US3397444A - Bonding metals with explosives - Google Patents

Bonding metals with explosives Download PDF

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US3397444A
US3397444A US503261A US50326165A US3397444A US 3397444 A US3397444 A US 3397444A US 503261 A US503261 A US 503261A US 50326165 A US50326165 A US 50326165A US 3397444 A US3397444 A US 3397444A
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explosive
velocity
layers
metal
layer
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Oswald R Bergmann
George R Cowan
Arnold H Holtzman
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US503261A priority Critical patent/US3397444A/en
Application filed by EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co filed Critical EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
Priority to CH1530766A priority patent/CH500040A/de
Priority to BE688680D priority patent/BE688680A/xx
Priority to NL6614929A priority patent/NL6614929A/xx
Priority to GB47380/66A priority patent/GB1168264A/en
Priority to AT992766A priority patent/AT298926B/de
Priority to DE19661577108 priority patent/DE1577108A1/de
Priority to US725549*A priority patent/US3493353A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/06—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic energy
    • B23K20/08—Explosive welding
    • B23K20/085—Explosive welding for tubes, e.g. plugging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/06—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic energy
    • B23K20/08—Explosive welding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/94—Pressure bonding, e.g. explosive
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49805—Shaping by direct application of fluent pressure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12778—Alternative base metals from diverse categories
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Metals are explosion bonded by being driven together progressively with an explosive at a low collision velocity at Which bonded products having relatively little melt and improved physical properties are obtained.
  • This invention relates to an improved process for cladding metals by means of explosives, and to improved clad products obtained thereby.
  • detonation velocity of the explosive be less than 120% of the velocity of sound in that metal in the system having the highest sonic velocity.
  • the minimum detonation velocity set forth is about 1200 meters per second, this velocity being about the lowest at which commonly available explosives are found to propagate detonation reliably.
  • the process of this invention is an improvement in the process for metallurgicaly bonding layers of metals by propelling the layers together with an explosive, said improvement comprising effecting collision with respect to each of said metal layers at a velocity of about from 1400 to 2500 meters per second and below 120% of the sonic velocity of the metal in the system having the highest sonic velocity, the surfaces to be bonded of said layers being disposed at an angle of less than 10 to each other prior to detonation of said explosive.
  • the collision velocity is the velocity with which the line or region of collison travels along the metal layers to be bonded.
  • the unique and preferred products of this invention are multi-layer composites comprising at least two, and preferably two or three, metallic layers bonded together, adjacent layers in said composite being of different composition and metallurgically bonded over at least 90% of the interface therebetween, as-bonded, by a substantially diffusionless bond, said composite exhibiting ordered plastic deformation in a direction substantially parallel to said interface localized in the metal bounding each side thereof, any solidified melt present at said interface being present in localized regions between said layers and spaced between areas of metal-to-rnetal metallurgical bonding at said inter-face, said solidified melt having an equivalent melt thickness of less than one micron.
  • the products of this invention have improved ductility reflected in a percent elongation of the composite, determined in accordance with ASTM designation E8, preferably of at least of the least ductile layer before bonding.
  • products of this invention may contain regions of the alloy characteristic of explosion-bonded products generally, in all cases the amount of alloy is substantially less than that obtained heretofore and in some cases may not be observable at a magn'iture of 250x.
  • the amount of solidified melt associated with the bond zone increases 'with collision velocity at any given impact angle (i.e., angle between metal layers on collision); also, when the interface is wavy, the wave amplitude is controlled by impact angle, increasing greatly with said angle.
  • the velocity region below the critical there is little or no melt observable at 250x associated with the bond zone regardless of the impact angle, and the wave amplitude for a given metal system is significantly smaller than that produced at the same impact angle at a collision velocity above the critical.
  • operating in the below-critical region permits the obtaining of consistently low-melt products over a broad range of liquid angle, i.e., a broad range of initial stand-01f distances or initial angles between layers.
  • the interface between the metallic layers can be in the form of a substantially straight line or in the form of a wave having a preferably uniform amplitude and wave length. Under most conditions, the wavy bond is formed.
