US3388584A - Device for the determination of the resistance to friction - Google Patents

Device for the determination of the resistance to friction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3388584A
US3388584A US505339A US50533965A US3388584A US 3388584 A US3388584 A US 3388584A US 505339 A US505339 A US 505339A US 50533965 A US50533965 A US 50533965A US 3388584 A US3388584 A US 3388584A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
strip
friction
support
paper
rubbing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US505339A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rene Marie Van De Velde
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Agfa Gevaert NV
Original Assignee
Agfa Gevaert NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agfa Gevaert NV filed Critical Agfa Gevaert NV
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Publication of US3388584A publication Critical patent/US3388584A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
    • G01N19/02—Measuring coefficient of friction between materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/56—Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03D—APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING EXPOSED PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03D13/00—Processing apparatus or accessories therefor, not covered by groups G11B3/00 - G11B11/00
    • G03D13/003—Film feed or extraction in development apparatus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03D—APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING EXPOSED PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03D13/00—Processing apparatus or accessories therefor, not covered by groups G11B3/00 - G11B11/00
    • G03D13/008—Safety systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0262—Shape of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0278—Thin specimens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/34—Paper

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for the determination of the resistance to friction of a strip of material.
  • the invention is particularly intended for determining the resistance to friction of the backside of photographic paper webs, which are developed, fixed and rinsed in self-threading processing apparatus.
  • self-threading processing apparatus the paper webs are usually advanced by means of driven roller pairs or by means of driven and non-driven rollers and a driven conveyor belt.
  • These apparatus are designed so that the emulsion side of the photographic paper web does not contact driving parts in order to prevent the damaging of the light-sensitive gelatino-emulsion layer of the paper web, which layer has been softened in the processing baths.
  • the backside of the paper web indeed contacts the driving parts and practice has shown that this backside can be damaged easily when its resistance to friction is insufficient.
  • the damage at the backside of the paper web is caused by rubbing off a thin layer of paper fibres from said backside, usually in the direction opposite to the direction of the fibres of the material, whereby these rubbed off paper fibers are curled to form minuscule rolls and are floating in the liquid of the processing baths.
  • These minuscule rolls settle down on the walls and the parts of the device or on the emulsion side of the treated paper web and may obstruct the feed lines for the liquid, the valves and the filters of the processing apparatus.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device for determining in a simple way the resistance to friction of a paper web.
  • the device according to the present invention is intended, in first place, to determine the resistance to friction of a photographic paper web which is to be treated in a self-threading treating apparatus, it is clear that the device according to the invention is as well suited for determining the resistance to friction of other materials besides photographic materials, which are submitted in a liquid to a mechanical transport or to a mechanical treatment in general.
  • the application of the device according to the present invention is further not limited to the determination of the resistance to friction of materials to be treated in a liquid, but the said device may also find application in the determination of the resistance to friction of materials which are treated in dry state or, in general, in a defined medium or under defind circumstances.
  • Another object of the invention is to determine the direction of the fibres of a material.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a first member provided with a rubbing element, a second member provided with means to maintain a strip of material in a fixed position, and driving means to make both members execute a relative movement towards each other, during which the rubbing element cyclically exerts a rubbing action in the same sense and direction on the strip of material.
  • the device according to this embodiment is mounted "ice on a vertical plate 10 which is fitted to the bottom plate 11.
  • a drum 13 is attached eccentrically.
  • the drum cover has two oblique slits 14 and 15 for receiving the extremities of the strip of material 16 to be tested.
  • the front extremity of the strip of material is fixed tightly to the drum by means of a ratchet 17 which pushes this extremity in pressing relationship against the interior part of the drum cover.
  • the ratchet 17 is pivotable about the pin 18 which is attached to the drum and this ratchet can be lifted by the operator in pushing on the arm 20 against the tension of the spring 19, said arm 20 being connected in a stationary way with the ratchet 17.
  • the arm 21 is provided above the drum and is pivotable about the pin 22 which is solidly attached to the plate 10.
  • the arm 21 is pressed downwardly under the influence of gravity, and is retained by the screw 23 which is vertically adjustable in a square support 24, which is fitted on the plate 10.
  • a hook shaped element 25 bearing the rubbing element 26 is attached to the underside of the arm 21.
  • the rubbing element was made out of a small strip of Para rubber (pure Brazilian rubber) the surface of which has been roughened by the impression of the textile belt which contacted the rubber strip in the course of its manufacture process.
  • the rubber strip has a thickness of 3 mm. and a surfacial area of 8 cm. and was afiixed on the element 25 by sticking it thereto.
  • the drum 13 is manufactured from stainless steel, it has a diameter of 10 cm., a width of 4 cm. and an eccentricity of 2 cm.
  • the drum is rotated at a speed of 10 revolutions per minute.
  • the rubbing element 26 presses on the drum surface with a power of 120 g.
