US3376171A - Copper alloy - Google Patents
Copper alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3376171A US3376171A US591341A US59134166A US3376171A US 3376171 A US3376171 A US 3376171A US 591341 A US591341 A US 591341A US 59134166 A US59134166 A US 59134166A US 3376171 A US3376171 A US 3376171A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- alloy
- alloys
- copper
- beryllium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 41
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 41
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000952 Be alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium copper Chemical compound [Be].[Cu] DMFGNRRURHSENX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
Definitions
- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of manufacturing a fine-grained copper alloy in which an alloy of copper containing beryllium and between 1.25 and 2% by weight of cobalt are cast by heating the alloy to a temperature between 1100 and 1200 C.
- This invention relates to copper alloys containing beryllium and cobalt as alloy elements which determine substantially the possibility of precipitation hardening of the alloy.
- the alloys of this kind usually contain between 1.9 and 2.1% by weight of beryllium and about 0.35% by weight of cobalt.
- such alloys after having been rolled, are usually annealed at about 800 C. for 2 to 3 hours in order completely to dissolve the beryllium. After quenching in water an alloy results which is softand excellently workable.
- the alloy may be hardened by subsequent heating for some time at a temperature between 250" C. and 300 C. During the heating process beryllium is precipitated, resulting in a considerable increase in the hardness and tensile strength of the alloy. Further increase in hardness may be obtained if the alloy is cold deformed between quenching and tempering (age hardening).
- the alloy is cast in molds in order directly to obtain therefrom an object in its definite shape it is not possible to give the object that hardness and tensile strength which are obtainable in objects which have been intermediately wrought, cold rolled or drawn.
- the alloy may be obtained by putting together between 1.9 and 2.1% by weight of beryllium, between 1 and 2% by weight of cobalt and between 95.9 and 97.1% by weight of copper, following by melting together by methods usually employed in the manufacture of copper beryllium alloys.
- a suitable manufacturing method consists in melting together, for example, 52% by weight of a copper alloy containing 4% by weight of beryllium, 1.25% by weight of cobalt and 46.75% by weight of copper in a ceramic crucible under nitrogen.
- Alloys according to the invention are found to distinguish from the conventional alloys in the size of the grains formed during solidifying after the casting process. Alloys according to the invention permit obtaining castings having a very fine-grain structure wherein the lower limit is found to lie at about 1.0% by weight of Co. Upon casting an alloy of the composition 2% by weight of Be, 1.0% by weight of Co, and the remainder copper, the following was found:
- the fine-granular structure obtained upon casting the alloys according to the invention which have a Co-content between 1% and 2%, has formed to be the very condition for maximum hardening after a treatment known as precipitation hardening and consisting in solution annealing, quenching and then tempering (age hardening).
- the casting temperatures may be chosen between 1100 C. and 1200 C., but prefer ably near 1100 C. Coarse-grained structures occur at casting temperatures above 1200 C. for any percentage of cobalt.
- Alloys of great hardness and tensile strength which are economically interesting are obtained with 1.9 to 2.0% by weight of Be, 1.25 to 1.35% by weight of Co, the rest copper.
- Alloys according to the invention may also contain small amounts of silicon, magnesium, aluminium, iron and other metals as impurities. Amounts up to 0.5% by weight of iron, vanadium, and titanium or other impurities do not usually interfere with the good properties of Copper alloy contain- Hardness Tensile Maximum No. ing in percent by Treatment VPN/IO, strength, ductility weight kgJsq. mm. kg./sq. mm. in percent Be Co 1 2.1 0.3 Rolled, solution annealed at 800 0., 390420 135 1 quenched and 40% cold deformed and then precipitation hardening for maximum strength. 2 2.1 0.3 Cast, solution annealed at 800 0., 350 80 2 quenched and precipitation hardening tor maximum strength. 3 2.0 1. Cast, solution annealed at 800 C. tor 1 410 135 1.5 hour, quenched and heated at 350 C. for 4.5 hours.
- pick-locks were manufactured from the alloy (2% of Be, 125% of Co, rest copper) by precision casting.
- the pick-locks were equivalent to wroughtsteel spanners with equal thickness and strength (Rockwell-Vickers and Brinell hardness and maximum bending moment without permanent deformation).