  • any solidified melt which is present at the interface is present in isolated regions of such size that when the melt therein is converted into an equivalent continuous layer of uniform thickness along the entire interface, said layer is less than about ten microns, and usually less than one micron, thick. Stated differently, the total volume of melt divided by the area of the bonded interfaces is less than microns, and preferably less than 1 micron.
  • This equivalent melt thickness can be conveniently measured by taking a section through a sample parallel to the direction of detonation during bonding, measuring the total area of the melt in the section, and dividing such area by the length of the bonded interface.
  • Clad products made by the present process and having at the interface an amount of melt which, when converted into an equivalent layer of uniform thickness along the entire interface, gives a layer less than one micron thick are preferred and unique products of this invention having particularly outstanding resistance to mechanical stresses.
  • Such clad products having the wavy type of bond interface are preferred in many situations because of their normally higher strength.
  • the present process also affords im proved product workability, such as formability.
  • the ductility is relatively insensitive to changes in impact angle. Ductility of product is highly desirable in clad composites which are to be worked into various shapes.
  • Ordered plastic deformation of the metal bounding the interface between metal layers refers to regular gross plastic deformation in a general direction substantially perpendicular to the collision front occurring during the preparation of the products, i.e., in the direction of the collision, and generally parallel to and localized near the interface.
  • the deformation follows the contour of the interface, e.g., in the case of wavy interfaces it follows the general contour of the waves, and is either precisely parallel to the interface or at some small acute angle thereto, e.g., 10-20.
  • the aforementioned deformation is in a general direction away from a point or line in the composite.
  • the arrows show plastic deformation in which the metal flow has been in the general direction of the detonation or collision during the bonding process, that is, deformation in the general direction away from the point or line of initiation of the explosive used in the bonding process.
  • the plastic deformation is concentrated in the region adjacent the interface usually to a depth on either side thereof of less than about 25% of the thickness of the thinner layer bonded at said interface, the depth of deformation in the case of a wavy interface being measured from a plane passing midway between the crests and troughs of the wave and normally being less than about 3 times the wave amplitude on either side of said plane.
  • the products are usually viewed in cross-section'parallel to the direction of detonation, and, hence, an'y'ofthe aforementioned melt appears as two-dimensionalpockets, in realityany regions of solidified melt are elongated ,zones running parallel to the detonation front.
  • the aforementioned melt if observable, has a composition between that of the two layers between which it is disposed and the composition thereof is substantially homogeneous throughout each such region.
  • the products are substantially diffusionless throughout in the as-bonded condition; that is, in the as-bonded condition the interface and adjacent areas, including the prodminant metal-to-metal bonded regions as well as the alloy regions, if any, exhibit no gradient composition charactertistic of diffusion-bonded products.
  • any interfacial waves usually have an amplitude of about from 5 microns to 0.5 inch and normally no larger than about 50% of the thickness of the thinner layer bonded at the interface, and are substantially uniform in size throughout the composite.
  • Such uniformity which is a characteristic of the aforementioned preferred embodiment employing a layup having layers to be bonded in substantially parallel alignment, leads to particularly good uniformity of mechanical properties.
  • FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view of an assembly which can be used to practice the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a photornicrograph (magnification of 76) of a novel product of this invention showing the unique structure of the bond zone;
  • FIGURES 3, 3A, and 3B are photomicrographs of clad products made at three different collision velocities.
  • metal backer plate 1 and metal cladder plate 2 are parallel to one another and spaced apart so as to provide a stand-oflt 3.
  • the stand-off spacing 3 can be conveniently maintained by metal ribbons 4 such as those described in US. Patent 3,205,574, the ribbons being positioned at the plate corners.
  • Explosive layer 5 is initiated by electric blasting cap 7 having lead wires 8 leading to a source of electricity. Upon initiation of explosive layer 5, plate 2 is propelled against plate 1 and collides progressively therewith as the detonation progresses through layer 5, the collision velocity being equal to the detonation velocity of explosive layer 5.
  • FIGURES 2, 3, 3A, and 3B are obtained on explosion-clad products described in the examples which follow, and the figures are described more fully therein.
