US3364929A - Method for administering muscle relaxant drug - Google Patents

Method for administering muscle relaxant drug Download PDF

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Publication number
US3364929A
US3364929A US419949A US41994964A US3364929A US 3364929 A US3364929 A US 3364929A US 419949 A US419949 A US 419949A US 41994964 A US41994964 A US 41994964A US 3364929 A US3364929 A US 3364929A
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United States
Prior art keywords
patient
muscle
drug
frequency
transistor
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Expired - Lifetime
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US419949A
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English (en)
Inventor
Walter S Ide
William H Nickerson
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SmithKline Beecham Corp
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Burroughs Wellcome Co USA
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Priority to US419949A priority Critical patent/US3364929A/en
Priority to GB53427/65A priority patent/GB1123365A/en
Priority to BE674054A priority patent/BE674054A/xx
Priority to IL24839A priority patent/IL24839A/xx
Priority to CH1758965A priority patent/CH428965A/de
Priority to NL6516659A priority patent/NL6516659A/xx
Priority to SE16515/65D priority patent/SE340324B/xx
Priority to DE19651539104 priority patent/DE1539104B2/de
Priority to FR43163A priority patent/FR1466608A/fr
Priority to US662249A priority patent/US3565080A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103—Measuring devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/1104—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb induced by stimuli or drugs
    • A61B5/1106—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb induced by stimuli or drugs to assess neuromuscular blockade, e.g. to estimate depth of anaesthesia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/36021—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes for treatment of pain
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2505/00—Evaluating, monitoring or diagnosing in the context of a particular type of medical care
    • A61B2505/05—Surgical care
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
    • A61B5/6825—Hand
    • A61B5/6826—Finger