- Alloys in accordance with the invention may be used inter alia for the manufacture of machine parts requiring, in addition to a high tensile strength, satisfactory thermal and electrical conductivity and for the manufacture of sparkless tools by casting.
- alloys it is possible to obtain a considerable saving in the manufacturing cost of such products.
- the alloy is thus especially suitable for so-called precision casting.
- Copper alloys which contain, in addition to beryllium, between 1 and 2% by weight of cobalt are known.
- such known cast alloys contain an amount of beryllium which is considerably less, usually less than 1% by weight. The maximum strength obtainable with such alloys is smaller than that obtained with alloys in accordance with the invention.
Description
3,376,171 Patented Apr. 2, 1968 3,376,171 COPPER ALLOY Anthonius Catharina Wilhelrnus Verdonk, Eindhoven,
and Pieter Johannes Bernard Kratlolfer, Zeist, Netherlands, assignors to N.V. Cirex, Almelo, Netherlands No Drawing. Continuation of application Ser. No. 359,542, Apr. 3, 1964. This application Nov. 1, 1966, Ser. No. 591,341 Claims priority, application Netherlands, Apr. 11, 1963,
3 Claims. (cl. 148-3) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of manufacturing a fine-grained copper alloy in which an alloy of copper containing beryllium and between 1.25 and 2% by weight of cobalt are cast by heating the alloy to a temperature between 1100 and 1200 C.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 359,542, filed Apr. 3, 1964, now abandoned.
This invention relates to copper alloys containing beryllium and cobalt as alloy elements which determine substantially the possibility of precipitation hardening of the alloy.
The alloys of this kind usually contain between 1.9 and 2.1% by weight of beryllium and about 0.35% by weight of cobalt. In practice, such alloys, after having been rolled, are usually annealed at about 800 C. for 2 to 3 hours in order completely to dissolve the beryllium. After quenching in water an alloy results which is softand excellently workable. The alloy may be hardened by subsequent heating for some time at a temperature between 250" C. and 300 C. During the heating process beryllium is precipitated, resulting in a considerable increase in the hardness and tensile strength of the alloy. Further increase in hardness may be obtained if the alloy is cold deformed between quenching and tempering (age hardening).
If the alloy is cast in molds in order directly to obtain therefrom an object in its definite shape it is not possible to give the object that hardness and tensile strength which are obtainable in objects which have been intermediately wrought, cold rolled or drawn.
On the one hand, this is in certain cases attributed to imperfections in the structure which may occur to a certain extent in cast material. On the other hand, a coarse precipitation of tat-crystals occurs during coagulation. Even with a very long period of annealing at about 800 C., followed by quenching and tempering, it is still not possible to obtain that hardness and tensile strength which are possible with the fine-granular or intermediately rolled material.
It is an object of the invention to provide an alloy which may be cast and wherein the objects cast therefrom may be given such a hardness and tensile strength by solution annealing, quenching and tempering as may be obtained in the rolled alloys usually employed only by using a considerable cold deformation between quenching and tempering.
It has been found that this result may be achieved by considerably increasing the percentage of cobalt and choosing it between 1 and 2% by weight with a beryllium content of about 1.9 to 2.1% by Weight, the remainder being copper.
The alloy found is thus characterized in that it contains between 1.9 and 2.1% by weight of beryllium, between 1 and 2% by weight of cobalt, the remainder being copper.
The alloy may be obtained by putting together between 1.9 and 2.1% by weight of beryllium, between 1 and 2% by weight of cobalt and between 95.9 and 97.1% by weight of copper, following by melting together by methods usually employed in the manufacture of copper beryllium alloys.
A suitable manufacturing method consists in melting together, for example, 52% by weight of a copper alloy containing 4% by weight of beryllium, 1.25% by weight of cobalt and 46.75% by weight of copper in a ceramic crucible under nitrogen.
