend are infilled with a protective material. The result is a bus bar having rounded longitudinal edges with opposite copper faces along one side and opposite aluminum faces along the other side.
- one margin only of the composite is marginally bent with its edge substantially spaced from the edge of edge of the unfolded margin.
- the result is a bus bar having a rounded longitudinal edge along one side which has opposite copper faces and having opposite copper and aluminum faces along the other side.
- This invention relates to composite electrical conductors and more particularly to such conductors constituting bus bars and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a fragmentary view illustrating one form of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view showing another form of the invention.
- Bus bars for carrying substantial currents have heretofore been composed of substantially heavy copper bars of rectangular cross sections having comparatively sharp angular corners.
- the weight of copper employed made them expensive and the angular corners were not ideal for the reception of the connecting clips.
- FIG. 1 it shows what was Originally a flat composite sheet constituted by a comparatively thick layer of aluminum 1 to which has been interfacially 'metallurgically bonded on one side a comparatively thin copper layer 3. Such a composite is sometimes referred to as single-clad plate.
- a ratio of thickness of the aluminum 1 to the copper 3 may, for example, be nine to one, and the total thickness of the starting plate ICC may be 1A inch.
- the starting plate is preferably in strip form and wide enough to admit of opposite marginal bending at 180 turns to make a narrower thicker strip (FIG. 1). This constitutes a finished bus bar made according to the invention.
- the original strip is marginally bent over in one direction as shown at numeral 5 so as to place the copper layer 3 on the outside.
- the original strip is also marginally bent over in the opposite direction as shown at bend 7 to place the aluminum layer 1 on the outside.
- the bentovcr parts are numbered 2 and 4.
- the original composite is also reversely bent as shown at reverse bend 9. This bend 9 is parallel to the bends 5 and 7 and lies therebetween. Its position is preferably midway between bends 5 and 7 but not necessarily so.
- the reverse double bent portion 9 has the effect of placing all parts of opposite faces of the resulting bus bar in the same plane, with the exception of narrow slot 11 on each side. These slots may be infilled with a suitable solder or other protective material, which is shown by stippling.
- FIG. l has various advantages, an important one of which is the fact that comparatively thin single-clad composite starting plate may be used as starting material to produce a comparatively thick bus bar.
- the total thickness of this composite starting plate is on the order of one-half the thickness of the finally constructed bus bar. Of this thickness the larger amount is provided by the aluminum, which is highly conductive but less costly than copper and makes the bus bar of lighter weight.
- the starting plate may be 1A; inch thick, resulting in a 1A inch thick bus bar.
- Another advantage is that the opposite faces on one side of the finished bus bar are constituted by copper and the opposite faces on the other side are constituted by aluminum.
- the former are connected to the side of the bus bar having exposed copper and the latter are connected to the side having exposed surfaces of aluminum ⁇ This avoids the occurrence of any electrolytic corrosion at any contacting but unbonded copper-to-aluminum joints.
- Another advantage is that, by bending the starting strip as above described, the sidewise edges of the bus bar become smoothly rounded as shown at the bends 5 and 7.
- connecting spring-contact clips can more readily be transversely applied to the bar with less wear and tear than heretofore.
- FIG. 2 is shown another form of the invention in which a fiat starting composite strip has copper and alu- 'minum layers 13 and 15, respectively.
- the original strip is longit'udinally bent only once, as shown at 17.
- the folded-over portion is narrower than the remainder, their edges being out of register.
- the right side of the FIG. 2 construction has copper only on one (bottom) side and aluminum on the other (top) side.
- the copper connections can be made on the left side by transversely applied copper clips.
- the aluminum connections are made on the top only of the right side of the bar, as by welding, bolting or the like.
- An electrical bus bar comprising a composite sheet composed of an aluminum layer clad with a copper layer, said sheet having one marginal portion bent with a 180- smoothly rounded turn against another portion of the sheet with the aluminum layer inside, the margins of the folded portions being out of register so as to provide along one side of the bus bar opposite copper facings and along the other side of the bus bar opposite aluminum and copper facings.
- An electrical bus bar comprising a composite bonded strip having bonded layers of different comparatively thick and thin metals, said strip having oppositely bent portions forming smoothly rounded marginal turns, one of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of one of the metal layers, another of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of the other metal layer, whereby face areas on opposite faces on one longitudinal side of the bus bar present faces of one metal and opposite faces on the other longitudinal side of the bar present faces of the other metal.
