US3394282A - Electron beam discharge with periodic permanent magnet focussing - Google Patents

Electron beam discharge with periodic permanent magnet focussing Download PDF

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US3394282A
US3394282A US472511A US47251165A US3394282A US 3394282 A US3394282 A US 3394282A US 472511 A US472511 A US 472511A US 47251165 A US47251165 A US 47251165A US 3394282 A US3394282 A US 3394282A
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electron beam
permanent magnet
collector electrode
magnetic
focussing
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US472511A
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Schmidt Wolfgang
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H01J23/033—Collector cooling devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/08—Focusing arrangements, e.g. for concentrating stream of electrons, for preventing spreading of stream
    • H01J23/087—Magnetic focusing arrangements
    • H01J23/0873—Magnetic focusing arrangements with at least one axial-field reversal along the interaction space, e.g. P.P.M. focusing

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  • ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An electron beam discharge tube with periodic permanent magnet focussing and provided with a hollow cylindrical collector electrode constituted of soft magnetic parts magnetized by the last magnetic foussing member so that the electron beam upon penetration into the collector electrode is initially kept together by the field thus produced and is subsequently scattered gradually.
  • the invention relates to a magnetic focussing arrangement comprising an electric beam discharge tube provided with a hollow cylindrical collector electrode, in which arrangement a periodically focussed magnetic field in the axial direction is produced by a plurality of permanent magnet systems.
  • focussing arrangements having a unidirectionally orientated magnetic field which is produced by means of coils, it is sometimes possible to obtain a correct distribution of the incident electrons on the collector electrode by a given course of the magnetic field.
  • Such focussing arrangements are bulky and consume a comparatively great amount of energy, however.
  • focussing arrangements having directional periodic fields produced by permanent magnets afford the advantage that a large space is available between the permanent magnet systems for cooling, conductors for supplying and for conducting away the high-frequency energy which has to be amplified and which has been amplified, and in the case of multicavity klystrons for the arrangement of these resonant cavities and their tuning devices.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a structure which affords advantages in comparison with the known structures.
  • the collector electrode comprises soft magnetic parts which are magnetized by the last permanent magnet system viewed in the direction of travel of the electron beam so that the field thus produced initially keeps together the electron beam when it penetrates into the collector electrode, whereupon this beam is gradually scattered.
  • the last permanent magnet system is preferably magnetized in a radial direction with respect to the axis of the discharge tube.
  • a particularly favorable structure in accordance with the invention is that in which a plurality of the cooling 3,394,282 Patented July 23, 1968 fins of the collector electrode cooled in air consists of fiat soft magnetic discs.
  • the desired course of the magnetic field may be realized in a simple manner by the choice of the number and the location of these soft magnetic cooling fins.
  • FIG. 1 is an axial section of a focussing arrangement in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view at right angles to the axis
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the course of the induction of the magnetic field in the axis of the discharge tube.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 and 6 and 7, respectively, are axial sections of other embodiments of an arrangement in accordance with the invention and illustrate the course of the associated magnetic fields.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a focussing arrangement in accordance with the invention which comprises a multi-cavity klystron only the output portion of which is shown while moreover those parts of the permanent magnet systems are shown which are located above the axis.
  • a plurality of drift tubes are denoted by 31 and the collector electrode is denoted by 32, both the drift tubes and the collector electrode consisting of copper, in which event interaction gaps are provided between the drift tubes 31.
  • Cylindrical ceramic rings 34 bridge the interaction gaps 33 in a vacuum-tight manner.