  • the metal layers collide at a collision velocity which is in the region below the critical velocity described above, i.e., below about 2500 meters per second;
  • a collision velocity which is in the region below the critical velocity described above, i.e., below about 2500 meters per second;
  • two metal layers to be bonded one may be propelled against the other, stationary, layer or both layers may be propelled toward each other to cause collision.
  • one metal layer may be propelled toward a second metal layer, which in turn is driven toward a third layer; or two outside layers can be propelled simultane ously toward an inside stationary layer.
  • one or both outside layers can be propelled to cause collision and bonding.
  • the metal layer or layers are propelled by the detonation of a layer of explosive or by another metal layer which is in turn propelled by detonation of a layer of explosive.
  • the layers to be bonded can be arrayed initially parallel to, and spaced apart from, each other, or at some angle to one another. In either arrangement, the controlling parameters are so chosen that the collision velocity is about from 1400 to 2500 meters per second. i
  • the collision velocity is the velocity with which the collision region travels along the metal layers to be bonded. More precisely, for two colliding layers 1 and 2, there are two collision velocities, V and V denoting the velocities of the collision region relative to metal layers 1 and 2, respectively, that is, the velocities with which each of the two layers moves into the collision region or, stated differently, the velocities with which points on the inner surface of each of the layers approach the collision region. In most cases described herein the two velocities are the same or substantially the same; hence, there is little difference whether the velocities are considered as one or not. However, unless otherwise indicated, collision velocities of all layers being bonded must be within the indicated values.
  • the layer of explosive is initiated so that detonation is propagated substantially parallel to the surfaces of the metal layers. If there is a layer of explosive adjacent only one of the metal layers, or if an explosive layer of the same detonation velocity is adjacent both metal layers and the explosive layers are initiated simul taneously at corresponding points or lines thereon, the collision velocities relative to both metal layers are equal to each other, and equal to the detonation velocity of the explosive.
  • this embodiment of the present process employs explosives detonating at a velocity below about 2500 meters per second.
  • the present process requires 6. that the initial angle between the metal layers and the explosive loading (which affects the velocities of the propelled layer(s) must be adjusted to provide a V and V of less than about 2500 meters per second.
  • the above-mentioned Belgian patent also teaches that when a layer of explosive on the external surface of one or both metal layers is initiated at a point or along a line the collision velocities of the metal layers are functions of the initial angle 6 between the metal layers; the angles 71 and/or 72 by which the metal layer(s) are deflected by thedetonation pressure; the angle A which is the angle between the initial line of intersection of the planes of the metal plates and any line on the plates along which detonation is propagating; and the detonation velocity D of the explosive.
  • the method or location of the point or line of initiation and the detonation velocity of the explosive-must be adjusted to provide a V and V of less than about 2500 meters per second.
  • Relations for calculating V and V in these situations are (1), (m), (n), and (p) of the cited Belgian patent. Where a single layer of explosive is used:
  • the achieving of a certain minimum angle between metal layers on impact For a given cladding system, operation in the collision velocity range of this invention appears to require a somewhat larger minimum impact angle than does operation in the above-2SOO-meters-per-second region.
  • the larger impact angle can be produced by a larger initial stand-off or angle betweenlayers or 'by use of a larger explosive load.
  • the minimum impact angle varies from metal to metal, being about 4 for-cladding systems containing nickel layers and 7 for titanium layers, generally it is in the range of 4 to 10. In any case, an angle of 10 is usually adequate, the precise minimum being established by varying the standoff, initial angle, or load.
  • the impact angle is preferably about from 7 to and 4 to 18, respectively.
  • Standoff, loading and initial angle can be varied as indicated within the broad teachings of U8. Patent 3,137,- 937, Belgian Patent 633,913, and US. Ser. No. 217,776 which are incorporated herein by reference; however, each of these interrelated variables are adjusted to optimize results with each particular system.
  • loading weights of about 0.2 to 3 times the driven or cladder layer weight are used, while standoifs of about from 0.3 to 0.7 of the cladder layer thickness are employed.
  • explosive loading increases with the mass per unit area and standoff of the driven layer and usually is such that the driven layer has a velocity at collision of at least about 130 meters per second.
