US3343369A - Method of inhibiting earth subsidence over a cavity - Google Patents

Method of inhibiting earth subsidence over a cavity Download PDF

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Publication number
US3343369A
US3343369A US323833A US32383363A US3343369A US 3343369 A US3343369 A US 3343369A US 323833 A US323833 A US 323833A US 32383363 A US32383363 A US 32383363A US 3343369 A US3343369 A US 3343369A
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cavity
pressure
fluid
earth
roof
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US323833A
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John R Polhamus
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PPG Industries Inc
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Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co
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Priority to US323833A priority Critical patent/US3343369A/en
Priority to GB35653/64A priority patent/GB1017887A/en
Priority to DEP35083A priority patent/DE1299586B/de
Priority to NL6411894A priority patent/NL6411894A/xx
Priority to BE655480D priority patent/BE655480A/xx
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to providing against subsidence of the earth above a subterranean cavity. It more particularly relates to reducing the probability of subsidence of the earth above solution mining cavities when operations therein have been temporarily or permanently terminated.
  • cavity as used herein and in the claims, includes any cavity, void, hole, or space located in a subterranean formation.
  • the pressure within such a cavity is typically less than the rock pressure adjacent the cavity.
  • rock pressure is meant the pressure existing in a subterranean formation.
  • cavities formed by solution mining techniques are of substantial proportions. Cavities developed in solution mining sodium chloride, for example, are often several hundred feet or more in diameter. The pressures within these cavities, especially when they are abandoned is substantially less than the surrounding rock pressure. A low pressure subterranean cavity which results from a terminated solution mining operation remains filled with fluid. It may be filled with liquids or it may be totally or partially filled with gases such as air.
  • the geometery of the cavity specifically the ratio of its surface area to its volume is often an important factor afiecting the economy of a solution mining operation.
  • the mining operation is usually terminated and the cavity is abandoned.
  • mining operations may be temporarily or permanently discontinued for a variety of reasons. It has been observed that subsidence is probable above a cavity when mining operations are suspended.
  • the principal cause of subsidence is thought to be the differential between the rock pressure of the formation in which the cavity is located and the pressure against the interior surface of the cavity roof. It is known that the rock pressure at any given point beneath the surface of the earth is dependent upon the density of the materials above that point. The material above a cavity is typically much more dense than the fluid in the cavity. In solution mining of sodium chloride, for example, it is a rule of thumb that at any given depth the pressure of a column of brine extending to the surface of the earth and open to the atmosphere will be approximately half the rock pressure at that depth. When a cavity and the casings communicating therewith are filled with brine, the pressure against the interior surface of the roof of the cavity is equal to this brine column pressure. Because of the differential in pressures existing above and below the cavity roof, the roof tends to cave successively. Thus, the cavity migrates vertically until ultimately the surface of the earth subsides into the cavity.
  • This invention solves the problem of cavity subsidence in a simple manner.
  • the openings communicating with a cavity are sealed to create a sealed volume. Fluid is introduced into the sealed volume to establish and maintain a cavity pressure sufficient to prevent caving of the cavity roof. Subsidence of the earths surface is thereby prevented.
  • the extent to which the cavity pressure must be increased adequately to provide against subsidence depends upon the actual rock pressure immediately above the cavity. In practice, this rock pressure is difiicult to measure. The theoretical maximum rock pressure is a function of the thickness and densities of the earth materials above the cavity. These thicknesses and densities are typically determined from core samples taken through the earth above the cavity area.
  • the cavities being pressurized in accordance with this invention typically communicate with one or more openings, e.g., cased bore holes. These openings usually extend to the-surface of the earth.
  • the pressure exerted against the interior surface of the cavity roof is a function of the height and density of the column of fluid extending from the cavity roof up these openings.
  • the pressure exerted against the cavity roof in a typical cavity communicating with the atmosphere may vary from atmospheric to the column pressure of a liquid extending up a column to above the surface of the earth.
  • the maximum pressure necessary to be applied to the cavity roof to equalize the cavity roof fluid pressure with the cavity roof rock pressure is obviously the theoretical rock pressure. Usually the fluid column does not supply this amount of pressure. Thus, an increment of pressure is added to the fluid column to increase the total pressure against the cavity roof. The actual pressure increment necessary to be added is usually less than the theoretical maximum. Actual rock pressures are usually less than, typically about 50 to about percent, theoretical rock pressures.
  • the minimum acceptable pressure increment varies from cavity to cavity.
