US3375108A - Shaped charge liners - Google Patents
Shaped charge liners Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3375108A US3375108A US487952A US48795265A US3375108A US 3375108 A US3375108 A US 3375108A US 487952 A US487952 A US 487952A US 48795265 A US48795265 A US 48795265A US 3375108 A US3375108 A US 3375108A
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- Prior art keywords
- liner
- cone
- shaped charge
- hollow
- metal
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 10
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000754 repressing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000237942 Conidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 borides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012256 powdered iron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003657 tungsten Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
- F42B1/032—Shaped or hollow charges characterised by the material of the liner
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F3/26—Impregnating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
- F42B1/036—Manufacturing processes therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S102/00—Ammunition and explosives
- Y10S102/701—Charge wave forming
Definitions
- ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE A method for the preparation of a shaped charge liner in which a powdered high refractory material is fed through a floating die to a cavity provided by an inverted conical mold, compressed and sintered to form a porous unitary hollow shaped charge liner and thereafter removed from the mold; the pores of the liner are infiltrated or densified with a ductile metal at .a temperature below the sintering temperature but above the melting point of the metal for maximum densification so that on firing the shaped charge the liner will collapse to form a jet of comminuted particles directed at a target, with the re-frectory material making the hole in the target and the ductile metal impregnating the walls for a smooth hole.
- This invention relates to an improvement in hollow shaped charges utilized in explosive devices, projectiles or oil wells to increase the destructive effect thereof.
- Materials, suitable for the shaped charge or liner of this invention are cemented or bonded refractory metals such as tungsten, titanium, or zirconium, their carbides, borides, or nitrides, and are employed as refractory materials as difierentiated from frangible materials heretofore used. These materials, less critical to wartime economy, may be used for cone production by employing methods of treatment based primarily on powder metallurgy techniques including infiltration, milling, pre-alloying, co-precipitation and slip-casting processes. This is accomplished by forming a cone by compressing a loose refractory powder in a mold using a compression ratio of 3 or 4 to 1. Since metal powders do not flow under pressure and the compression thereof must be accomplished by essentially uni-directional pressure and action, without generating shearing stresses that will result in a cracked compact.
- refractory metals such as tungsten, titanium, or zirconium, their carbides, borides, or ni
- FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the die
- FIGURE 2 is a representation of a projectile with a shaped charge therein
- FIGURE 3 shows a projectile with a shaped charge having a supplementary shaped charge behind the apex of the main shaped charge for additional destructive effect.
- the material selected may be intimately ball milled into powder form and fed into a floating die 10 having a presser cavity therein as shown in FIGURE 1.
- the male plunger 11 which defines the inside of the powdered cone 12 and the face of the cone flange 13 is temporarily secured to the floating die 10 while defining the bottom of the form.
- the angle at the apex of the cone 12 may vary according to various designs of shaped charges, but the preferable shape for military applications such as the 57 mm., the cone has an apex angle of 4042.
- the female plunger 14 which is the top of the form defines the outer surface of the cone 12 and the flange 15, and is spaced the desired distance from the male plunger 11 which is also temporarily secured to the die 10.
- the female plunger 14 has a channel 16 through which is fed the powdered refractory material for the formation of the conical shell of the shaped charge.
- the central plunger 17 is inserted to close the channel 16 and is secured to the plunger 14.
- the plungers 11 and 14 released from the floating die 10 are now free to act in opposition to compress the powdered cone and the powdered material is subjected to a suitable pressure, such as at least 150,000 lbs.
- the pressure should be less than that required to shear and crack the cone, particularly at the flange. After being properly compressed the plungers are removed and the pressed cone is pushed out of the die hydraulically or by any suitable means.
- the pressed cone is then sintered in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and at a temperature suflicient to cause an intergrowth of the pressed metal powder particles which results in a solid mass and shows upon microscopic examination the formation of tiny pores within the structure.
- the density of this structure is dependent on the powder characteristics of the material selected.
- the creation of this porous structure in the sintered material is vital in that it permits the infiltration or loading of the material with a ductile metal.
- the sintered cone with the tiny pores may be further densified by the infiltration of a ductile metal such as copper, lead or cobalt in a molten or liquid state to fill these pores.