  • the explosive compositions useful in the present process vary widely and the selection of a particular composition will be made on the basis of such factors as the metal layer arrangement employed, ease of handling, economics, etc.
  • explosive compositions which detonate at velocities below about 2500 meters per second are employed.
  • Typical of such compositions are nitroguanidine in low bulk densities, self-supporting explosive sheet such as the fibrous felt-like compositions described in US. Patent 3,102,833, e.g., PETN and RDX sheets, and a number of permissible explosives such as some of those listed in the US. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8087 (1962).
  • the angle cladding technique is employed, explosives having higher detonation velocities can be used, since the required collision velocity can be achieved with explosives of any higher detonation velocity by increasing initial angle (up to 10) and/ or explosive load.
  • the improved explosion cladding process of this invention is applicable to a wide variety of metals including, for example, aluminum, iron, titanium, columbium, chromium, tantalum, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, zirconium, silver, platinum, copper, gold, as well as alloys of a major proportion, e.g., 50% by weight or more, of one or more of the aforementioned metals with minor amounts of alloying elements.
  • Metals having a specific gravity of at least 2, and preferably about from 4 to 17, particularly copper, nickel, iron, silver, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, and alloys ofthese metals are preferred.
  • the alloys usually contain up to 50%, and preferably up to 30%, of alloying elements.
  • the amount of alloying elements is minor, e.g., less than 5%.
  • the difference in specific gravity between the metal layers being bonded is no greater than 9.
  • the layers should be sufficiently ductile (e.g., percent elongation of greater than 5%) so that they donot crack or fracture during the bonding process.
  • explosive is positioned adjacent the more ductile layer and the more brittle layer is used as the backer.
  • the process of this invention can be used to produce mill products, i.e., plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, tubing, etc., comprised of at least two metallic layers of different composition bonded together'over a large portion of the interface between the layers, e.g., over at least of the interface, to form a composite system.
  • the layers of different composition can be two layers of different substantially pure metals; two layers of different alloys (of the same or different metals); or' one layer of a'subs'tantially pure metal and a second layer of an alloy (of the same or a different metal than the first layer).
  • the product can be a composite of two or more layers bonded to a layer of substantially homogeneous composition; or of two or more multilayered composites bonded together.
  • Mill product denotes here a product having a minimum significant dimension of three inches, e.g., a three-inch-long strip, rod, bar, or tube; and a plate or sheet having a length and width of at least three inches.
  • the metal surfaces are prepared by abrading with a disc sander and degreasing with alcohol.
  • the collision velocity given is the approximate detonation velocity of the explosive as measured from framingcamera sequences using a reflected grid-displacement technique, as are the plate velocity and plate impact angle.
  • a reflected grid-displacement technique as are the plate velocity and plate impact angle.
  • the equivalent melt thickness is the total area of isolated pockets or regions of melt at the interface, in an illustrative cross-section parallel to the direction of detonation, divided by the length of the interface.
  • Example 1 A nickel plate is clad explosively to a steel plate employing the general arrangement depicted in FIGURE 1.
  • the backer plate 1 is a 7 x 9 inch Grade 1008 steel plate /2 inch thick
  • the cladder plate 2 is a 7 x 9 inch Grade A nickel plate /8 inch thick.
  • Grade 1008 steel is a low-carbon or mild steel (about 0.08% carbon);
  • the extension strip is a 1 x 7 inch strip of Grade A nickel /s inch thick.
  • the layer of explosive is a 7'0/30 nitrog-uanidine/corn meal mixture in a loading of 15.4 grams per square inch.
  • the collision (detonation) velocity is 2000 meters per second.
  • the stand-off distance between plates is 156 mils. yOn detonation of the explosive, the plate impact angle is about 7.
  • bonding is effected over greater than 90% of the interface between plates. 7
  • FIGURE 2 is a photomicrograph (76X magnification) made from the nickel-steel clad product of Example 7b.
  • the direction of plastic flow is indicated by the arrows.
  • Example 2 The procedure described in Example 1 is used to explosively clad titanium 0/8 inch) onto Grade 1008 steel /2 inch).
  • Grade -A titanium is used for the cladder plate and extension strip.