  • the desired increment may be expressed as the product of a factor multiplied by the longest distance in feet between the cavity roof and the earths surface pounds per square inch (p.s.i. gauge). If it is desired to establish pressure against the cavity roof at least equal to the theoretical rock pressure, a factor equal to or in excess of 0.434 times the difierence in average specific gravities of the fluid column and the materials in the earth above the cavity is used.
  • 0.434 is the conversion factor to convert gm./ cc. x feet to p.s.i.
  • a factor of from about 0.2 to about 1.1 is considered adequate to satisfactorily reduce the probability of subsidence over most cavities.
  • a factor of about 0.05 has been determined to be the minimum acceptable factor in most cases.
  • the fluid used to pressurize a cavity is a gas
  • a factor in excess of 0.5 is usually preferred due to the low specific gravity of most gases.
  • the pressure increment can be read directly from a pressure gauge communicating with the sealed volume at a point above the liquid therein. If the gauge communicates with the liquid in the sealed volume, it may be calibrated to indicate directly this pressure increment. All uncalibrated gauge reading must be corrected to take account of the weight of the liquid above the gauge in order to determine the actual increment of pressure added to every point within the sealed volume.
  • a cavity 6 exists in a subterranean deposit.
  • the material of the deposit is substantially impervious to fluid. That is, the nature of the material surrounding the cavity is such that the cavity will retain fluid pumped into it under pressure.
  • materials which are plastic in nature e.g., clay or an evaporite such as a sodium chloride deposit, tend to flow (become plastic) under pressure.
  • plastic materials located well beneath the earths surface tend to compact and are less pervious to fluids than materials such as limestone, granite, basalt, and similar rock-like materials.
  • the cavity will typically be located at least 200 feet below the surface of the earth. At lesser depths, other methods of mining are generally preferred over solution mining. Therefore, a cavity will not normally be developed at depths less than 200 feet. Cavities are sometimes located more than 5000 feet below the surface of the earth. This invention is equally applicable to any cavity in impervious material, no matter how far beneath the surface of the earth it is located.
  • a casing 4 communicates with the cavity 6. Typically, this casing is the casing utilized in the subterranean solution mining operation.
  • a smaller pipe 2 of any convenient diameter, but typically about 1 to 4 inches in diameter, is placed concentrically within the casing.
  • the materials used to seal the annulus are usually poured on top of the plug in a flowable state. These materials then set in a solid state after a residence time of a few minutes to several weeks or more in the annulus.
  • the plug is often attacked by the fluid in the cavity until it becomes porous.
  • the material which seals the annulus should itself be resistant to corrosion by the fluids in the cavity.
  • fluid is introduced into the cavity through pipe 2.
  • the entering fluid provides a fluid seal in pipe 2 thereby sealing the volume of the cavity and pipe.
  • Sufficient fluid is introduced to this sealed volume to add the desired pressure increment to the fluid pressure existing adjacent the cavity roof.
  • the pressure at every point within the sealed volume is increased to the extent of this increment.
  • This pressure increment is measured by gauge 3.
  • Valve 1 is then closed thereby mechanically sealing the volume. From time to time, gauge 3 is read and the pressure increment noted. If the pressure increment has dropped to below the desired level, valve 1 is opened and additional fluid is pumped into cavity 6.
  • subsidence is often effectively provided against by establishing and maintaining the cavity pressure at much less than the maximum theoretical rock pressure outside the cavity. If the formation above the cavity is of a rigid character, merely decreasing the pressure differential between the interior and exterior of the cavity may be sufficient to prevent subsidence. Preferably, however, the pressure against the interior surface of the cavity roof should equal and may somewhat exceed the estimated rock pressure immediately above the roof of the cavity. In this manner, the probability of subsidence is reduced to an absolute minimum.
  • the rock pressure actually existing at a particular point is estimated by adjusting the theoretical rock pressure to take account of the rigidity of the various strata above the cavity.
  • the permissible differential in the pressures above and below the cavity roof depends on the nature of the formations in which the cavity is located.
  • the factor by which the distance of the cavity roof from the surface of the earth is multiplied to determine the pressure increment to be applied to the sealed volume varies from cavity to cavity. Where the distance is measured in feet, and the gauge pressure is expressed in p.s.i., practical factors typically range from about 0.5 to about 1.0.
  • Fluids utilized by this invention may be gaseous, liquid, or a combination thereof. Any convenient fluid can be used; however, it is preferable to select a fluid which will neither react with nor dissolve the minerals of the deposit in which the cavity is located. Air or natural gases are most likely to be available for use. These gases generally do not react with the minerals surrounding the cavity to an appreciable extent.
  • the cavity will usually contain appreciable quantities of liquid.
  • care must be taken to add additional gas from time to time to maintain the desired pressure in the cavity.