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for administering a muscle relaxant antagonist drug to counteract muscle relaxant drugs which produce both non-depolarizing and depolarizing blocks in patients, comprising the steps of rst applying an electrical stimulus to the ulnar nerve and/ or the nerve motor point muscle junction of a patient at a twitching frequency rate, secondly applying electrical stimulus at a tetanus frequency rate to the same part of the patient, and thirdly reapplying the electrical stimulus at the frequency rate, differentiating between responsiveness of the patient to said stimuli to determine the types of neuromuscular block, and introducing an antagonist into the system of the patient only if the response of the patient is such that a non-depolarizing block exists.
  • a new and improved apparatus for determining the correct time to administer muscle ⁇ antagonist drugs was required. Additionally, a new and improved method was required in order to administer antagonists to produce a stimulation of the patient instead of prolonging the relaxation of the patient. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a new and improved apparatus for providing electrical stimuli4 to differentiate between depolarizing and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocks due to the action of certain muscle relaxant drugs.
  • Another object of this ⁇ invention is to provide a new and improved method of administering antagonist drugs. It is a further object of this invention to provide a new and improved method of determining when to introduce muscle relaxant drugs and the administration of such drugs.
  • the invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the apparatus embodying features of construction, combinations of elements and arrangements of parts which are adapted to eect such steps, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a transistorized, neuromuscular block monitoring device
  • FIG. 2 is an isometric representation of a splint for mounting on a patient to detect response of a patient to electrical stimuli;
  • FIG. 3a is a graph illustrating the sequential electrical stimuli applied to the patient in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 3b is a graph showing the resultant response of a patient to the electrical stimuli as a result of a non-depolarizing block affecting the nerves of the patient.
  • FIG 3c is a graph illustrating a depolarizing block of a patient in response to electrical stimuli.
  • the pulse generator Z0 includes a relaxation oscillator circuit having an NPN transistor 21 with an emitter electrode 22, a base electrode 23 and a collector electrode 24 and a PNP transistor 25 with an emitter electrode 26, a base electrode 27 and a collector electrode 28.
  • the collector 24 of transistor 21 is coupled to the base 27 of transistor 25.
  • a capacitor 30 Connected between the base electrode 23 of transistor 21 and collector electrode of transistor 25 is a capacitor 30. Coupled intermediate the base 23 of transistor 21 and capacitor 30 is a variable resistance network for varying the frequency of the oscillator.
  • the resistance network includes a switch 31 and two resistors 33 and 34, Switch 31 can be connected to either of resistors 33 and 34 to control the frequency of the oscillator.
  • a source of direct current energy 34 such as a battery, is coupled at its positive terminal to emitter 26 of transistor 25 and to the other end of resistors 33 and 34.
  • a switch 36 is provided in the line to place the DC energy source 35 in the circuit, One end of the switch is coupled to the emitter 22 and the other end of the switch is coupled to the battery 35.
  • a voltage step-up transformer is generally shown at 37. Transformer has its primary winding 38 between the collector 28 of transistor 25 and emitter 22 of transistor 21.
  • a resistor 40 coupled in series with capacitor 30 and a capacitor 41 connected across winding 38 are preferably included to decrease extraneous voltages in the circuit.
  • the secondary winding 39 of transformer 37 is coupled across a resistor 4S and a gas tube 46.
  • The'resistor 45 and gas tube 46 are in parallel with a variable resistor 47.
  • the gas tube 46 indicates when the device 20 is providing a signal of a predetermined voltage level.
  • Coupled across variable resistor 47 is a first electrode 50 and a second electrode 51 connected through a resistor 49.
  • the electrodes may be surface-type electrodes which are suitable for applying an electrical stimuli to the arm 52 of a patient. But, preferably, needle-type electrodes are utilized which may be of the standard 25 gage metal needle type.
  • the electrodes are placed on the arm or the legs of a patient in a well -known manner such that the ulnar nerve and/or the nerve motor point muscle function is stimulated by the signal provided from the oscillator 20.
  • the oscillator operates as follows: upon closure of switch 36 and the connection of switch 31 to one of resistors 33 and 34, the circuit 20 will begin to oscillate. Assume, for example, that switch 31 is coupled to resistor 34.
  • the value of resistor 34 is selected such that the relaxation oscillator 2t)v will oscillate at a frequency somewhat above zero impulses per second rbut below 30 impulses per second.
  • transformer 37 After a period of time, transformer 37 becomes saturated and a voltage across secondary 39 rapidly reverses according to Lcnzes law. This causes a potential to be applied to base 23 of transistor 21 of such a polarity as to turn off transistor 21. This, in turn, turns off transistor 25. Capacitor which charged in the reverse direction to cut olf transistor 23 due to the saturation of inductor 37 then gradually discharges until the potential at the base electrode 23 of transistor 21 once again becomes of the proper polarity to turn on transistor 21 to restart the cycle.
  • the resultant output wave form of the oscillator is shown across electrodes 50 and 51. It is to be noted that the topmost portion of the turn on cycle is slightly clipped due to the presence of gas tube 46. This gas tube ckering indicates to the observer that the impulse generating device 20 is operating. Assume now that the switch 31 is coupled to resistor 33. Resistor 33 is selected such that the impulse frequency rate will be in the order of between -120 impulses per second. In the preferred embodiment, 50 impulses per second was chosen. This range of frequencies is generally referred to as the tetanus frequency rate. The tetanus frequency reaction is observed by noticing the involuntary closing of a linger or a toe of a patient. The exact values for the frequency rate for both tetanus and twitching is generally a function of the patient and it is, therefore, to be understood that the ranges described are only illustrative and are not limiting.
  • Capacitor 30 2O microfarads.
  • Resistor 33 5.1K ohms.
  • Resistor 34 330K ohms.
  • the device 20 is capable of providing approximately a 90 R.M.S. output signal across electrodes 50 and 51 when used with a 3-volt battery as the energy source for the circuit.
  • This circuit is particularly usable during the administration of an anesthesia and during operations because it is explosion-proof due to the low value of currents and voltages utilized.
  • a digital member such as a finger 53 of arm 52 may be observed. This may be accomplished without the use of any auxiliary detecting and monitoring devices shown in FIG. l.