- the powdered tungsten is compressed into a hollow conical shell as heretofore described and the shell is placed in a suitably designed container, introduced into a temperature controlled furnace having a non-oxidizing atmosphere and sintered at any suitable temperature below its melting point to form a solid cone having tiny pores therein.
- the cone is then infiltrated with a metallic copper in any suitable manner by reheating the cone and the copper to a temperature near or above the melting point of the ductile metal.
- the copper having free access to the properly heated tungsten shell thereby infiltrates theporous cone to form upon cooling a solid, dense, partially ductile refractory liner.
- the infiltrating metal need not enter into metallurgical reaction with the metal of the porous cone, but must have sufiicient fluidity and surface tension to wet the porous cone and thereby be adsorbed.
- This liner may be composed of 80% metal (tungsten) and of the ductile metal (copper), the content of the .latter being dependent upon the porosity of the tungsten cone.
- the infiltration of the lower melting metal is accomplished with practically no metallurgical reaction as in the case of powdered iron or steel pressed cones which are infiltrated with copper while on the other hand there may be a metallurgical reaction as in the case of a powdered copper cone infiltrated with tin to form bronze cones or with zinc to form brass cones.
- a metallurgical reaction as in the case of a powdered copper cone infiltrated with tin to form bronze cones or with zinc to form brass cones.
- this liner may also be made by intimately ball milling a refractory material, such as tungsten carbide in powder form with a ductile metal, such as cobalt in powder form, until the components are adequately integrated.
- a refractory material such as tungsten carbide in powder form
- a ductile metal such as cobalt in powder form
- the mechanical properties of this tungsten carbide-cobalt conical shell may be varied from near-brittle (cobalt in this instance) contents of the order of 3%, to semimalleable contents of some 20 to or over.
- the refractory materials which have been tested and found amendable to this treatment are tungsten, titanium or zirconium, their carbides, borides or nitrides densified with a ductile metal which may be either copper, lead or cobalt.
- the shaped charge of this invention may be utilized in any capacity in which such charges are employed, but it is particularly adapted for use as a supplementary charge in a projectile.
- FIGURE 2 Such an arrangement is represented in which the projectile 18 has .an impact fuze 19 in the ogive thereof, and a hollow shaped charge 12 made of refractory material with a detonator 20 shown positioned therein at the apex of the charge.
- FIGURE 3 shows diagrammatically the shaped charge 12 made of the refractory material of this invention, and an appendage or second shape-d charge 21 also made of similar mate-rial but smaller than the preceding charge, and having a detonator fuze 22.
- the supplemental charge 21 greatly adds to the resultant destructive eifect of the projectile on impact.
- the powder metallurgy used in the shaped charge of this invention it also becomes possible to achieve a measure of additional antipersonnel effect by incorporating within the cone, or appendage thereto, ingredients which will follow the jet penetration action of the cone by pyrotechnic effect, toxic effects or both.
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner comprising, compressing a powdered refractory metal in a die to form a hollow cone shaped charge liner, sintering the pressed hollow linerat a temperature below the melting point of the refractory metal, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow liner with 3 to 25% of a molten ductile metal to increase the density and cooling the infiltratcd pressed cone to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner of powdered material comprising, filling the hollow cone shaped form made by two opposing plungers operable in a floating die with a powdered refractory metal through the die, compressing the powdered refractory metal between the plungers to 'form a hollow shaped chargelin'er, removing the hollow liner from the die, sintering the pressed hollow liner at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory metal, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow liner with 3 to 25 of a molten ductile metal to increase the density and cooling the infiltrated pressed liner to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner comprising, compressing in a die to form a hollow cone shaped charge liner of a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and the nitrides of each metal, removing the :hollow liner from the die, sin- 7 ering the pressed hollow liner at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory material, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow cone to increase the density with 3 to 25 of a molten metal selected from a group consisting of copper and lead and cooling the infiltrated pressed liner to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
- a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and the nitrides of each metal
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, mixing a powdered refractory metal and a powdered ductile metal of lower melting point to form an integrated mixture, filling through a die to the mold with the powdered mixtureto form a hollow cone shaped charge liner, subjecting the cast powdered mixture in the die to a pressure of at least 150,000 lbs.