  • the interaction gaps 33 are associated with resonant cavities 35 which can be tuned by tuning pistons 36 (indicated diagrammatically with arrows).
  • the tuning device is constituted by a spindle 37 which is displa-ceable in the direction of the arrow 38.
  • the soft iron pole pieces provided on the drift tubes 31 are designated by 39 and the associated magnetic yokes by 40. These yokes 40 must prevent the permanent rnagnets from absorbing an excessive quantity of heat from the drift tubes 31.
  • the permanent magnets 42 of successive systems are magnetized in opposite senses. The permanent magnets of one system alternately have the North pole or the South pole on the side of the axis. On the outer side the permanent magnets are provided with soft iron pole plates 42 which are slightly lengthened in the axial direction so that the magnetic resistance between the ends 43 is at a minimum and moreover only a weak stray field is produced in the surroundings. Cooling fins which are cooled by a current of air are provided on the drift tubes.
  • Three fiat circular cooling fins 46 made of soft iron are provided on the collector electrode, while the remaining cooling fins consist of copper.
  • the last permanent magnet induces in these cooling fins magnetic poles North and South which are indicated by the characters S and N surrounded by a circular broken line. This system of induced magnets is denoted by 45.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the manner in which the strength of the magnetic fields can be adjusted with the aid of the soft iron short-circuit plates 47 which can be displaced by means of a bracket in the direction of the arrow 48.
  • the permanent magnet systems are denoted by 51 and the difference with respect to FIG. 1 resides in the fact that two permanent magnet systems are provided each time between two resonant cavities, as a result of which not only a greater freedom in the choice of the magnetic parameters is obtained, but also the stray field at a certain distance from the tube is reduced.
  • the last system 51 is again of greater strength.
  • FIG. indicates the course of the axial magnetic induct-ion in the structure of FIG. 4.
  • the last drift tube is not provided with a radially magnetized magnet system but with an axially magnetized system 65 the course of the lines of force of which is indicated in the pole plate 6 3 with 74, while the course of the lines of force originating from the last radially magnetized system 66 is denoted by 73.
  • the pole pieces of the focussing arrangement which have common lines of force at both magnet systems are denoted by 64.
  • the coupling slit for leading out is denoted by 66.
  • the permanent magnets of the radially magnetized system 66 are designated by 68, the outer pole plates by 67, the yokes by 69 and the pole pieces by 70.
  • the induced magnet system 71 consists of the soft iron cooling fins 72, which are provided between the remaining copper cooling fins on the collector electrode 62.
  • the electrode paths are denoted by 75.
  • the lower half of the drawing illustrates the course of the lines of force and of the electron paths 76 in case the soft iron cooling fins should be absent. The electrons would then be mainly collected in the first part of the collector electrode, which would result in an excessive load.
  • FIG. 7 shows for the arrangement of FIG. 6 the course of the axial magnetic induction, in which case in the collector part the full line 81 indicates the course in the presence of the magnetic cooling fins 72 while the broken [line 82 indicates the course in the absence of these fins.
  • An electron discharge tube comprising an electron beam source within an evacuated housing, means for exchanging energy between the electron beam and electromagnetic energy, a hollow cylindrical collector electrode spaced from and defining a beam axis with said electron beam source, a plurality of axially aligned spaced permanent magnet systems between the electron beam source and the collector electrode for producing a periodically focussed magnetic field in the axial direction between the electron beam source and the collector electrode, and a plurality of discs of soft magnetic material secured to and serving as cooling fins for said collector electrode, said discs being magnetized by the magnet system adjacent the collector electrode forming a magnetic field within the collector electrode whereby the electron beam is initially kept concentrated and then subsequently scattered therein.
  • An electron beam discharge tube as claimed in claim 1 in which the magnet system adjacent the collector electrode is radially magnetized.
  • HERMAN KARL SAALBACH Primary Examiner. S. CHATMON, JR., Assistant Examiner.