  • a twitching frequency signal By applying a twitching frequency signal to the electrodes 50 and 51, the twitching signal will produce a periodic contraction of the finger 53.
  • the application of a tetanus signal will draw the finger closed.
  • the twitching and tetanus signals may be observed by watching the motion of the finger or the toes of a patient.
  • a splint By the use'of a splint, generally shown at 55, which is suitable for mounting on thumb 53, a device for indicating and displaying the response of the patient may be provided.
  • the splint 55 comprises resilient lat portions 55 and 57 having a bend 58 therebetween.
  • ring 61 Positioned at one end of resilient member 57 is ring 61 suitable for surrounding the tip portion of patients thumb 53.
  • clamps 62 and 63 Attached to the other member 56 of splint 55 are clamps 62 and 63. These clamps are shaped like rings, but have cut out portions for permitting the clamps to extend over the upper portion of patients thumb 53 above the joint.
  • a suitable strain gage 70 is mounted thereon in a position to record the pressure produced by the thumb against the splint.
  • a strain gage such as the type SR-4 available from Baldwin-Lima Hamilton Corp., Waltham, Massachusetts, may be used.
  • Other types of strain or stress transducers such as strain sensitive diodes and transistors may also be utilized as well as piezo electric devices.
  • Strain gage 70 is connected to a suitable circuit comprising resistor 72 and battery 73 for providing a current through the strain gage.
  • the variations of the current flow through the strain gage due to a change in resistance of the strain gage because of flexing of thumb 53, can then be monitored on a meter such as a voltage meter or an oscilloscope 75.
  • a meter such as a voltage meter or an oscilloscope 75.
  • other display devices may be utilized, for example, electrical type brush recorders.
  • muscle relaxant drugs such as succinylcholine, or dimethyl tubocurare.
  • an anesthesiologist deems it necessary to introduce a muscle antagonistic drug to counteract the effects of the muscle relaxant drug.
  • the neuromuscular block monitoring device 20 is turned on and set to provide electrical stimuli at a twitching frequency. The electrical stimuli is applied at the ulnar nerve at the wrist, elbow or at a motor junction point.
  • FIG. 3a shows the application of the electrical stimuli at a twitching frequency of about twenty impulses per second, although variations may exist due to the particular patient.
  • the response of the patient is shown in FIGS. 3b and 3c and may be observed on the oscilloscope 75.
  • the spikes in FIGS. 3b and 3c indicate that the patient has reacted to the stimuli such as to produce a twitching of the digital member. This can also be observe-d by watching the digital member itself.
  • monitor oscillating device 20 is then set to provide electrical stimuli at a tetanus frequency.
  • the monitor is set to provide 50 impulses per seconduwh'ich is shown in FIG. 3a.
  • the application of electrical im'- pulses at tetanus frequency produces a clamping response of the patients hand or toes such that the hand or toes tend to close during the application of the tetanus stimuli. This may be observed by noticing the square wave representation in FIGS. 3b and 3c or, again, by watching the digital member.
  • the tetanus is held for approximately two to three seconds although many variations may be possible depending on the response of the patient.
  • the monitor is switched to provide electrical stimuli at the twitching frequency once again.
  • FIG. 3b shows the response of the patients digit-al members to the re-application of the twitch frequency when there exists a non-depolarizing neuromuscular block within the patient. This figure further shows what is generally termed post-tetanic facilitation and which is represented by a sudden increase in the amplitude of the switch response.
  • FIG. 3c there is shown the response of the patient to the twitch electrical frequency stimuli when there exists a depolarizing neuromuscular block within the patient.
  • FIG. 3c it may be seen that there is no post-tetanic facilitation which is indicative of a depolarizing neuromuscular block.
  • a muscle antagonist drug should be introduced into the patient only when there exists a nondepolarizing block such as shown by the post-tetanic facilitation of FIG. 3b.
  • the introduction of an antagonist drug when there is a depolarizing block such as shown in FIG. 3c potentiates the depolarizing block rather than counteracting the muscle relaxant drug. If the drug is administered when there is a depolarizing block, the patient generally requires a longer period of time to overcome the relaxant drug then would normally -be required if the neuromuscular block were permitted ⁇ to switch from a depolarizing to the non-depolarizing neuromuscular block by itself.
  • a method for administering a muscle relaxant antagonist drug to counteract muscle relaxant drugs which produce both non-depolarizing and depolarizing blocks in patients comprising the steps of first applying an electrical stimulus to the ulnar nerve and/ or the nerve motor point muscle junction of a patient at a switching frequency rate, secondly applying electrical stimulus lat a tetanus frequency rate to the same part of the patient, point muscle junction of a patient at a twitching frequency rate, differentiating between responsiveness of the patient to said stimuli to determine the types of neuromuscular block, and introducing an antagonist into the system of the patient only if the response of the patient is such that a non-depolarizing block exists.
  • a method for the intravenous administration of antagonistic drugs to counteract the effects of drugs producing muscle relaxation comprising the steps of sequentially applying a low amperage electrical stimuli of two different frequencies to a muscle motor point and/or the ulnar nerve of a patient to produce -a muscle stimulus, and administering the antagonistic drugs only when the response of the patient to the electrical stimuli is such that a non-depolarizing neuromuscular block exists within the patient.
  • a method for Vthe intravenous administration of antagonistic drugs to counteract the effects of muscle relaxant drugs producing 'both depolarizing and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocks in patients comprising the steps of sequentially applying an electrical stimulus at both twitching and tetanus frequencies to a muscle motor point and/ or the ulnar nerve of a patient to produce a muscle stimulus, Vand administering antagonistic drugs only when the response of the patient to the electrical stimuli is such that a non-depolarizing neuromuscular block exists.
  • a method for administering muscle relaxation antagonistic drugs to counteract the effects of muscle relaxant drugs which produce both non-depolarizing and depolarizing neuromuscular blocks in patients comprising the steps of first applying an electrical stimulus at a twitching frequency to the ulnar nerve and/ or the muscle motor point of a, patient, then applying an electrical stimulus at a tetanus frequency to the ulnar nerve and/or the muscle motor point of a patient and then reapplying an electrical stimulus at a twitching frequency to the ulnar nerve and/or the muscle motor point of a patient, and administering antagonistic drugs only when the response of the patient is such that a depol-arizing neuromuscular ⁇ block will not be potentiated.