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, milling a mixture of a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and'the nitrides of each metal with a powdered ductile metalselected from the group consisting of copper and lead, filling through the die to a mold the powdered mixture to form a hollow shaped charge line, subjecting the case powdered mixture in the die to apressure of at least 150,000 lbs.
- a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and'the nitrides of each metal with a powdered ductile metalselected from the group consisting of copper and lead
- a method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, filling through a die to a mold of the desired cone shape a powdered refractory material selectedfrom a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and the nitrides of each metal, compressing the powdered material in the die to a pressure of at least 150,000 lbs.
- a molten ductile metal selected from a group consisting of copper and lead by heating at a temperature below the first sintering temperature but above the melting point of the ductile metal and cooling the infiltrated shaped charge liner of refractory material to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density and containing 3% to 25% of the ductile metal.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
Description
March 26, 1968 LE ROY WYMAN, sR.. ETAL 3,375,103
SHAPED CHARGE LINERS Original Filed April 30, 1964 INVENTOR! L m 3 0 N mw m Z w mdfl A db mbrr y b 001V m, P mE LEE. u/a
United States atet 3,375,108 SHAPED CHARGE LINERS Le Roy Linwood Wyman, Sr., Bethesda, and John C. Everts, Bowie, Md., and Rolla Estus Pollard, deceased, late of Kensington, Md., by Mabel Pollard, executrix, Kensington, Md., assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Original application Apr. 30, 1964, Ser. No. 364,891. Divided and this application Aug. 10, 1965, Ser. No. 487,952
6 Claims. (Cl. 75 202) ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE A method for the preparation of a shaped charge liner in which a powdered high refractory material is fed through a floating die to a cavity provided by an inverted conical mold, compressed and sintered to form a porous unitary hollow shaped charge liner and thereafter removed from the mold; the pores of the liner are infiltrated or densified with a ductile metal at .a temperature below the sintering temperature but above the melting point of the metal for maximum densification so that on firing the shaped charge the liner will collapse to form a jet of comminuted particles directed at a target, with the re-frectory material making the hole in the target and the ductile metal impregnating the walls for a smooth hole.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 364,891 filed Apr. 30, 1964.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes, without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
This invention relates to an improvement in hollow shaped charges utilized in explosive devices, projectiles or oil wells to increase the destructive effect thereof.
Current theories as to the effectiveness of metallic materials for shaped charges or liners therefor, while differing widely in concept and in practice, appear to be compatible with test results which indicate that such materials of high densities and mechanical properties give prefer-able performances. Due to their inherent characteristics, the more dense and stronger metals, ie the refractory metals in general, while seemingly the more preferable for shaped charge liner materials are not readily amenable to conventional methods of fabrication into such shapes as those generally used for hollow charges or liners.
It is the object of this invention to utilize such refractory materials for shaped charge liners, components thereof, or appendages to such liners for after effect.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of treatment of these refractory metals or compounds which make them suitable for fabrication into shapes used for such charges.
Materials, suitable for the shaped charge or liner of this invention, are cemented or bonded refractory metals such as tungsten, titanium, or zirconium, their carbides, borides, or nitrides, and are employed as refractory materials as difierentiated from frangible materials heretofore used. These materials, less critical to wartime economy, may be used for cone production by employing methods of treatment based primarily on powder metallurgy techniques including infiltration, milling, pre-alloying, co-precipitation and slip-casting processes. This is accomplished by forming a cone by compressing a loose refractory powder in a mold using a compression ratio of 3 or 4 to 1. Since metal powders do not flow under pressure and the compression thereof must be accomplished by essentially uni-directional pressure and action, without generating shearing stresses that will result in a cracked compact.
For a better understanding, reference is made to the accompanying drawing in which,
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the die,
FIGURE 2 is a representation of a projectile with a shaped charge therein, and
FIGURE 3 shows a projectile with a shaped charge having a supplementary shaped charge behind the apex of the main shaped charge for additional destructive effect.