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Description

July 23, 1968 w. sea-1mm 3,394,282
. ELECTRON BEAM DISCHARGE WITH PERIODIC PERMANENT MAGNET FOCUS S ING Filed July 16. 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 47 46-s0rr men INVENTOR WIIFGAM? SCHMIDT W k AGENTt 3, 1968 w. SCHMIDT 3,394,282
ELECTRON BEAM DISCHARGE WITH PERIODIC PERMANENT MAGNET FOCUSSING Filed July 16, 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Fig.2
INVENTOR WOL FGANG SCHMIDT BY M R- W AGENT July 23, 1968 w. SCHMIDT 3,394,282
ELECTRON BEAM DISCHARGE WITH PERIODIC PERMANENT MAGNET FOCUSSING Filed July 16. 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR W0 LFGANG SCHMIDT BY M W July 23, 1968 w. SCHMIDT 3,394,282
ELECTRON BEAM DISCHARGE WITH PERIODIC PERMANENT MAGNET FOCUSSING Filed July 16, 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet Q l l +8 A I I l I a! I I V Fig.7
INVENTOR WOLFGANG SCHMIDT BY w k AGENT United States Patent "ice 34,7 3 Claims. (Cl. 315-5.35
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An electron beam discharge tube with periodic permanent magnet focussing and provided with a hollow cylindrical collector electrode constituted of soft magnetic parts magnetized by the last magnetic foussing member so that the electron beam upon penetration into the collector electrode is initially kept together by the field thus produced and is subsequently scattered gradually.
The invention relates to a magnetic focussing arrangement comprising an electric beam discharge tube provided with a hollow cylindrical collector electrode, in which arrangement a periodically focussed magnetic field in the axial direction is produced by a plurality of permanent magnet systems.
In high-power beam discharge tubes it is important that the electron beam not be concentrated excessively on a small part of the collecting surface of the collector electrode, since this would result in excessive temperatures occurring locally or in that the load capacity of the collector would have to be reduced considerably.
In focussing arrangements having a unidirectionally orientated magnetic field which is produced by means of coils, it is sometimes possible to obtain a correct distribution of the incident electrons on the collector electrode by a given course of the magnetic field. Such focussing arrangements are bulky and consume a comparatively great amount of energy, however. On the contrary, focussing arrangements having directional periodic fields produced by permanent magnets afford the advantage that a large space is available between the permanent magnet systems for cooling, conductors for supplying and for conducting away the high-frequency energy which has to be amplified and which has been amplified, and in the case of multicavity klystrons for the arrangement of these resonant cavities and their tuning devices.
The invention has for its object to provide a structure which affords advantages in comparison with the known structures.
In a magnetic focussing arrangement for an electron beam discharge tube provided with a hollow cylindrical collector electrode, in which a periodically focussed magneiic field in axial direction is pro-duced by a plurality of permanent magnet systems. According to the invention the collector electrode comprises soft magnetic parts which are magnetized by the last permanent magnet system viewed in the direction of travel of the electron beam so that the field thus produced initially keeps together the electron beam when it penetrates into the collector electrode, whereupon this beam is gradually scattered.
The last permanent magnet system is preferably magnetized in a radial direction with respect to the axis of the discharge tube. When a maximum amount of space is left free in the axial direction, fields. of sufiicient strength are thus obtained inside the collector electrode in a simple manner.
A particularly favorable structure in accordance with the invention is that in which a plurality of the cooling 3,394,282 Patented July 23, 1968 fins of the collector electrode cooled in air consists of fiat soft magnetic discs. The desired course of the magnetic field may be realized in a simple manner by the choice of the number and the location of these soft magnetic cooling fins.
The invention will now be described more fully with reference to the drawing, in which FIG. 1 is an axial section of a focussing arrangement in accordance with the invention, while FIG. 2 is a sectional view at right angles to the axis, and
FIG. 3 illustrates the course of the induction of the magnetic field in the axis of the discharge tube.
FIGS. 4 and 5 and 6 and 7, respectively, are axial sections of other embodiments of an arrangement in accordance with the invention and illustrate the course of the associated magnetic fields.
FIG. 1 illustrates a focussing arrangement in accordance with the invention which comprises a multi-cavity klystron only the output portion of which is shown while moreover those parts of the permanent magnet systems are shown which are located above the axis. In the figure, a plurality of drift tubes are denoted by 31 and the collector electrode is denoted by 32, both the drift tubes and the collector electrode consisting of copper, in which event interaction gaps are provided between the drift tubes 31. Cylindrical ceramic rings 34 bridge the interaction gaps 33 in a vacuum-tight manner. The interaction gaps 33 are associated with resonant cavities 35 which can be tuned by tuning pistons 36 (indicated diagrammatically with arrows). The tuning device is constituted by a spindle 37 which is displa-ceable in the direction of the arrow 38.
The soft iron pole pieces provided on the drift tubes 31 are designated by 39 and the associated magnetic yokes by 40. These yokes 40 must prevent the permanent rnagnets from absorbing an excessive quantity of heat from the drift tubes 31. The permanent magnets 42 of successive systems are magnetized in opposite senses. The permanent magnets of one system alternately have the North pole or the South pole on the side of the axis. On the outer side the permanent magnets are provided with soft iron pole plates 42 which are slightly lengthened in the axial direction so that the magnetic resistance between the ends 43 is at a minimum and moreover only a weak stray field is produced in the surroundings. Cooling fins which are cooled by a current of air are provided on the drift tubes.