  • the explosive loading is the same, the collision velocity is again 2000 meters per second, the stand-off distance between plates is 250 mils and the impact angle is about 1l12.
  • the composite is well-bonded over greater than 90% of its interface, and-has a wavy interface.
  • the equivalent melt thickness is less than 1,u., and the product shows plastic deformation adjacent the interface in the direction of detonation, primarily in the area Within inch from the interface on each side.
  • the detonation velocity can be decreased by increasing the amount of corn meal in the nitroguanidine/corn meal mixture, and increased (to the velocitiesin the range below 3000 meters per second) by decreasing or eliminating the corn meal.
  • the explosive compositions described in US. Patent 3,102,833 canbe used, the disclosure of that patent being incorporated herein by reference.
  • the explosive loading is such that the ratio of theweight of the mixture to the weight of the cladder plate is in the range of 02-3, the precise amount of explosive used being determined by adjusting the loading to give the indicated impact angle.
  • Example 3-7 In these examples the procedure described in Example 1 is used to explosively clad a nickel plate to a steel plate. The stand-off distance between plates varies from The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the explosive detonates at 1650 meters per second and the stand-off distance between plates is 700 mils. The plate velocity is 475 meters per second and the plate impact angle 16.5 The composite is bonded over greater than 90 of the interface. The interface in this case is straight, and there is no detectable solidified melt in the bond zone although there is deformation adjacent the interface in the direction of detonation. A sample cut from the clad is cold-rolled to 97% reduction in thickness with no sign of debonding.
  • Examples 9-13 The general procedure described in the preceding examples is used to explosively clad titanium inch) onto Grade 1008 steel /2 inch). Grade 35-A titanium is used. The conditions and results are reported in Table II. In all examples except Example 13b, bonding is achieved over greater than 90% of the interface.
  • the ductility of the clad composites is measured in terms of percent elongation of Z-inch gauge length specimens obtained in a tensile test (ASTM designation E8). The elongation values given in the table are an average of three tensile tests for each clad composite. All tensile specimens are taken parallel to the direction of detonation.
  • the ductility of clads made at 2000 meters per second collision velocities is greater than that of clads made at collision velocities above 2500 meters per second, especially as larger stand-offs are used. It is significant that the ductility values for the 2000- meters-per-second clads are rather constant over a wide range of stand-offs, while those for the higher-velocity clads decrease as stand-off increases. Thus, operating under the conditions of the present process, i.e., at collision velocities below about 2500 meters per second, permits unifonmly desirable product properties to be obtained over wider ranges of operating conditions.
  • the table also shows that wave amplitude and melt are sig- Table IL-TITANIUM-STEEL OLADS per second the melted areas are considerablyalargerin size.
  • the shear'strength of the'titanium-to-steel' clad product made in Example 11a is determined both parallel and transverse to the direction of detonation. An average shear strength of 50,000i2000 p.s.i. is obtained for each direction. Shearing occurs in the steel backer rather than in the bond zone, however; therefore, the true shear strength of the bond zone is higher than the measured strength.
  • a titanium-to-steel clad made TABLE III Bond Zone Characteristics Cladder Metal (Thickness Backer Metal (Thickness Stand-off, Collision Example No. in inches in inches) mils Velocity, Equivalent m./sec. Type Melt Thickness,
  • Bond integrity of the clad product is also determined from the ability of the product to withstand cold-rolling.
  • the product made in Example 11a can be reduced to 66% of its thickness by cold-rolling in a direction normal to the direction of detonation without debonding.
  • a titanium-steel clad product is made under the same conditions as used in Example 11a except that the explosive has a detonation velocity of approximately 3200 meters per second.
  • the plate velocity is 790 rn./ sec. and plate impact angle 13.8.
  • the product is 100% bonded, the bond zone consisting of a wavy zone with pockets of melt.
  • the wave length is 1017 amplitude 139 and the average thickness of the-melt 16 The product debonds completely after only a reduction in thickness by cold-rolling.