In this preparation of a hollow shaped charge liner, the material selected may be intimately ball milled into powder form and fed into a floating die 10 having a presser cavity therein as shown in FIGURE 1. The male plunger 11 which defines the inside of the powdered cone 12 and the face of the cone flange 13 is temporarily secured to the floating die 10 while defining the bottom of the form. The angle at the apex of the cone 12 may vary according to various designs of shaped charges, but the preferable shape for military applications such as the 57 mm., the cone has an apex angle of 4042. The female plunger 14, which is the top of the form defines the outer surface of the cone 12 and the flange 15, and is spaced the desired distance from the male plunger 11 which is also temporarily secured to the die 10. The female plunger 14 has a channel 16 through which is fed the powdered refractory material for the formation of the conical shell of the shaped charge. When the channels between the plungers 11 and 14 are filled with the powdered material to a point slightly above the apex of the cone, the central plunger 17 is inserted to close the channel 16 and is secured to the plunger 14. The plungers 11 and 14 released from the floating die 10, are now free to act in opposition to compress the powdered cone and the powdered material is subjected to a suitable pressure, such as at least 150,000 lbs. for 57 mm. cone. Since the action between the two plungers exerts a shearing stress, the pressure should be less than that required to shear and crack the cone, particularly at the flange. After being properly compressed the plungers are removed and the pressed cone is pushed out of the die hydraulically or by any suitable means.
The pressed cone is then sintered in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and at a temperature suflicient to cause an intergrowth of the pressed metal powder particles which results in a solid mass and shows upon microscopic examination the formation of tiny pores within the structure. The density of this structure is dependent on the powder characteristics of the material selected. The creation of this porous structure in the sintered material is vital in that it permits the infiltration or loading of the material with a ductile metal. The sintered cone with the tiny pores may be further densified by the infiltration of a ductile metal such as copper, lead or cobalt in a molten or liquid state to fill these pores. This is accomplished by further sintering the cone in the presence of the ductile metal at a temperature that is below the first sintering temperature but sufficient for the ductile metal to be in a molten or liquid condition, which on cooling produces a cone of metal of near-maximum density in an annealed condition.
If for example, tungsten is selected as the material, the powdered tungsten is compressed into a hollow conical shell as heretofore described and the shell is placed in a suitably designed container, introduced into a temperature controlled furnace having a non-oxidizing atmosphere and sintered at any suitable temperature below its melting point to form a solid cone having tiny pores therein. The cone is then infiltrated with a metallic copper in any suitable manner by reheating the cone and the copper to a temperature near or above the melting point of the ductile metal. The copper having free access to the properly heated tungsten shell thereby infiltrates theporous cone to form upon cooling a solid, dense, partially ductile refractory liner. The infiltrating metal need not enter into metallurgical reaction with the metal of the porous cone, but must have sufiicient fluidity and surface tension to wet the porous cone and thereby be adsorbed. This liner may be composed of 80% metal (tungsten) and of the ductile metal (copper), the content of the .latter being dependent upon the porosity of the tungsten cone.
Generally, the infiltration of the lower melting metal is accomplished with practically no metallurgical reaction as in the case of powdered iron or steel pressed cones which are infiltrated with copper while on the other hand there may be a metallurgical reaction as in the case of a powdered copper cone infiltrated with tin to form bronze cones or with zinc to form brass cones. These are examples of what may be accomplished by various combinations of cone-skeleton and infiltrant to obtain a similar result regardless of whether there be any metallurgical reaction in the infiltration step.
Alternately, this liner may also be made by intimately ball milling a refractory material, such as tungsten carbide in powder form with a ductile metal, such as cobalt in powder form, until the components are adequately integrated. This mixture of powders may be compressed as before described in a cone, sintered at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory material but near or above the melting point of the bonding metal and densified by a subsequent coining operation which consists of repressing in a suitably designed die or reshaping. This may be followed by resintering, or it may be succeeded by repeated coining and sin-tering, resulting in a substantially solid cone of near-maximum density in an annealed condition depending on the product desired and whether the coining or resintering is the final operation. The mechanical properties of this tungsten carbide-cobalt conical shell may be varied from near-brittle (cobalt in this instance) contents of the order of 3%, to semimalleable contents of some 20 to or over.
It should be understood that either approach heretofore described for the preparation of the powdered materials may be utilized within the scope of this process.
The refractory materials which have been tested and found amendable to this treatment are tungsten, titanium or zirconium, their carbides, borides or nitrides densified with a ductile metal which may be either copper, lead or cobalt.