Three fiat circular cooling fins 46 made of soft iron are provided on the collector electrode, while the remaining cooling fins consist of copper. The last permanent magnet induces in these cooling fins magnetic poles North and South which are indicated by the characters S and N surrounded by a circular broken line. This system of induced magnets is denoted by 45.
The course of the magnetic induction in axial direction in the tube can be seen from FIG. 3, and it is to be noted that the last system 41 is chosen to be stronger than the preceding systems in order to prevent the electron beam which has lost considerable velocity in the modulator resonant cavity and which is consequently subjected to greater space charge forces, from being excessively scattered when it penetrates into the collector electrode 32.
FIG. 2 illustrates the manner in which the strength of the magnetic fields can be adjusted with the aid of the soft iron short-circuit plates 47 which can be displaced by means of a bracket in the direction of the arrow 48.
In FIG. 4 the permanent magnet systems are denoted by 51 and the difference with respect to FIG. 1 resides in the fact that two permanent magnet systems are provided each time between two resonant cavities, as a result of which not only a greater freedom in the choice of the magnetic parameters is obtained, but also the stray field at a certain distance from the tube is reduced. The last system 51 is again of greater strength.
FIG. indicates the course of the axial magnetic induct-ion in the structure of FIG. 4.
In FIG. 6, the last drift tube is not provided with a radially magnetized magnet system but with an axially magnetized system 65 the course of the lines of force of which is indicated in the pole plate 6 3 with 74, while the course of the lines of force originating from the last radially magnetized system 66 is denoted by 73. The pole pieces of the focussing arrangement which have common lines of force at both magnet systems are denoted by 64. The coupling slit for leading out is denoted by 66. The permanent magnets of the radially magnetized system 66 are designated by 68, the outer pole plates by 67, the yokes by 69 and the pole pieces by 70. The induced magnet system 71 consists of the soft iron cooling fins 72, which are provided between the remaining copper cooling fins on the collector electrode 62. The electrode paths are denoted by 75. The lower half of the drawing illustrates the course of the lines of force and of the electron paths 76 in case the soft iron cooling fins should be absent. The electrons would then be mainly collected in the first part of the collector electrode, which would result in an excessive load.
FIG. 7 shows for the arrangement of FIG. 6 the course of the axial magnetic induction, in which case in the collector part the full line 81 indicates the course in the presence of the magnetic cooling fins 72 while the broken [line 82 indicates the course in the absence of these fins.
What is claimed is:
1. An electron discharge tube comprising an electron beam source within an evacuated housing, means for exchanging energy between the electron beam and electromagnetic energy, a hollow cylindrical collector electrode spaced from and defining a beam axis with said electron beam source, a plurality of axially aligned spaced permanent magnet systems between the electron beam source and the collector electrode for producing a periodically focussed magnetic field in the axial direction between the electron beam source and the collector electrode, and a plurality of discs of soft magnetic material secured to and serving as cooling fins for said collector electrode, said discs being magnetized by the magnet system adjacent the collector electrode forming a magnetic field within the collector electrode whereby the electron beam is initially kept concentrated and then subsequently scattered therein.
2. An electron beam discharge tube as claimed in claim 1 in which the magnet system adjacent the collector electrode is radially magnetized.
3. An electron beam discharge tube as claimed in claim 2. in which the collector electrode is provided with copper cooling fins as well as soft iron magnetic cooling fins.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,153,743 10/1964 Meyerer 3155.35 X 3,297,907 1/1967 Rue et al. 315-535 FOREIGN PATENTS 920,717 3/ 1963 Great Britain.
HERMAN KARL SAALBACH, Primary Examiner. S. CHATMON, JR., Assistant Examiner.
US472511A 1964-07-23 1965-07-16 Electron beam discharge with periodic permanent magnet focussing Expired - Lifetime US3394282A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3445714A (en) * 1965-10-19 1969-05-20 Nippon Electric Co Travelling-wave tube amplifier having asymmetric magnetomotive force within the collector for preventing backflow of secondary electrons
US3521117A (en) * 1967-05-18 1970-07-21 Philips Corp Focusing device in a multi-cavity klystron
US3678327A (en) * 1969-12-02 1972-07-18 Philips Corp Heat trap for an air-cooled vhf power klystron
US3700963A (en) * 1970-07-16 1972-10-24 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Microwave tube assembly
US3930182A (en) * 1973-06-30 1975-12-30 Licentia Gmbh Traveling-wave tube having improved electron collector
JPS5448151A (en) * 1977-09-22 1979-04-16 Nec Corp Straight-going beam type multi-cavity klystron
US4207494A (en) * 1977-03-24 1980-06-10 Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. Microwave tubes provided with permanent magnet type magnetic circuits
US4387323A (en) * 1980-12-15 1983-06-07 Varian Associates, Inc. Permanent magnet structure for linear-beam electron tubes
US4558258A (en) * 1982-04-26 1985-12-10 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Klystron unit
US4621219A (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-11-04 Varian Associates, Inc. Electron beam scrambler
US5283534A (en) * 1990-03-08 1994-02-01 Eev Limited High frequency amplifying apparatus with a collector which has a periodic amplitude variable longitudinal magnetic field therein
WO1998019323A1 (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-05-07 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1511093A (en) * 1976-02-05 1978-05-17 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Klystron amplifiers