- An electrical bus bar comprising a composite bonded metal strip having bonded layers of comparatively thick aluminum and comparatively thin copper, said strip having oppositely bent portions :forming smoothly rounded marginal turns, one of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip formin'g nterfacially engaged face portions of the aluminum layer, another of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of the copper layer, whereby face areas on opposite longitudinal faces on one side of the bus bar present copper faces and opposite faces on the other longitudinal side of the bar present aluminum faces.
- An electrical bus bar according to claim 3 including a doubly bent portion between the two areas of interfacial engagement which places all surfaces in each opposite side of the bar in substantially the same plane.
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- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Connections Effected By Soldering, Adhesion, Or Permanent Deformation (AREA)
Description
Sept- 17, 1968 G. H. PARKER ETAL. 3,402,254
COMPOSTE ELECTRICA' BUS BAR Filed Dec. 2, 1966 W H. Pwzb,
W A. mam,
United States Patent O 3,402,254 COMPOSITE ELECTRICAL BUS BAR Gregory H. Parker, Winnetka, Ill., and Edwin A. Miller,
Attleboro, Mass., assignors to Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 2, 1966, Ser. No. 598,818 4 Claims. (Cl. 174-133) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A composite strip of relatively thick aluminum and relatively thin copper metallurgically bonded thereto is longitudinally folded by oppositely bending opposite marginal portions flatwise against intermediate portions so as to place the edges of the strip near one another, with a reverse bend of the intermediate portion formed therebetween. The small spaces between the edges and the reverse bend are infilled with a protective material. The result is a bus bar having rounded longitudinal edges with opposite copper faces along one side and opposite aluminum faces along the other side. In another form one margin only of the composite is marginally bent with its edge substantially spaced from the edge of edge of the unfolded margin. The result is a bus bar having a rounded longitudinal edge along one side which has opposite copper faces and having opposite copper and aluminum faces along the other side.
This invention relates to composite electrical conductors and more particularly to such conductors constituting bus bars and the like.
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of a low-cost, strong, light-weight and highly conductive bus bar marginally shaped to facilitate application thereto of spring-clip connectors; and the provi-sion of a bus bar of the class described which is useful to form a conductive transition member between copper and aluminum electrical networks. Other objects and features will be in the part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
The invention accordingly comprises the methods and products hereinafter described, the scope of the invention being indicated in the following claims.
In the accompanying drawings, in which several of various possible embodiments of the invention are illustrated,
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary view illustrating one form of the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view showing another form of the invention.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.
Bus bars for carrying substantial currents have heretofore been composed of substantially heavy copper bars of rectangular cross sections having comparatively sharp angular corners. The weight of copper employed made them expensive and the angular corners were not ideal for the reception of the connecting clips. Morever, such solid bars were not ideal for use as transition members between copper and aluminum networks because of electrolytic corrosion problems encountered in making aluminum-to-copper connections.
Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1, it shows what was Originally a flat composite sheet constituted by a comparatively thick layer of aluminum 1 to which has been interfacially 'metallurgically bonded on one side a comparatively thin copper layer 3. Such a composite is sometimes referred to as single-clad plate. A ratio of thickness of the aluminum 1 to the copper 3 may, for example, be nine to one, and the total thickness of the starting plate ICC may be 1A inch. The starting plate is preferably in strip form and wide enough to admit of opposite marginal bending at 180 turns to make a narrower thicker strip (FIG. 1). This constitutes a finished bus bar made according to the invention.
The original strip is marginally bent over in one direction as shown at numeral 5 so as to place the copper layer 3 on the outside. The original strip is also marginally bent over in the opposite direction as shown at bend 7 to place the aluminum layer 1 on the outside. The bentovcr parts are numbered 2 and 4. The original composite is also reversely bent as shown at reverse bend 9. This bend 9 is parallel to the bends 5 and 7 and lies therebetween. Its position is preferably midway between bends 5 and 7 but not necessarily so. The reverse double bent portion 9 has the effect of placing all parts of opposite faces of the resulting bus bar in the same plane, with the exception of narrow slot 11 on each side. These slots may be infilled with a suitable solder or other protective material, which is shown by stippling.