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US419949A 1964-12-21 1964-12-21 Method for administering muscle relaxant drug Expired - Lifetime US3364929A (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US419949A US3364929A (en) 1964-12-21 1964-12-21 Method for administering muscle relaxant drug
GB53427/65A GB1123365A (en) 1964-12-21 1965-12-16 Portable neuromuscular blockade monitor
BE674054A BE674054A (en)) 1964-12-21 1965-12-20
CH1758965A CH428965A (de) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21 Tragbare Einrichtung zur Anzeige und Ueberwachung einer neuromuskularen Blockade
IL24839A IL24839A (en) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21 Portable neuromuscular blockade monitor
NL6516659A NL6516659A (en)) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21
SE16515/65D SE340324B (en)) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21
DE19651539104 DE1539104B2 (de) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21 Reizimpulsgenerator fuer physiologische zwecke
FR43163A FR1466608A (fr) 1964-12-21 1965-12-21 Indicateur portatif de l'état du blocage neuro-musculaire
US662249A US3565080A (en) 1964-12-21 1967-07-19 Neuromuscular block monitoring apparatus

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US419949A US3364929A (en) 1964-12-21 1964-12-21 Method for administering muscle relaxant drug

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CH (1) CH428965A (en))
DE (1) DE1539104B2 (en))
FR (1) FR1466608A (en))
GB (1) GB1123365A (en))
IL (1) IL24839A (en))
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FR1466608A (fr) 1967-01-20
NL6516659A (en)) 1966-06-22
IL24839A (en) 1969-07-30
DE1539104B2 (de) 1971-02-25
GB1123365A (en) 1968-08-14
DE1539104A1 (de) 1970-03-12
CH428965A (de) 1967-01-31
BE674054A (en)) 1966-06-20
SE340324B (en)) 1971-11-15

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