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB920717A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-03-13 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Improvements relating to electron discharge devices
US3153743A (en) * 1960-09-20 1964-10-20 Siemens Ag Electron collector for travelling wave tubes and the like
US3297907A (en) * 1963-06-13 1967-01-10 Varian Associates Electron tube with collector having magnetic field associated therewith, said field causing electron dispersion throughout the collector

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1349442A (en) * 1962-12-07 1964-01-17 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Electron beam tube and associated magnetic means

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB920717A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-03-13 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Improvements relating to electron discharge devices
US3153743A (en) * 1960-09-20 1964-10-20 Siemens Ag Electron collector for travelling wave tubes and the like
US3297907A (en) * 1963-06-13 1967-01-10 Varian Associates Electron tube with collector having magnetic field associated therewith, said field causing electron dispersion throughout the collector

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3445714A (en) * 1965-10-19 1969-05-20 Nippon Electric Co Travelling-wave tube amplifier having asymmetric magnetomotive force within the collector for preventing backflow of secondary electrons
US3521117A (en) * 1967-05-18 1970-07-21 Philips Corp Focusing device in a multi-cavity klystron
US3678327A (en) * 1969-12-02 1972-07-18 Philips Corp Heat trap for an air-cooled vhf power klystron
US3700963A (en) * 1970-07-16 1972-10-24 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Microwave tube assembly
US3930182A (en) * 1973-06-30 1975-12-30 Licentia Gmbh Traveling-wave tube having improved electron collector
US4207494A (en) * 1977-03-24 1980-06-10 Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. Microwave tubes provided with permanent magnet type magnetic circuits
JPS5448151A (en) * 1977-09-22 1979-04-16 Nec Corp Straight-going beam type multi-cavity klystron
JPS6110936B2 (en) * 1977-09-22 1986-04-01 Nippon Electric Co
US4387323A (en) * 1980-12-15 1983-06-07 Varian Associates, Inc. Permanent magnet structure for linear-beam electron tubes
US4558258A (en) * 1982-04-26 1985-12-10 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Klystron unit
US4621219A (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-11-04 Varian Associates, Inc. Electron beam scrambler
US5283534A (en) * 1990-03-08 1994-02-01 Eev Limited High frequency amplifying apparatus with a collector which has a periodic amplitude variable longitudinal magnetic field therein
WO1998019323A1 (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-05-07 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons
US5780970A (en) * 1996-10-28 1998-07-14 University Of Maryland Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons

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GB1083693A (en) 1967-09-20

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