The above-described form of the invention (FIG. l) has various advantages, an important one of which is the fact that comparatively thin single-clad composite starting plate may be used as starting material to produce a comparatively thick bus bar. The total thickness of this composite starting plate is on the order of one-half the thickness of the finally constructed bus bar. Of this thickness the larger amount is provided by the aluminum, which is highly conductive but less costly than copper and makes the bus bar of lighter weight. For example, the starting plate may be 1A; inch thick, resulting in a 1A inch thick bus bar. Another advantage is that the opposite faces on one side of the finished bus bar are constituted by copper and the opposite faces on the other side are constituted by aluminum. Thus, when transition joints are to be made between copper and aluminum networks, the former are connected to the side of the bus bar having exposed copper and the latter are connected to the side having exposed surfaces of aluminum` This avoids the occurrence of any electrolytic corrosion at any contacting but unbonded copper-to-aluminum joints. Another advantage is that, by bending the starting strip as above described, the sidewise edges of the bus bar become smoothly rounded as shown at the bends 5 and 7. Thus, connecting spring-contact clips can more readily be transversely applied to the bar with less wear and tear than heretofore.
In FIG. 2 is shown another form of the invention in which a fiat starting composite strip has copper and alu- ' minum layers 13 and 15, respectively. In this case the original strip is longit'udinally bent only once, as shown at 17. The folded-over portion is narrower than the remainder, their edges being out of register. This produces a bus bar which has a form on one side wherein the copper is on the outside, which is like the form on the left side of the bus bar of FIG. 1. The right side of the FIG. 2 construction has copper only on one (bottom) side and aluminum on the other (top) side. When this form of the finished bus bar is employed as a transition joint between copper and aluminum electrical networks, the copper connections can be made on the left side by transversely applied copper clips. The aluminum connections are made on the top only of the right side of the bar, as by welding, bolting or the like.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawin'gs shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
What is clairned is:
1. An electrical bus bar comprising a composite sheet composed of an aluminum layer clad with a copper layer, said sheet having one marginal portion bent with a 180- smoothly rounded turn against another portion of the sheet with the aluminum layer inside, the margins of the folded portions being out of register so as to provide along one side of the bus bar opposite copper facings and along the other side of the bus bar opposite aluminum and copper facings.
'2. An electrical bus bar comprising a composite bonded strip having bonded layers of different comparatively thick and thin metals, said strip having oppositely bent portions forming smoothly rounded marginal turns, one of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of one of the metal layers, another of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of the other metal layer, whereby face areas on opposite faces on one longitudinal side of the bus bar present faces of one metal and opposite faces on the other longitudinal side of the bar present faces of the other metal.
3. An electrical bus bar comprising a composite bonded metal strip having bonded layers of comparatively thick aluminum and comparatively thin copper, said strip having oppositely bent portions :forming smoothly rounded marginal turns, one of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip formin'g nterfacially engaged face portions of the aluminum layer, another of said portions and a part of the remainder of the strip forming interfacially engaged face portions of the copper layer, whereby face areas on opposite longitudinal faces on one side of the bus bar present copper faces and opposite faces on the other longitudinal side of the bar present aluminum faces.
4. An electrical bus bar according to claim 3, including a doubly bent portion between the two areas of interfacial engagement which places all surfaces in each opposite side of the bar in substantially the same plane.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,801,110 4/1931 Ruder 72-700X 2,752,667 7/ 1956- Schaefer 29-197 FOREIGN PATENTS 914,139 7/ 1954 Germany.