  • FIGURES 3, 3A and 3B show the influence of collision velocity on the amount of melt produced in the titanium clads of Example 11, i.e., those made at a constant stand-01f of 156 mils and nearly constant plate impact angle, but at three different collision velocities. As is seen from the photomicrographs of the figures, there is practically no melt in the bond zone at 2000 meters per second.
  • Initiation of the explosive layer drives the cladder plate into the hacker plate in a manner such that the plate velocity upon impact is 540 meters per second, and the angle of deflection, 'y, of the moving plate just before impact is 15.5.
  • the collision velocity, V is determined from the relationship:
  • the clad composite is found to be metallurgically bonded over more than 90% of the interface.
  • the interface is in the form of waves having a wave length of 1250 microns and an amplitude of 99 microns.
  • the equivalent melt thickness is less than one micron.
  • the improvement which comprises effecting collision with respect to each of said metal layers at a velocity above about 1400 meters per second but below 120% of the sonic velocity of the metal in the system having the highest sonic velocity and no greater than about the transistion collision velocity, said transition collision velocity being that velocity above which there is a substantial increase of melt with collision velocity at constant impact angle, the surfaces to.be bonded of said metal layers being disposed at an angle of less than to each other prior to detonation of said explosive, at least two of siad layers to be bonded to each other being of different metals, said metals being bonded to each other having a specific gravity of about from 2 to 17, the difference in specific gravity therebetween being no more than 9, the standoff between the layers prior to detonation of said explosive being about from 0.3 to 5.6 times the thickness of the propelled metal.
  • the improvement which comprises positioning two layers of different metals substantially parallel to each other, effecting collision with respect to said metal layers at a velocity of about from 1400 to 2500 meters per second and below of the sonic velocity of the metal in the system having the highest sonic velocity by detonation of a layer of explosive positioned adjacent the outer surface of one of said metal layers, each of said metal layers having a specific gravity of about from 4 to 17, the difference in specific gravity therebetween being no more than 9, said explosive layer having a weight of about from 0.2 to 3 times that of said metal layer to which it is adjacent and the standoff between said layers prior to detonation of said explosive being about from 0.3 to 5.6 times the thickness of said metal layer adjacent said explosive.
  • metal layers are selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, iron, silver, titanium, zirconium, tantalum and alloys thereof.
  • a process of claim 6 wherein the collision velocity is about from 1900 to 2300 meters per second.
  • metal layers are selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, iron, silver, titanium, zirconium, tantalum and alloys thereof.

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US503261A 1965-10-23 1965-10-23 Bonding metals with explosives Expired - Lifetime US3397444A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US503261A US3397444A (en) 1965-10-23 1965-10-23 Bonding metals with explosives
BE688680D BE688680A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-10-23 1966-10-21
NL6614929A NL6614929A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-10-23 1966-10-21
GB47380/66A GB1168264A (en) 1965-10-23 1966-10-21 Explosive Cladding of Metals
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AT992766A AT298926B (de) 1965-10-23 1966-10-24 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Verbundwerkstoffen durch Sprengplattierung
DE19661577108 DE1577108A1 (de) 1965-10-23 1966-10-24 Verbundwerkstoffe und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