Alloys according to the invention are found to distinguish from the conventional alloys in the size of the grains formed during solidifying after the casting process. Alloys according to the invention permit obtaining castings having a very fine-grain structure wherein the lower limit is found to lie at about 1.0% by weight of Co. Upon casting an alloy of the composition 2% by weight of Be, 1.0% by weight of Co, and the remainder copper, the following was found:
If the casting temperature was between 1100 C. and 1130 C. and casting took place in molds such as obtained in the lost-wax method (investment casting) at a temperature of 200 C. then parts of small sections (diameter 10 mm.) showed in fine-grained structure and parts of large sections (diameter 28 mm.) showed a coarser-grained structure. An alloy containing the same amount of beryllium and 1.25% by weight of cobalt showed under these condtions a fine-grained structure in any section. However, if the rate of cooling was higher such as, for example, in shell molds (shell casting) the structure was fine-granular in any section also in the alloy containing 1.0% by weight of cobalt. It has been found that the structure again becomes a little coarse-grained with an increasing percentage of cobalt. Above about 2.0% by weight the structures are found to be again as coarse-grained as below 1.0% by weight under conditions otherwise unvaried. Alloys that produce a fine-grained structure independent of the rate of cooling are obtained with 1.9-2.0% by weight of Be, 1.252% by weight of Co, balance copper.
However, the fine-granular structure obtained upon casting the alloys according to the invention, which have a Co-content between 1% and 2%, has formed to be the very condition for maximum hardening after a treatment known as precipitation hardening and consisting in solution annealing, quenching and then tempering (age hardening).
It has also been found that the casting temperatures may be chosen between 1100 C. and 1200 C., but prefer ably near 1100 C. Coarse-grained structures occur at casting temperatures above 1200 C. for any percentage of cobalt.
The castings may be solution-annealed in the normal way at a temperature between 780 C. and 800 C. for, for example, 1 hour, or as much longer as is considered necessary for the structure. After quenching to room temperature, for example in water, the castings are hardened by heating to a temperature between 290 C. and 370 C. Maximum hardness during tempering is usually obtained by heating at a temperature between 345 C. and 355 C. for 4 to 6 hours. For the rolled alloys usually employed, this period is about 4 hours and the temperature about 310 C.
Alloys of great hardness and tensile strength which are economically interesting are obtained with 1.9 to 2.0% by weight of Be, 1.25 to 1.35% by weight of Co, the rest copper.
Several data in relation to such an alloy are collected in the table below. For comparison several data of a rolled and cold-deformed alloy and of cast alloys of the usual composition are included.
Alloys according to the invention may also contain small amounts of silicon, magnesium, aluminium, iron and other metals as impurities. Amounts up to 0.5% by weight of iron, vanadium, and titanium or other impurities do not usually interfere with the good properties of Copper alloy contain- Hardness Tensile Maximum No. ing in percent by Treatment VPN/IO, strength, ductility weight kgJsq. mm. kg./sq. mm. in percent Be Co 1 2.1 0.3 Rolled, solution annealed at 800 0., 390420 135 1 quenched and 40% cold deformed and then precipitation hardening for maximum strength. 2 2.1 0.3 Cast, solution annealed at 800 0., 350 80 2 quenched and precipitation hardening tor maximum strength. 3 2.0 1. Cast, solution annealed at 800 C. tor 1 410 135 1.5 hour, quenched and heated at 350 C. for 4.5 hours.
From the above table it appears that the properties of tween 780 C. and 800 C. for at least one hour, and
the alloy according to the invention are fully comparable with those of the rolled and cold-deformed alloy of the usual composition.
For example, pick-locks were manufactured from the alloy (2% of Be, 125% of Co, rest copper) by precision casting. The pick-locks were equivalent to wroughtsteel spanners with equal thickness and strength (Rockwell-Vickers and Brinell hardness and maximum bending moment without permanent deformation).
Alloys in accordance with the invention may be used inter alia for the manufacture of machine parts requiring, in addition to a high tensile strength, satisfactory thermal and electrical conductivity and for the manufacture of sparkless tools by casting. When using such alloys, it is possible to obtain a considerable saving in the manufacturing cost of such products. The alloy is thus especially suitable for so-called precision casting.
