US3388988A - Low-temperature tough steel - Google Patents

Low-temperature tough steel Download PDF

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US3388988A
US3388988A US465640A US46564065A US3388988A US 3388988 A US3388988 A US 3388988A US 465640 A US465640 A US 465640A US 46564065 A US46564065 A US 46564065A US 3388988 A US3388988 A US 3388988A
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steel
temperature
austenite
toughness
weight
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Nagashima Shinichi
Goda Susumu
Gondou Hisashi
Ooka Takayuki
Mimura Hiroshi
Fujishima Toshiyuki
Sugino Kazuo
Yano Seinosuke
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Yawata Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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Yawata Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese

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  • ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A low-temperature tough steel consisting essentially of 0.01 to 0.15 by weight C, 0.05 to 0.40% by weight Si, 4.50 to 7.50% by weight Ni, 0.50 to 4.50% by weight Mn, 0.1 to 1.50% by weight Cr, 0.1 to 1.50% of a temper brittleness reducing material taken from the group consisting of W and a mixture of W and M0, N less than 0.05% by weight, and a nitride forming element in an amount equivalent to less than 0.05% by weight acid-soluble Al, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, said steel having as the base structure an austenite grain precipitated in a ferrite matrix.
  • This invention relates to economical alloy steel having a sufficient toughness and strength even at low temperatures and particularly to alloy steel having sufficient toughness and strength even at a boiling point of liquid nitrogen (196 C.).
  • the so-called 9%-Ni steel is already known as an economical commercial steel to take place of the l88 stainless steel. As properly heat-treated, this steel shows a toughness of about 8 to 11 kgf /cm. in the V-notch Charpy impact value at 196 C., the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, and has such considerable strengthes as a tensile strength of 75 to 85 kg/mm. and a yield strength of 60 to 65 kg/mm. at room temperature.
  • 9%- Ni steel has such toughness and strength as mentioned above but since such large amount as about 9% of Ni which is a costly alloying element for steel is used in this steel, the price of the steel is high. Specifically in a country poor in Ni resources, even if a steel material high in the Ni content would be produced, it will have only economically limited uses. Therefore, in order to reduce the price and structural weight, the development of more economical tough steels is required today.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide economically steel containing a reduced amount of expensive Ni and having a toughness and strength at low temperatures same as or higher than those of 9%-Ni steel in the A.S.T.M. Standard.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide steel having a toughness and strength at low temperatures same as or higher than those of 9%-Ni steel in the A.S.T.M. Standard by compensating the alloying elements that will be mentioned below, in particular, Mn, W (or Mo), Cr, for the reduction of expensive Ni.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide steel having a very high toughness and strength even at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (196 C.) by heat-treating the steel containing the above-stated alloying elements in response to the contained alloying elements and the amount of formed nitrides to form a stable structure at low temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relation of the austenitizing temperature and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at 196 C., the boiling point of liquid nitrogen in the case where steels (A, A, and B) subjected to a diffusion treatment are air-cooled (A') or water-quenched (A and B), heated for 1 hour to 600 C., and then water-cooled,
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relation of the tempering temperature and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at 196 C. in the case where the steel shown in FIG. 1 are, after diffusion treatment, heated for 1 hour to 800 C., air-cooled (A' and B) or water-quenched (B), and then tempered,
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation of the Mn content and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at 196 C.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relation of the W content and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at --196 C.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relation of the Cr content and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at 196 C.
  • the steel of this invention has the following composition and structure. That is, the steel of this invention consists of (by weight percent) 0.01 to 0.15% C, 0.05 to 0.40% Si, 4.50 to 7.50% Ni, 0.50 to 4.50% Mn, 0.05 to 2.00% W (a part of W may be replaced with Mo) and/ or 0.10 to 1.50% Cr (a part or whole of W may be replaced with Mo when W and Cr are present), less than 0.050% N, and Al in an amount suflicient to fix N or smaller than that (less than 0.05% as acid-soluble Al) in which Al may be replaced with one or more nitride forming elements in chemical equivalent of nitride, such as, Zr, Ti, Be, Nb, V, Hf, Ta and B, balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