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US3720069A (en) * 1971-01-06 1973-03-13 Brown & Root Pipeline laying operation with explosive joining of pipe sections
US3726460A (en) * 1971-07-29 1973-04-10 Creative Metals Inc Explosive bonding device
US3744119A (en) * 1969-11-28 1973-07-10 I Hanson Method for explosively bonding together metal layers and tubes
US3761004A (en) * 1972-04-10 1973-09-25 E F Industries Assembly for explosively bonding together metal layers and tubes
US3798010A (en) * 1968-07-30 1974-03-19 Du Pont Explosion bonded aluminum to steel
US3987529A (en) * 1971-11-01 1976-10-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Valve and method for manufacturing the same
EP0056074A1 (de) * 1980-12-23 1982-07-21 Hüls Troisdorf Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Schichtverbundwerkstoffen
US4527623A (en) * 1981-12-21 1985-07-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Kinetically bonded tubes and tubesheet
US4690480A (en) * 1985-09-26 1987-09-01 Allied Corporation Tubular bi-metal connector
US4737198A (en) * 1986-03-12 1988-04-12 Aluminum Company Of America Method of making aluminum foil or fin shock alloy product
US4747350A (en) * 1984-06-18 1988-05-31 Alexander Szecket Hollow charge
US4887761A (en) * 1987-12-16 1989-12-19 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Method of making explosively bunded multi-laminar composite metal plate
US5226579A (en) * 1992-02-14 1993-07-13 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for explosively bonding metals
US5565393A (en) * 1992-09-22 1996-10-15 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Corrosion resistant equipment for manufacturing highly fluorinated alkanes
US6843509B2 (en) 2002-12-02 2005-01-18 Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Coupler for use with metal conduits
US20080202738A1 (en) * 2007-02-28 2008-08-28 Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Heat exchanger system
RU2374051C1 (ru) * 2008-07-03 2009-11-27 Александр Меркурьевич Байдуганов Способ нанесения покрытия
US20100206939A1 (en) * 2009-02-16 2010-08-19 Wang Yaohua Explosion welding method
EP2272616A1 (en) 2004-06-10 2011-01-12 ATI Properties, Inc. Clad stainless steel substrates and method for making same
CN102653031A (zh) * 2012-05-08 2012-09-05 江苏大学 一种激光驱动组合飞片成形方法及其装置
CN103706940A (zh) * 2014-01-16 2014-04-09 曾智恒 一种铜-铝复合材料的爆炸焊接方法
CN103737171A (zh) * 2014-01-16 2014-04-23 曾智恒 一种铜-银复合材料的爆炸焊接方法
CN105478990A (zh) * 2015-12-08 2016-04-13 安徽宝泰特种材料有限公司 一种超薄铌-锆金属复合板贴条的制备方法
CN105643127A (zh) * 2016-02-29 2016-06-08 西安天力金属复合材料有限公司 一种多晶硅提炼设备用大幅面银/钢复合板的制备方法
CN106624328A (zh) * 2015-11-03 2017-05-10 南京和畅新材料有限公司 爆炸焊接铌钢复合板的方法
CN109986192A (zh) * 2019-03-28 2019-07-09 湖北金兰特种金属材料有限公司 铝钢接头爆炸焊接方法
US20210346980A1 (en) * 2017-07-13 2021-11-11 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Joining of dissimilar materials using impact welding

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GB2239200A (en) * 1989-04-07 1991-06-26 Ici Plc Making explosively clad metal sheet
GB9121147D0 (en) * 1991-10-04 1991-11-13 Ici Plc Method for producing clad metal plate
CN102489867B (zh) * 2011-11-24 2013-10-23 西安天力金属复合材料有限公司 层状金属复合板基板与复板的结合控制方法

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US3238071A (en) * 1963-07-09 1966-03-01 Du Pont Process of treating explosively clad metals
US3263324A (en) * 1963-01-23 1966-08-02 Du Pont Process for explosively bonding metal layers

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US3263324A (en) * 1963-01-23 1966-08-02 Du Pont Process for explosively bonding metal layers
US3238071A (en) * 1963-07-09 1966-03-01 Du Pont Process of treating explosively clad metals

Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3798010A (en) * 1968-07-30 1974-03-19 Du Pont Explosion bonded aluminum to steel
US3744119A (en) * 1969-11-28 1973-07-10 I Hanson Method for explosively bonding together metal layers and tubes
US3720069A (en) * 1971-01-06 1973-03-13 Brown & Root Pipeline laying operation with explosive joining of pipe sections
US3726460A (en) * 1971-07-29 1973-04-10 Creative Metals Inc Explosive bonding device