  • the device is further provided with a revolution counter 27 which is actuated by a cam on the drum (not illustrated in the drawing) and which permits to record the number of revolutions of the drum for a determined operation.
  • the device is operated as follows.
  • the operator From the roll of material to be tested (in the present embodiment a roll of paper of g./m. intended for the preparation of photographic printing paper for use in automatic printing and processing apparatus) the operator separates a sheet which is then cut into a number of strips each measuring 220 x 25 mm. the longitudinal direction of the strips coinciding with the longitudinal direction of the web.
  • the strips to be tested in the device are first treated in developing, rinsing and fixing baths under the same circumstances in which the paper, to be used as a support for the preparation of the photographic printing paper, will be treated in the printing apparatus after exposure.
  • one strip is attached to the drum cover surface 13.
  • the arm 21 is lifted up, the ratchet 17 is pressed away and one extremity of the strip of paper 16 is introduced into the slit 15 and tightly fixed therein, then the other extremity of said strip is passed through the slit 14 and finally the arm 21 is returned to its original horizontal position.
  • the counter is set at zero and the motor driving the drum is started.
  • the drum rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow and at each revolution the rubbing element 26 contacts a part of the strip of paper between the slits 15 and 14 whereby the arm 21 is lifted up and thus exerts a constant pressure on this strip material.
  • the strip of paper is removed from the drum and replaced by a second strip of paper which is attached on the drum in such a way that the direction of the fibres thereof is opposite to the direction of the fibres of the first strip.
  • This second strip of paper is submitted to a number of rubbing actions which is identical to the number of rubbing actions performed on the first strip, whereupon this second strip is removed from the drum surface. The comparison between both strips immediately reveals that one strip has been damaged to a considerably greater extent than the other strip, because the sense of rubbing with one strip, through the device, was opposite to the direction of the fibres at its surface.
  • Another number of strips of paper are then submitted to rubbing movements in the device according to the present invention.
  • the operator checks and notices how many rubbing movements were carried out before the fibres become detached. He determines the average number of the recorded rubbing movements and compares this number with the number of rubbing movements known from foregoing tests for a material which possesses a sufficient resistance to friction. If the thus found number is inferior than the known number, it is to be expected that the material will be damaged in selfthreading processing apparatus.
  • the operator When using the described device the operator must pay attention thereto that the surface of the rubbing element does not undergo any serious changes, such as e.g. the wearing of the surface of the rubbing element, the covering of this surface with minuscule fibres detached from the strip of paper or with products having served for treating the strip of paper or its surface, etc.
  • a very efiicient operation of the device is obtained. It is always possible to check the state of the rubbing element by determining the resistance to friction of a known strip of material and by comparing the resulted number with the number found by means of a new rubbing element for the concerned strip of material.
  • the device according to the invention is also suited for determining the resistance to friction of other kinds of papers than photographic paper materials.
  • friction test can also be executed on strips of paper which have not previously been moistened or immersed.
  • the device may also comprise means for changing the pressure exerted by the rubbing element on the test strip 16, said means consisting e.-g. of small weights which can be attached to the arm 21.
  • the device according to the present invention may be operated at higher speeds than mentioned hereinbefore, so that e.g. the member bearing the test strip makes a multiple of ten movements per minute and even more. Under these circumstances a visual check by the operator during the operation of the device becomes impossible.
  • the device may comprise means which makes the device execute a defined number of rubbing movements whereupon it stops. The operator checks whether the test strip has been damaged and in case no damage was noticed, he restarts the device to make an identical number of rubbing movements.
  • the device can perform cyclically a number of accelerated rubbing movements and one or some slackened rubbing movements. The operator will interrupt the operation of the device when he notices a damaging of the test strip during the performance of the slackcned rubbing movement(s).
  • Device for determining the resistance to friction of a strip of test material which comprises a support for said strip having an arcuate peripheral surface portion on which said strip is mounted, means for rotating said support about an axis of rotation having an eccentric relation with the curvature of said arcuate surface portion, the length of the radii of said surface at the ends of said strip being less than the radius of said surface intermediate said strip ends, a friction element for cyclically contacting said test strip as the same revolves with said strip support, a friction element support movable towards and away from said rotation axis, said element support being biased toward said axis, and stop means for limiting the movement of said element support towards said axis to maintain a clearance therebetween in excess of the radii of said strip supporting surface at said strip ends.
  • said strip support is a drum arranged eccentrically on a rotatably supported shaft.
  • stop means is adjustable to vary the length of said strip contacted by said friction element.
  • said element support is a lever mounted at one end of a pivot axis arranged in spaced parallel relation to said rotational axis, said lever being engaged adjacent its other end by said stop means and carrying said friction element intermediate said ends.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
US505339A 1964-11-04 1965-10-27 Device for the determination of the resistance to friction Expired - Lifetime US3388584A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE2044070 1964-11-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3388584A true US3388584A (en) 1968-06-18