  • the highly compressed gas may force substantial quantities of liquid out of the cavity.
  • Liquid is generally preferred over gases to pressurize the cavity because the materials surrounding a cavity are typically less permeable to a liquid than to a gas. In addition, because liquids are much less compressable than gases, very little liquid will be forced from the cavity in the event a leak develops.
  • the pipe 2 or the casing 4 remain filled with liquid in the event of a leak. Otherwise the only fluid pressure exerted against the cavity roof is that of a column of air. This pressure is only slightly greater than that exerted by the atmosphere. Thus, the pressure differential which causes subsidence is maximized when compressed gases force liquid from the cavity.
  • any commonly available liquid such as water or undistilled pertoleum may normally be utilized by this invention
  • a solution substantially saturated with the minerals in the deposit surrounding the cavity is often preferred. Where such a solution is utilized, pressures are more quickly established within the cavity because there is little tendency for additional minerals to dissolve into solution.
  • a solution occupies less space than the combined space occupied by the pure solvent and pure solute.
  • fluid is pumped into the cavity until the gauge 3 registers the desired pressure. Valve 1 is then closed. Gauge 3 is read periodically. When the gauge indicates a substantial drop in pressure, valve 1 is opened and suflicient additional fluid is forced into the cavity to re-establish the desire pressure.
  • the cavity pressure once established, is not allowed to drop more than 10 percent. Often, additions of fluid become necessary less frequently as time passes.
  • a cavity will maintain the desired pressure permanently, or at least for very long periods of time, without being fed additional fluid. In some instances, fluid is continuously lost from the cavity through minor leaks. Fluid is then either added continuously or at intervals to maintain the desired pressure.
  • the roof of a cavity extends nearly to the top of the deposit of impervious material in which the cavity is located.
  • the strata above the impervious deposit is pervious to the fluid used to pressurize the cavity.
  • the cavity will lose its ability to hold pressure if the impervious material remaining at the top of the cavity is dissolved by the fluid in the cavity.
  • non-solvent fluid is meant a fluid which will not dissolve the minerals of the deposits.
  • the non-solvent fluid typically has a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of any solvent fluids in the cavity at the temperature prevailing in the cavity.
  • Suitable non-solvent fluids include gases but are preferably liquid hydrocarbons, such as refined or-nonrefined petroleum oil. Often considerable amounts of such fluids remain in the cavity when it is abandoned.
  • Suflicient nonsolvent fluid should be present in the cavity to insulate the roof of the cavity from the dissolving action of the solvent fluids in the cavity. Normally, a layer of nonsolvent fluid about A; to about 20 inches thick at the roof of the cavity is suflicient for this purpose.
  • the protective layer of non-solvent fluid is usually unnecessary.
  • an abandoned cavity will be in communication with a plurality of cased bore holes.
  • pipes are often fitted in a plurality of these cased holes.
  • One such pipe is used as the introduction pipe while the others are sealed. If a leak develops in the introduction casing due to corrosion or other causes, that casing is sealed.-The pipe located in one of the other casings then serves as the introduction inlet for fluid to the cavity.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A cavity is situated in a strata containing the following approximate composition:
  • Standard well logging techniques indicate that the cavity is about 200 feet in diameter and has a volume of about 4,000,000 cu. ft.
  • the cavity roof is located approximately 3000 feet below the surface of the earth.
  • a stratum of clay exists above the cavity at a distance ranging from about 2 to about 200 feet above the cavity roof.
  • Two casings 7 inches in diameter communicate with the cavity.
  • the casings are laterally separated at the surface of the earth by a distance of about feet.
  • a 4 /2 inch diameter pipe Into each of the casings is concentrically placed a 4 /2 inch diameter pipe. Each pipe extends to the bottom of the casing in which it is located. Each casing and each pipe terminates about 10 feet below the roof of the cavity.
  • the annuli between the pipes and the casings are plugged and filled with cement along the entire length of the casings.
  • the pipes extend above the casings.
  • the cavity is nearly filled with an aqueous solution containing all of the soluble minerals of the deposit in which the cavity is located.
  • An oil layer approximately inches thick which was introduced during the operation of the cavity floats on the cavity solution and prevents contact of the cavity solution with the cavity roof.
  • Approximately 10,000 gallons of water are added to completely fill the cavity and the pipes.
  • the specific gravity of the cavity solution is calculated to be about 1.23.
  • the average specific gravity of the earth above the cavity is calculated from core sample data to be about 2.57.
  • the rock pressure above the formation is estimated to be about 80 percent theoretical.
  • One of the pipes is capped.