The shaped charge of this invention may be utilized in any capacity in which such charges are employed, but it is particularly adapted for use as a supplementary charge in a projectile. Such an arrangement is represented in FIGURE 2, in which the projectile 18 has .an impact fuze 19 in the ogive thereof, and a hollow shaped charge 12 made of refractory material with a detonator 20 shown positioned therein at the apex of the charge.
FIGURE 3 shows diagrammatically the shaped charge 12 made of the refractory material of this invention, and an appendage or second shape-d charge 21 also made of similar mate-rial but smaller than the preceding charge, and having a detonator fuze 22. Assuming the true action of a hollow shaped charge is the inversion of the cone, it can be readily seen that the supplemental charge 21 greatly adds to the resultant destructive eifect of the projectile on impact. By reason of the powder metallurgy used in the shaped charge of this invention, it also becomes possible to achieve a measure of additional antipersonnel effect by incorporating within the cone, or appendage thereto, ingredients which will follow the jet penetration action of the cone by pyrotechnic effect, toxic effects or both.
The production of the shaped charge of this invention and the method of forming such a charge may readily be streamlined in emergencies, since all of the operations are amenda ble to high speed continuous operation, mostly mechanized, this materially conserving on critical machine tool equipment and trained operators.
What is claimed is: g
1. A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner comprising, compressing a powdered refractory metal in a die to form a hollow cone shaped charge liner, sintering the pressed hollow linerat a temperature below the melting point of the refractory metal, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow liner with 3 to 25% of a molten ductile metal to increase the density and cooling the infiltratcd pressed cone to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
2. A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner of powdered material comprising, filling the hollow cone shaped form made by two opposing plungers operable in a floating die with a powdered refractory metal through the die, compressing the powdered refractory metal between the plungers to 'form a hollow shaped chargelin'er, removing the hollow liner from the die, sintering the pressed hollow liner at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory metal, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow liner with 3 to 25 of a molten ductile metal to increase the density and cooling the infiltrated pressed liner to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
3. A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner comprising, compressing in a die to form a hollow cone shaped charge liner of a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and the nitrides of each metal, removing the :hollow liner from the die, sin- 7 ering the pressed hollow liner at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory material, infiltrating the sintered pressed hollow cone to increase the density with 3 to 25 of a molten metal selected from a group consisting of copper and lead and cooling the infiltrated pressed liner to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density.
4. A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, mixing a powdered refractory metal and a powdered ductile metal of lower melting point to form an integrated mixture, filling through a die to the mold with the powdered mixtureto form a hollow cone shaped charge liner, subjecting the cast powdered mixture in the die to a pressure of at least 150,000 lbs. to form a hollow pressed liner, removing the pressed liner from the die, sintering the pressed liner at a temperature between the melting points of the refractory metal and the ductile metal in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to produce a porous structure of the refractory metal of the liner infiltrated with the molten ductile metal and cooling the infiltrated pressed liner to produce a hollow shape-d charge liner of high density.
5. A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, milling a mixture of a powdered refractory material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and'the nitrides of each metal with a powdered ductile metalselected from the group consisting of copper and lead, filling through the die to a mold the powdered mixture to form a hollow shaped charge line, subjecting the case powdered mixture in the die to apressure of at least 150,000 lbs. to form a pressed cone shell, sintering the pressed conical liner at a temperature between the melting points of the refractory material and the ductile metal, repressing the sintered conical liner in a suitable die to increase the density, resintering the repressed liner to obtain a' shaped charge liner of near maximum density containing 3% to 25% of the ductile metal.