Family

ID=3864829

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US505339A Expired - Lifetime US3388584A (en) 1964-11-04 1965-10-27 Device for the determination of the resistance to friction

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3388584A (xx)
BE (1) BE655226A (xx)
CH (1) CH447655A (xx)
DE (1) DE1473679A1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1125726A (xx)
NL (1) NL6514280A (xx)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3412802C1 (de) * 1984-04-05 1985-09-05 Hans 8901 Kissing Einlehner Abrasionsprüfgerät
US10989641B2 (en) * 2016-07-12 2021-04-27 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Rubber wear resistance evaluation method
US11333592B2 (en) * 2016-07-12 2022-05-17 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Rubber wear testing device

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1320122A (en) * 1971-01-15 1973-06-13 Fulmer Res Inst Ltd Method and equipment for the determination of the degree of abrasiveness of magnetic tape
IT1214630B (it) * 1985-09-06 1990-01-18 Cise Spa Dispositivo per misure tribologiche.
CN106092797A (zh) * 2016-07-29 2016-11-09 中国石化仪征化纤有限责任公司 单丝法短纤维耐磨性能测试装置

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1850056A (en) * 1929-04-13 1932-03-15 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Material abrasion tester
US2292577A (en) * 1940-06-14 1942-08-11 Int Paper Co Wear testing machine
US2561133A (en) * 1947-04-01 1951-07-17 Orr Felt & Blanket Company Wear tester
US2687641A (en) * 1951-11-23 1954-08-31 Univ Louisiana State Textile abrasion machine

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1850056A (en) * 1929-04-13 1932-03-15 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Material abrasion tester
US2292577A (en) * 1940-06-14 1942-08-11 Int Paper Co Wear testing machine
US2561133A (en) * 1947-04-01 1951-07-17 Orr Felt & Blanket Company Wear tester
US2687641A (en) * 1951-11-23 1954-08-31 Univ Louisiana State Textile abrasion machine

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3412802C1 (de) * 1984-04-05 1985-09-05 Hans 8901 Kissing Einlehner Abrasionsprüfgerät
US4633701A (en) * 1984-04-05 1987-01-06 Hans Einlehner Abrasion testing apparatus
US10989641B2 (en) * 2016-07-12 2021-04-27 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Rubber wear resistance evaluation method
US11333592B2 (en) * 2016-07-12 2022-05-17 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Rubber wear testing device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1125726A (en) 1968-08-28
NL6514280A (xx) 1966-01-25
BE655226A (xx) 1965-05-04
CH447655A (fr) 1968-03-29
DE1473679A1 (de) 1969-01-02

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