  • nitride forming elements such as, Zr, Ti, Be, Nb, V, Hf, Ta and B, balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
  • the steel is, with or without applying the heat treatment as will be mentioned below, heated and quenched or aircooled, and then tempered to form a ferrite structure in it and at the same time to precipitate a fine austenite a part of which may be, if necessary, transferred into martensite.
  • the fundamental metallurgical structure of the steel of this invention consists of, as mentioned above, a ferrite and precipitated austenite (or as partly martensite) More particularly, it has a ferrite structure in which an austenite stable even at the liquid nitrogen temperature (196 C.) precipitates on an old martensite crystal grain boundary, old austenite crystal grain boundary or ferrite subgrain boundary by such proper heat-treating method as is described later in order to obtain such structure.
  • the production of the steel of the present invention shall be described in the following.
  • smelting can be easily carried out in such steel making furnace as a converter, open hearth-furnace, electric furnace or high frequency furnace.
  • the molten steel containing the above mentioned alloying elements is smelted in the above mentioned furnace is cast and hot-rolled.
  • no specific restqiction is required. But, depending on the object such steps may be carried out by limiting the atmosphere of the heattreatment.
  • the hot-rolled steel is heat-treated prop erly, the above described fundamental structure will be able to be obtained.
  • this heat-treatment must be 3 regulated differently as explained below depending on the contents of N and Al. That is to say, in a steel which is normal-1y smelted in a steel making furnace and N is not positively "added, the amount of Al (which may be replaced by one or more other nitride forming elements such as, Zr, Ti, Be, Nb, V, Hf, Ta and B) required to fix N is added and the austenitizing followed by quenching (r air-cooling) and tempering treatments are carried out.
  • the heating temperature in such case is preferably the austenitizing temperature corresponding to the components in it.lf it becomes higher than the grain coarsening temperature, the toughness at low temperatures will tend to reduce.
  • the tempering temperature is preferably in the range of 525 to 650 C. in which the stable austenite precipitates in the properly tempered ferrite matrix.
  • steels A, B and B are heated for 1 hour to a temperature of 800 C., air-cooled for steel A and B or water-quenched for steel B, tempered from the temperature shown in the figure (heating period is 1 hour), and-then water-quenched.
  • the V-notch Charpy impact test value (kg. /cm. at -l96 C. shows a considerably good value in the range of the austenitizing temperature
  • the impact value reduces as the temperature approaches the grain-coarsening temperature.
  • the tempering temperature is lower than 525 C. and higher than 650 C.
  • the V-notch Charpy impact test value tends to be reduced.
  • the steel in case there is a possibility that more than 0.005% AlN will be formed in the steel as calculated from the N content (including the case that N is not positively added) and Al content in the steel, there will be carried out as required the following heattreatment wherein the steel is hot rolled, then subjected to a partial solid solution treatment at a temperature above the A transformation point but below the crystal grain coarsening temperature, or heated to a proper temperature above the A transformation point without solid solution treatment so that AlN may precipitate in finely dispersed manner and at the same time the austenite crystal grains may be made fine. It is then quenched or aircooled so as to obtain a martensite or a mixed structure of a martensite and 'bainite.
  • the object of the present invention will be able to be attained by the following treatment wherein the steel is hot-rolled, is subjected to a complete solid solution treatment of a temperature above 1,200 C., is quenched, is heated for a proper time at a '4 temperature around the A transformation point so that AlN may precipitate, in finely dispersed manner, is cooled, is then heated at a temperature just above the A transformation point so that the austenite grains may be made fine, is then quenched or air-cooled so as to obtain martensite or a mixed structure of a martensite and bainite, is then tempered at 525 to 650C. so that a fine'austenite may precipitate and is quenched or air-cooled.
  • heat-treatments including (or not including) the solid solution heat-treatment should be selectively adopted in response to the amount of AlN in the steel and to an extent necessary for precipitating finely AlN in the steel.
  • the steel made to contain the required elements in the above described ranges is heattreated as stated above in' response to-the composition to regulate the fine structureso that the toughness and strength at low temperatures may be increased.
  • the austenite precipitated in the grain boundary will be in a state in which N, C, Ni and Mn are enriched as mentioned above and will be stable even atsuch low temperature as 196 C. but its fine dispersed state and stability will be determined by the tempering temperature and time corresponding to the alloy composition.