6.;A method of forming a hollow shaped charge liner from powdered material comprising, filling through a die to a mold of the desired cone shape a powdered refractory material selectedfrom a group consisting of tungsten, titanium, zirconium, the carbides, the borides and the nitrides of each metal, compressing the powdered material in the die to a pressure of at least 150,000 lbs. to form a pressed shaped charge liner, removing the pressed liner from the die, sintering the pressed conical liner in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form a porous structure of the pressed powder, infiltrating the porous structure of the liner to increase the density with a molten ductile metal selected from a group consisting of copper and lead by heating at a temperature below the first sintering temperature but above the melting point of the ductile metal and cooling the infiltrated shaped charge liner of refractory material to produce a hollow shaped charge liner of near maximum density and containing 3% to 25% of the ductile metal.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Schwarzkopf 75208 G'oetzel 75208 X Lawson 10224 Grubel 75268 X Day 75208 X Cartier 75214 X Caldwell 102-214 Charrin 102-214 Charrin 102214 BENJAMIN R. PADGETT, Primary Examiner. 15 A. J. STEINER, Assistant Examiner.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US364891A US3388663A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1964-04-30 | Shaped charge liners |
US487952A US3375108A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1965-08-10 | Shaped charge liners |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US364891A US3388663A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1964-04-30 | Shaped charge liners |
US487952A US3375108A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1965-08-10 | Shaped charge liners |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3375108A true US3375108A (en) | 1968-03-26 |
Family
ID=27002698
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US364891A Expired - Lifetime US3388663A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1964-04-30 | Shaped charge liners |
US487952A Expired - Lifetime US3375108A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1965-08-10 | Shaped charge liners |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US364891A Expired - Lifetime US3388663A (en) | 1964-04-30 | 1964-04-30 | Shaped charge liners |
Country Status (1)
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US (2) | US3388663A (en) |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2522805A1 (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1983-09-09 | Saint Louis Inst | Explosive, hollow charge with metal lining - designed to eliminate terminal compact core of jet charge during explosion |
US4430939A (en) * | 1980-11-19 | 1984-02-14 | Gordon Harrold | Linear shaped charges |
US4592790A (en) * | 1981-02-20 | 1986-06-03 | Globus Alfred R | Method of making particulate uranium for shaped charge liners |
US4850278A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1989-07-25 | Coors Porcelain Company | Ceramic munitions projectile |
US4939996A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1990-07-10 | Coors Porcelain Company | Ceramic munitions projectile |
US5331895A (en) * | 1982-07-22 | 1994-07-26 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britanic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdon Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Shaped charges and their manufacture |
US5615465A (en) * | 1992-05-07 | 1997-04-01 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for manufacturing metal parts by free forging and drop forging in a press |
US6026750A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-02-22 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Shaped charge liner with integral initiation mechanism |
US6530326B1 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2003-03-11 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Sintered tungsten liners for shaped charges |
US6564718B2 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2003-05-20 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Lead free liner composition for shaped charges |
US6983698B1 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2006-01-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Shaped charge explosive device and method of making same |
US7011027B2 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2006-03-14 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Coated metal particles to enhance oil field shaped charge performance |
WO2006063753A1 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2006-06-22 | Dynaenergetics Gmbh & Co. Kg | Hollow shot inserts made of powder metal mixtures |
US20080034951A1 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-02-14 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Perforating system comprising an energetic material |
US20100162911A1 (en) * | 2008-12-27 | 2010-07-01 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Miniature shaped charge for initiator system |
CN102069190A (en) * | 2011-01-20 | 2011-05-25 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 | Preparation method of ultra-deep penetration perforation ammunition type cover |
US20120027883A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2012-02-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High Density Powdered Material Liner |
US8734960B1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2014-05-27 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High density powdered material liner |
US8739673B2 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2014-06-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Perforating gun assembly and method for controlling wellbore pressure regimes during perforating |
US8794153B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2014-08-05 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Shaped charge liner comprised of reactive materials |
US9862027B1 (en) | 2017-01-12 | 2018-01-09 | Dynaenergetics Gmbh & Co. Kg | Shaped charge liner, method of making same, and shaped charge incorporating same |
US10739115B2 (en) | 2017-06-23 | 2020-08-11 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge liner, method of making same, and shaped charge incorporating same |
US11255168B2 (en) | 2020-03-30 | 2022-02-22 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Perforating system with an embedded casing coating and erosion protection liner |
US11340047B2 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2022-05-24 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge liner, shaped charge for high temperature wellbore operations and method of perforating a wellbore using same |
US11378363B2 (en) | 2018-06-11 | 2022-07-05 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Contoured liner for a rectangular slotted shaped charge |