25 LEWIS H. MYERS, Primary Examiner.
E. GOLDBERG, Assistant Examner.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US598818A US3402254A (en) | 1966-12-02 | 1966-12-02 | Composite electrical bus bar |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US598818A US3402254A (en) | 1966-12-02 | 1966-12-02 | Composite electrical bus bar |
Publications (1)
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US3402254A true US3402254A (en) | 1968-09-17 |
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US598818A Expired - Lifetime US3402254A (en) | 1966-12-02 | 1966-12-02 | Composite electrical bus bar |
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Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3717719A (en) * | 1971-11-17 | 1973-02-20 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Coaxial cable inner conductor |
US4142224A (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1979-02-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Control center bus bars |
US4180845A (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1979-12-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Control center with bus bar insulators |
US4412123A (en) * | 1980-05-09 | 1983-10-25 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Laminated electric heat generating member for reflow soldering devices |
US5422440A (en) * | 1993-06-08 | 1995-06-06 | Rem Technologies, Inc. | Low inductance bus bar arrangement for high power inverters |
US5808240A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-09-15 | Otis Elevator Company | Low-inductance planar bus arrangement |
US6023030A (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-02-08 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Bus plug door interlock |
US6142807A (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-11-07 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | High current and low current electrical busway systems having compatible bus plug |
US6265666B1 (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2001-07-24 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Electrical power distribution busway having a two-piece housing |
US6399882B1 (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2002-06-04 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Dual-hinged door for an electrical power distribution busway |
US20060180801A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2006-08-17 | Gram Engineering Pty Ltd | Building element with varying surface characteristics |
US20100248029A1 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2010-09-30 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Methods of welding battery terminals |
WO2011003830A3 (en) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-05-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Modular busbar |
US8409744B2 (en) | 2009-01-12 | 2013-04-02 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Prismatic battery module with scalable architecture |
CN105358287A (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2016-02-24 | Lg化学株式会社 | Resistive spot welding method |
US20170341144A1 (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2017-11-30 | Nuburu, Inc. | Visible Laser Welding of Electronic Packaging, Automotive Electrics, Battery and Other Components |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1801110A (en) * | 1928-05-08 | 1931-04-14 | Gen Electric | Method for working normally-brittle sheet metal |
DE914139C (en) * | 1940-06-04 | 1954-06-28 | Trierer Walzwerk Ag | Manufacture of bars, e.g. for bar windings of electrical machines |
US2752667A (en) * | 1947-08-20 | 1956-07-03 | Clevite Corp | Bearings |
-
1966
- 1966-12-02 US US598818A patent/US3402254A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1801110A (en) * | 1928-05-08 | 1931-04-14 | Gen Electric | Method for working normally-brittle sheet metal |
DE914139C (en) * | 1940-06-04 | 1954-06-28 | Trierer Walzwerk Ag | Manufacture of bars, e.g. for bar windings of electrical machines |
US2752667A (en) * | 1947-08-20 | 1956-07-03 | Clevite Corp | Bearings |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3717719A (en) * | 1971-11-17 | 1973-02-20 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Coaxial cable inner conductor |
US4142224A (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1979-02-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Control center bus bars |
DE2838365A1 (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1979-03-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | POWER DISTRIBUTION BAR FOR SWITCH CABINET |
US4180845A (en) * | 1977-09-09 | 1979-12-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Control center with bus bar insulators |
US4412123A (en) * | 1980-05-09 | 1983-10-25 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Laminated electric heat generating member for reflow soldering devices |
US5422440A (en) * | 1993-06-08 | 1995-06-06 | Rem Technologies, Inc. | Low inductance bus bar arrangement for high power inverters |
US5808240A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-09-15 | Otis Elevator Company | Low-inductance planar bus arrangement |
US6399882B1 (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2002-06-04 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Dual-hinged door for an electrical power distribution busway |
US6142807A (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-11-07 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | High current and low current electrical busway systems having compatible bus plug |
US6265666B1 (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2001-07-24 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Electrical power distribution busway having a two-piece housing |
US6023030A (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-02-08 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | Bus plug door interlock |
US20060180801A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2006-08-17 | Gram Engineering Pty Ltd | Building element with varying surface characteristics |
US8276887B2 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2012-10-02 | Gram Engineering Pty. Ltd. | Building element with varying surface characteristics |
US20100248029A1 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2010-09-30 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Methods of welding battery terminals |
US8409744B2 (en) | 2009-01-12 | 2013-04-02 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Prismatic battery module with scalable architecture |
WO2011003830A3 (en) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-05-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Modular busbar |
CN105358287A (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2016-02-24 | Lg化学株式会社 | Resistive spot welding method |
EP3020500A4 (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2016-07-20 | Lg Chemical Ltd | Method for welding dissimilar metals, dissimilar metallic busbar manufactured using same, and secondary battery comprising same |
US10350702B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2019-07-16 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Method for welding dissimilar metals, dissimilar metallic busbar manufactured using same, and secondary battery comprising same |
US20170341144A1 (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2017-11-30 | Nuburu, Inc. | Visible Laser Welding of Electronic Packaging, Automotive Electrics, Battery and Other Components |
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