  • the preferable temperature is 525 to 650 C. as mentioned above.
  • the role of free N in the tempering process will be especially important to the stability of the precipitated austenite, and so the toughness'and strength of the steel at low temperatures.
  • the nitride formed of such element chemically strongly combined with N as, for example, Al or one or more other nitride-forming elements, such as, Zr, Ti, Be, Nb, V, Hf, Ta and B) will serveas a grain refining and dispersion hardening agentfor the steel of the present invention. It is already widely known that the such precipitants are effective to refine the austenite grains and toughen the steel.
  • the present invention includes also a heat-treating method of making the state of the formation and dispersion of a nitride as fine as possible. That is to say, there is carried out a treatment wherein large AlN formed at the time of freezing or hot-rolling an ingot is partly or completely solid-dissolved in an austenite and precipitate from an oversaturated state at a comparatively low temperature.
  • C is useful to improve the quenchability of the steel. That is to say, it is necessary to obtain a martensite structure or a mixed structure of martensite and bainite as quenched from the austenitizing temperature and will form the dislocations of a high density in the matrix. Further, C will diffuse and be absorbed into the austenite precipitated at the time of tempering and will increase the stability of the austenite at low temperatures. By taking these points into consideration, its lower limit is defined to be 0.01%. On the other hand, if the content of C increases, the amount of the solid-dissolved carbon in the ferrite matrix in the tempering process will increase and will impair the toughness. By taking this fact into consideration, the upper limit is defined to be 0.15%.
  • Si is an element which will improve the toughness of the steel and will increase the strength. It is also an element required for making steels. If it is less than 0.05%, the above mentioned object will not be attained. If it is added to be more than 0.4%, its toughness will tend to reduce. Therefore, Si is defined to be in this range.
  • Ni is an element useful for the toughness and strength of the steel. Especially it will serve to improve the toughness at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. Further, with the help of the dislocation of a high density formed at the time of quenching or air-cooling, Ni will diffuse and be absorbed into the precipitated austenite comparatively quickly and will be able to stabilize the precipitated austenite at low temperatures. From these facts, it is necessary to add more than 4.5% Ni. If too much Ni is added, the cost of the steel will become high. Therefore, by taking these points into consideration, Ni is defined to be less than 7.50%.
  • Mn will improve the quenchability of the steel as well as will stabilize the fine austenite precipitated at tempering as in the case of N, C and Ni and increase the toughness and strength of the ferrite matrix.
  • the content of Mn in the steel is more than 4.5%, the toughness of the steel will be impaired.
  • the temper brittleness at 500-600 C. is so severe as to reduce the toughness at low temperatures remarkably.
  • FIG. 3 shows the relation of the Mn content and the V-notch Charpy impact test value at l96 C.
  • the upper limit of Mn is defined to 4.5%. On the other hand, if the Mn content is less than 0.5%, the desired effect will not be obtainable.
  • W is an element useful for reducing the temper brittleness of the simple series alloy containing Ni, Mn, and C as mentioned above. Further, according to the observation with an electron microscope, W in the steel delays the recovery of the martensite, which results in refining the dispersed state of austenite precipitated in the grain boundary, accelerating the diffusion of Ni, Mn, C and N, and extending the optimum tempering temperature to higher temperatures. In order to obtain such results, the preferable range of W is 0.05 to 2.00% by weight.
  • FIG. 4 is shown the result of the V-notch Charpy impact test at -196 C. in the case of varying the W content in the steel having the composition as shown in Table 3.
  • the above steel is subjected to a diffusion treatment for 12 hours at 1,150" C., heated for 1 hour at 800 C., air-cooled, tempered for 1 hour at 600 C., and then water-quenched. From the result, it is clear that the toughness at low temperatures of the steel is extremely increased by the addition of W.
  • W give the almost same effect as Mo but more economical steel can be obtained than the case of adding Mo. Further, a part of W may be replaced with Mo and in this case thus added M0 gives the effect same as W. Also, when Cr is added as will be mentioned below, the whole of W may be replaced with Mo.
  • Cr is an element to be added for extending the optimum tempering temperature to higher temperatures. That is, the martensite structure is formed by a quenching treatment, and by tempering the steel, it is converted into the ferrite structure the recovery of which has suitably proceeded, but in this case, the diffusion of Ni, Mn, C, N,
  • curve C corresponds to the result about the specimen C shown in Table 2