USD981345S1 (en) | 2020-11-12 | 2023-03-21 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge casing |
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FR2530800B1 (en) * | 1980-06-18 | 1986-06-13 | Saint Louis Inst | HOLLOW LOAD |
DE3625965A1 (en) * | 1986-07-31 | 1988-02-11 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | WARM HEAD AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE WARM HEAD |
CH677530A5 (en) * | 1988-11-17 | 1991-05-31 | Eidgenoess Munitionsfab Thun | |
DK1851500T3 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2009-08-03 | Armaments Corp Of South Africa | Shaped charging device and method for damage to a target |
GB2503186B (en) * | 2009-11-25 | 2015-03-25 | Secr Defence | Shaped charge casing |
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US2605703A (en) * | 1944-07-06 | 1952-08-05 | Du Pont | Liner for hollow charges |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2522805A1 (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1983-09-09 | Saint Louis Inst | Explosive, hollow charge with metal lining - designed to eliminate terminal compact core of jet charge during explosion |
US4430939A (en) * | 1980-11-19 | 1984-02-14 | Gordon Harrold | Linear shaped charges |
US4592790A (en) * | 1981-02-20 | 1986-06-03 | Globus Alfred R | Method of making particulate uranium for shaped charge liners |
US5331895A (en) * | 1982-07-22 | 1994-07-26 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britanic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdon Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Shaped charges and their manufacture |
US4850278A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1989-07-25 | Coors Porcelain Company | Ceramic munitions projectile |
US4939996A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1990-07-10 | Coors Porcelain Company | Ceramic munitions projectile |
US5615465A (en) * | 1992-05-07 | 1997-04-01 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for manufacturing metal parts by free forging and drop forging in a press |
US6026750A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-02-22 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Shaped charge liner with integral initiation mechanism |
US6530326B1 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2003-03-11 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Sintered tungsten liners for shaped charges |
US6564718B2 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2003-05-20 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Lead free liner composition for shaped charges |
US7011027B2 (en) | 2000-05-20 | 2006-03-14 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Coated metal particles to enhance oil field shaped charge performance |
US6983698B1 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2006-01-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Shaped charge explosive device and method of making same |
WO2006063753A1 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2006-06-22 | Dynaenergetics Gmbh & Co. Kg | Hollow shot inserts made of powder metal mixtures |
US20090294176A1 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2009-12-03 | Uwe Gessel | Hollow Charge Liners Made of Powder Metal Mixtures |
US20080034951A1 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-02-14 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Perforating system comprising an energetic material |
US9062534B2 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2015-06-23 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Perforating system comprising an energetic material |
US20100162911A1 (en) * | 2008-12-27 | 2010-07-01 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Miniature shaped charge for initiator system |
US8359977B2 (en) * | 2008-12-27 | 2013-01-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Miniature shaped charge for initiator system |
US8807003B2 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2014-08-19 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Perforating gun assembly and method for controlling wellbore pressure regimes during perforating |
US8739673B2 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2014-06-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Perforating gun assembly and method for controlling wellbore pressure regimes during perforating |
US9617194B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2017-04-11 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Shaped charge liner comprised of reactive materials |
US8794153B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2014-08-05 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Shaped charge liner comprised of reactive materials |
US8734960B1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2014-05-27 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High density powdered material liner |
US8741191B2 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2014-06-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High density powdered material liner |
US20120027883A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2012-02-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High Density Powdered Material Liner |
US8449798B2 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2013-05-28 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High density powdered material liner |
CN102069190A (en) * | 2011-01-20 | 2011-05-25 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 | Preparation method of ultra-deep penetration perforation ammunition type cover |
US9862027B1 (en) | 2017-01-12 | 2018-01-09 | Dynaenergetics Gmbh & Co. Kg | Shaped charge liner, method of making same, and shaped charge incorporating same |
US10376955B2 (en) | 2017-01-12 | 2019-08-13 | Dynaenergetics Gmbh & Co. Kg | Shaped charge liner and shaped charge incorporating same |
US10739115B2 (en) | 2017-06-23 | 2020-08-11 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge liner, method of making same, and shaped charge incorporating same |
US11340047B2 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2022-05-24 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge liner, shaped charge for high temperature wellbore operations and method of perforating a wellbore using same |
US11378363B2 (en) | 2018-06-11 | 2022-07-05 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Contoured liner for a rectangular slotted shaped charge |
US11255168B2 (en) | 2020-03-30 | 2022-02-22 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Perforating system with an embedded casing coating and erosion protection liner |
USD981345S1 (en) | 2020-11-12 | 2023-03-21 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Shaped charge casing |
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