Copper alloys, which contain, in addition to beryllium, between 1 and 2% by weight of cobalt are known. However, such known cast alloys contain an amount of beryllium which is considerably less, usually less than 1% by weight. The maximum strength obtainable with such alloys is smaller than that obtained with alloys in accordance with the invention.
quenched in water.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the alloy has great hardness and tensile strength and consists of between 1.9 and 2.0% by weight of beryllium, between 1.25 and 1.35% by weight of cobalt and the remainder copper.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,088,219 7/1937 Silliman 148-160 2,166,794 7/1939 Brophy -153 X 2,172,639 9/1939 Hessenbruch 75.153
2,192,495 3/ 1940 Hessenbruch 75153 X OTHER REFERENCES Donachie: The Role of Beryllium Copper As An Engineering Material, 6 pages.
Berylco 20CR, Alloy Digest, Cu18, July 1954, Engineering Alloy Digest Inc., N. J.
Berylco lOCR, Alloy Digest, Cu59, February 1958, Engineering Alloy Digest Inc., NJ.
CHARLES N. LOVELL, Primary Examiner.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL291498 | 1963-04-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3376171A true US3376171A (en) | 1968-04-02 |
Family
ID=19754612
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US591341A Expired - Lifetime US3376171A (en) | 1963-04-11 | 1966-11-01 | Copper alloy |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3376171A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT248709B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE646356A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH456165A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1458447A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES298482A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1065863A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL291498A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4867583A (en) * | 1982-12-15 | 1989-09-19 | Genicom Corporation | Dot matrix printer/module using print wires having different lenth but equal mass |
| US20150329277A1 (en) * | 2012-04-02 | 2015-11-19 | Huhtamaki Molded Fiber Technology B.V. | Packaging unit for products like eggs, and mould and method there for |
| CN115069977A (en) * | 2022-07-15 | 2022-09-20 | 广东省科学院佛山产业技术研究院有限公司 | Copper-beryllium-cobalt alloy plate for mold and preparation method thereof |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2088219A (en) * | 1935-03-14 | 1937-07-27 | American Brass Co | Alloy |
| US2166794A (en) * | 1936-11-27 | 1939-07-18 | Gen Electric | Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloys |
| US2172639A (en) * | 1939-09-12 | Copper base allots | ||
| US2192495A (en) * | 1933-06-17 | 1940-03-05 | Heraeus Vacuumschmelze Ag | Beryllium-copper alloys |
-
0
- NL NL291498D patent/NL291498A/xx unknown
-
1964
- 1964-04-08 GB GB14490/64A patent/GB1065863A/en not_active Expired
- 1964-04-08 DE DE19641458447 patent/DE1458447A1/en active Pending
- 1964-04-08 CH CH446264A patent/CH456165A/en unknown
- 1964-04-08 AT AT304564A patent/AT248709B/en active
- 1964-04-09 ES ES298482A patent/ES298482A1/en not_active Expired
- 1964-04-09 BE BE646356A patent/BE646356A/xx unknown
-
1966
- 1966-11-01 US US591341A patent/US3376171A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2172639A (en) * | 1939-09-12 | Copper base allots | ||
| US2192495A (en) * | 1933-06-17 | 1940-03-05 | Heraeus Vacuumschmelze Ag | Beryllium-copper alloys |
| US2088219A (en) * | 1935-03-14 | 1937-07-27 | American Brass Co | Alloy |
| US2166794A (en) * | 1936-11-27 | 1939-07-18 | Gen Electric | Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloys |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4867583A (en) * | 1982-12-15 | 1989-09-19 | Genicom Corporation | Dot matrix printer/module using print wires having different lenth but equal mass |
| US20150329277A1 (en) * | 2012-04-02 | 2015-11-19 | Huhtamaki Molded Fiber Technology B.V. | Packaging unit for products like eggs, and mould and method there for |
| CN115069977A (en) * | 2022-07-15 | 2022-09-20 | 广东省科学院佛山产业技术研究院有限公司 | Copper-beryllium-cobalt alloy plate for mold and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE646356A (en) | 1964-10-09 |
| NL291498A (en) | |
| DE1458447A1 (en) | 1969-03-06 |
| CH456165A (en) | 1968-05-15 |
| ES298482A1 (en) | 1964-09-01 |
| GB1065863A (en) | 1967-04-19 |
| AT248709B (en) | 1966-08-10 |
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