US3987529A (en) * 1971-11-01 1976-10-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Valve and method for manufacturing the same
US3761004A (en) * 1972-04-10 1973-09-25 E F Industries Assembly for explosively bonding together metal layers and tubes
EP0056074A1 (de) * 1980-12-23 1982-07-21 Hüls Troisdorf Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Schichtverbundwerkstoffen
US4527623A (en) * 1981-12-21 1985-07-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Kinetically bonded tubes and tubesheet
US4747350A (en) * 1984-06-18 1988-05-31 Alexander Szecket Hollow charge
US4842182A (en) * 1984-06-18 1989-06-27 Alfredo Bentivoglio Impact welding
US4690480A (en) * 1985-09-26 1987-09-01 Allied Corporation Tubular bi-metal connector
US4737198A (en) * 1986-03-12 1988-04-12 Aluminum Company Of America Method of making aluminum foil or fin shock alloy product
US4887761A (en) * 1987-12-16 1989-12-19 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Method of making explosively bunded multi-laminar composite metal plate
US5226579A (en) * 1992-02-14 1993-07-13 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for explosively bonding metals
US5323955A (en) * 1992-02-14 1994-06-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Explosively bonding metal composite
US5400945A (en) * 1992-02-14 1995-03-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for explosively bonding metals
US5565393A (en) * 1992-09-22 1996-10-15 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Corrosion resistant equipment for manufacturing highly fluorinated alkanes
US6843509B2 (en) 2002-12-02 2005-01-18 Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Coupler for use with metal conduits
US8387228B2 (en) 2004-06-10 2013-03-05 Ati Properties, Inc. Clad alloy substrates and method for making same
US8813342B2 (en) 2004-06-10 2014-08-26 Ati Properties, Inc. Clad alloy substrates and method for making same
EP2272616A1 (en) 2004-06-10 2011-01-12 ATI Properties, Inc. Clad stainless steel substrates and method for making same
EP2295188A1 (en) 2004-06-10 2011-03-16 ATI Properties, Inc. Clad alloy substrates and method for making same
US20080202738A1 (en) * 2007-02-28 2008-08-28 Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Heat exchanger system
US7597137B2 (en) 2007-02-28 2009-10-06 Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Heat exchanger system
RU2374051C1 (ru) * 2008-07-03 2009-11-27 Александр Меркурьевич Байдуганов Способ нанесения покрытия
US20100206939A1 (en) * 2009-02-16 2010-08-19 Wang Yaohua Explosion welding method
US8033444B2 (en) * 2009-02-16 2011-10-11 Wang Yaohua Explosion welding with a mold and copper layer
CN102653031A (zh) * 2012-05-08 2012-09-05 江苏大学 一种激光驱动组合飞片成形方法及其装置
CN102653031B (zh) * 2012-05-08 2015-02-04 江苏大学 一种激光驱动组合飞片成形方法及其装置
CN103706940B (zh) * 2014-01-16 2015-10-28 曾智恒 一种铜-铝复合材料的爆炸焊接方法
CN103737171A (zh) * 2014-01-16 2014-04-23 曾智恒 一种铜-银复合材料的爆炸焊接方法
CN103706940A (zh) * 2014-01-16 2014-04-09 曾智恒 一种铜-铝复合材料的爆炸焊接方法
CN106624328A (zh) * 2015-11-03 2017-05-10 南京和畅新材料有限公司 爆炸焊接铌钢复合板的方法
CN105478990A (zh) * 2015-12-08 2016-04-13 安徽宝泰特种材料有限公司 一种超薄铌-锆金属复合板贴条的制备方法
CN105478990B (zh) * 2015-12-08 2017-08-01 安徽宝泰特种材料有限公司 一种超薄铌‑锆金属复合板贴条的制备方法
CN105643127A (zh) * 2016-02-29 2016-06-08 西安天力金属复合材料有限公司 一种多晶硅提炼设备用大幅面银/钢复合板的制备方法
US20210346980A1 (en) * 2017-07-13 2021-11-11 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Joining of dissimilar materials using impact welding
US11759884B2 (en) * 2017-07-13 2023-09-19 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Joining of dissimilar materials using impact welding
CN109986192A (zh) * 2019-03-28 2019-07-09 湖北金兰特种金属材料有限公司 铝钢接头爆炸焊接方法
CN109986192B (zh) * 2019-03-28 2022-04-08 湖北金兰特种金属材料有限公司 铝钢接头爆炸焊接方法

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GB1168264A (en) 1969-10-22
DE1577108A1 (de) 1970-04-09
BE688680A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1967-03-31
CH500040A (de) 1970-12-15
AT298926B (de) 1972-05-25
NL6614929A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1967-04-24

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