  • curve D corresponds to the specimen D. From the figure it is clear that by adding about 2% by weight of Mn 'into specimen C that contains M0, the steel is endowed with a very good toughtness.
  • the mechanical properties of the steel of the present invention are higher than those of the 9%-Ni steel.
  • the mechanical properties of the steel of the present invention are higher than those of the 9%-Ni steel.
  • the mechanical properties of the steel of the present invention are higher than those of the 9%-Ni steel.
  • the temper- In case N is present as a nitride as combined with Al (or one or more other nitride-forming elements, such as, ing treatment at higher temperatures, reduction of the Zr, Ti, Be, Nb, V, Hf, Ta and B), it will serve as a grain toughness is not so serious.
  • the air-cooling from refining and dispersion hardening agent is not so serious.
  • the range of addition of N is defined Steel of this invention was heated for 1 to be less than 0 05%, hour at temperatures of 760 C. and 800 C. followed by 1 is not only added as a deoxidizing agent b i quenching and steel (B) of this invention was heated for necessary to fix the required amount of N. Its amount 1 hour at a temperature of followed y q is varied depending on the setting of the ratio of N to be fixed as AlN to free N. But, in case total N exceeds TABLE 7-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 0.025%, the maximum amount of addition of Al is 0.05% (IN WEIGHT PERCENT) as acid-soluble. Al is to be used for the above-mentioned C Si Mn N1 Al N object.
  • Example 1 These steels were then tempered for 1 hour at the tem- A steel of the composition shown in Table 5 was hot- Peratures of and 6 5 C. respectively and measrolled, diffusion-treated for 12 hours at 1,150 c., heated aboft the 2 mm notch ChaKPY Impact test value at 800 C. for 1 hour, and cooled with water or air. The at 196 The results are Show In Table structure as air-cooled is a mixed structure of a marten- TABLE 8-2 MM- V-NO'ICH CHARPY IMPACT TEST VALUE site having a high dislocation density and a bainite.
  • the AT $196 0- (KGr /cau steel was then tempered at each of the temperatures of Q c g condition, -I 500 to 600 C. and 625 C. for 1 hour and was then 760 800 water-cooled.
  • Tested Steels at 600 C. for 1 hour the structure contained a ferrite Tampering cmdmonc crystal (old martensite crystal) group having a fine sub- 600 625 600 625 grain boundary within, fine austenite crystals precipitated 40 Steel (A) m presentinvenflon M 3.5 55 in the old martensite crystal grain boundary, and an old Steel (13) 0mm Present invention austenite crystal grain boundary.
  • the steel havin such structure is very high in the strength and the toughness
  • the Impact B of the steel quenched from the at low temperatures The mechanical properties of this pergturoe and il i .from the temperature steel are shown in Table 6.
  • those of the of 25 R about 1 hlgher than that of the conventional 9%-Ni steel of the A.S.T.M. Standard are steel comammg 009%. 60% and 170% as shown.
  • This 9%-Ni steel was heat-treated exactly the Shown. curve (D) m f by reducing the same as in the example of the present invention.
  • auitemtlzmg temperature to a pomt l the point the impact value may be cons1derably improved.
  • o11EMrcAL COMPOSITION IN WEIGHT value of the Steel may be increased.
  • Example 3 Constituent O Si Mn N1 M0 Al N
  • the steel having the composition shown in Table 9 was ggjfgi fi present smelted in a 1 ton electric furnace and rolled into a plate vention 0.11 0.28 1.55 6.00 0.22 0.014 0.001 of 25 mm. in thickness. 9%-N1steelotA.S.T.M.
  • the optimum tempering temperature of the steel of the present invention of this kind is 625 C.
  • the mechanical properties of the steel of the present invention are same as or better than those of 9%-Ni steel of the A.S.T.M. Standard. Also, by applying the normalization treatment, the steel can be endowed with better impact characteristics.
  • the structures of the steels in the case of tempering the steel from the temperature of 625 C. in the above example contained a ferrite crystal (old martensite crystal) group having a fine subgrain boundary in it and a fine austenite crystal precipitated in the old martensite crystal boundary.
  • the steel having such a structure has a high strength as well as an extremely high toughness at low temperatures.
  • a low-temperature tough steel consisting essentially of 0.01 to 0.15% by weight C, 0.05 to 0.40% by weight Si, 4.50 to 7.50% by weight Ni, 0.50 to 4.50% by weight Mn, 0.1 to 1.50% by Weight Cr, 0.05 to 2.00% by weight W, N less than 0.05% by weight, and acid-soluble Al less than 0.05% by weight, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
  • a low-temperature tough steel consisting essentially of 0.01 to 0.15% by weight C, 0.05 to 0.40% by Weight Si, 4.50 to 7.50% by weight Ni, 0.50 to 4.50% by weight Mn, 0.1 to 1.50% by weight Cr, 01 to 1.50% of a temper brittleness reducing material taken from the group consisting of W and a mixture of W and Mo, N less than 0.05% by weight, and a nitride forming element in an amount equivalent to less than 0.05% by weight acidsoluble Al, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, said steel having as the base structure an austenite grain precipitated in a ferrite matrix.
  • a low-temperature tough steel as claimed in claim 2 further including a precipitated martensite grain.

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3655366A (en) * 1969-10-13 1972-04-11 Int Nickel Co Low alloy structural steel
US3753796A (en) * 1968-12-20 1973-08-21 Bethlehem Steel Corp Rolled steel having high strength and low impact transition temperature and method of producing same
US4008078A (en) * 1974-04-03 1977-02-15 Fried. Krupp Huttenwerke Low-carbon rail steel
US4214902A (en) * 1979-01-25 1980-07-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High toughness-high strength iron alloy
US4257808A (en) * 1979-08-13 1981-03-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Low Mn alloy steel for cryogenic service and method of preparation
US4687525A (en) * 1984-09-03 1987-08-18 Hoesch Stahl Ag Worked low-temperature tough ferritic steel

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6256489B2 (ja) * 2015-03-18 2018-01-10 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 低温用鋼材およびその製造方法

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US2206370A (en) * 1938-08-13 1940-07-02 Merco Nordstrom Valve Co Low temperature alloy and valve or the like
US2516125A (en) * 1949-04-11 1950-07-25 Irvin R Kramer Alloy steel
US2679454A (en) * 1952-02-08 1954-05-25 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Article for low-temperature use
US2992148A (en) * 1959-04-23 1961-07-11 Int Nickel Co Alloy steels
US3155549A (en) * 1961-03-11 1964-11-03 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Steel for high temperature cementation
US3249426A (en) * 1961-05-16 1966-05-03 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Low-nickel ductile steel
US3259488A (en) * 1960-03-31 1966-07-05 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Nitride-bearing low carbon ductile steels
US3264145A (en) * 1963-09-03 1966-08-02 United States Steel Corp Method of heat treating heavy alloy steel forgings

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2206370A (en) * 1938-08-13 1940-07-02 Merco Nordstrom Valve Co Low temperature alloy and valve or the like
US2516125A (en) * 1949-04-11 1950-07-25 Irvin R Kramer Alloy steel
US2679454A (en) * 1952-02-08 1954-05-25 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Article for low-temperature use
US2992148A (en) * 1959-04-23 1961-07-11 Int Nickel Co Alloy steels
US3259488A (en) * 1960-03-31 1966-07-05 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Nitride-bearing low carbon ductile steels
US3155549A (en) * 1961-03-11 1964-11-03 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Steel for high temperature cementation
US3249426A (en) * 1961-05-16 1966-05-03 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Low-nickel ductile steel
US3264145A (en) * 1963-09-03 1966-08-02 United States Steel Corp Method of heat treating heavy alloy steel forgings

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3753796A (en) * 1968-12-20 1973-08-21 Bethlehem Steel Corp Rolled steel having high strength and low impact transition temperature and method of producing same
US3655366A (en) * 1969-10-13 1972-04-11 Int Nickel Co Low alloy structural steel
US4008078A (en) * 1974-04-03 1977-02-15 Fried. Krupp Huttenwerke Low-carbon rail steel
US4214902A (en) * 1979-01-25 1980-07-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High toughness-high strength iron alloy
US4257808A (en) * 1979-08-13 1981-03-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Low Mn alloy steel for cryogenic service and method of preparation
US4687525A (en) * 1984-09-03 1987-08-18 Hoesch Stahl Ag Worked low-temperature tough ferritic steel

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