  • the other pipe is fitted with a pressure gauge and a suitable valve. When closed, the valve mechanically seals the pipe.
  • the pressure increment to balance theoretical rock pressure is the product of the difference bet-ween the specific gravities of the rock material and the cavity solution (1.34 gm./cc.) times the depth of the cavity roof (3000 feet) times the conversion factor (0.434 p.s.i./gm. ft./cc.). This product is determined to be about 1,745 p.s.i.
  • the actual increment added is only 80 percent of that calculated above, i.e., about 1400 p.s.i.
  • the valve is opened and additional water is pumped into the cavity until the gauge registers about 1400 p.s.i. gauge pressure. Approximately 1000 gallons of Water are required. The valve is then closed. After a period of several days, it is observed that the gauge pressure has fallen to about 1,300 p.s.i. Additional water is pumped into the sealed volume until the gauge pressure returns to about 1,400 p.s.i. The gauge is subsequently checked periodically and additional water is added as needed to maintain the gauge pressure at above about 1,375 p.s.i.
  • KCl 5 Water insoluble material 5 CaSO 3 Water soluble calcium and magnesium salts such as MgCl MgSO Ca(HCO etc. 2 NaCl Remainder
  • aqueous solution of the following approximate composition:
  • the valve is opened and approximately 500 gallons of solution of the approximate composition of the cavity solution is pumped into the pipe.
  • the gauge registers a pressure of about 1,350 p.s.i.
  • the pipe is mechanically sealed by closing the valve.
  • the gauge is read periodically. After 4 hours, the gauge pressure has dropped to about 1,300 p.s.i.
  • the valve is opened and about 100 gallons of solution is pumped into the pipe until the pressure gauge EXAMPLE 3
  • One of the casings communicating with the cavity of Example 2 is plugged at a point below the top of the impermeable deposits.
  • the casing is filled with concrete above the plug. Air is pumped into the sealed volume rather than aqueous solution.
  • EXAMPLE 4 A cavity is situated in a sulfur deposit approximately 500 feet beneath the surface of the earth.
  • the rock pressure immediately above the cavity is estimated to be about 550 p.s.i.
  • the cavity and all communicating openings are filled with water containing minor amounts of minerals.
  • the column pressure, due to the weight of the water above the cavity roof is approximately 217 p.s.i.
  • the cavity is surrounded with substantially pure sulfur containing some other water insoluble minerals and only traces of water soluble minerals.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth over an inactivated fluid containing cavity which comprises sealing said cavity against flow of fluid therefrom and adding fluid to said sealed cavity to establish and maintain a fluid pressure against the roof of the cavity sulficient to inhibit subsidence of the earth over said cavity.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above an inactivated subterranean cavity which comprises sealing said cavity to prevent flow of fluid from said cavity and introducing sufiicient fluid to the cavity to establish and maintain fluid pressure in p.s.i. gauge at all points within the sealed volume of at least 0.05 times the longest vertical distance in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above a solution mining cavity in which operations have been terminated said cavity being located in a deposit of material substantially impervious to fluid which comprises sealing the cavity, introducing fluid through a pipe communicating with the cavity thereby establishing a pressure in p.s.i. gauge at all points within the sealed volume above 0.05 times the longest vertical distance in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth and continuing to introduce fluid to the cavity as required to maintain said pressure.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above a solution mining cavity in which operations have been terminated said cavity being filled with fluid and located in a material substantially impervious to fluids which comprises bringing a casing into communication with the cavity, placing said pipe concentrically within a casing, sealing the annulus between the casing and the pipe with a material impervious to fluids, sealing the cavity from the atmosphere, introducing fluid through the pipe to the cavity until the fluid pressure in p.s.i. gauge at every point within the sealed volume is at least 0.05 times the distance measured in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth, and introducing additional fluid to the cavity from time to time as required to maintain said fluid pressure.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above a non-operating solution mining cavity communicating with a casing and filled with fluid which comprises placing a pipe concentrically within said casing, sealing the annulus between the casing and the pipe, sealing 'from the atmosphere all openings to the cavity, introducing sufficient aqueous fluid through the pipe to the cavity to establish pressure in p.s.i. gauge at every point within the sealed volume of at least 0.05 times the longest vertical distance in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth and introducing additional aqueous fluid as required to maintain such fluid pressure within the cavity.
  • aqueous fluid fed to the cavity is a solution containing the minerals of the deposit in which the cavity is located.
  • aqueous fluid is a solution substantially saturated with the minerals of the deposit in which the cavity is located.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above a non-operating solution mining cavity communicating with a casing and filled with fluid which comprises placing a pipe concentrically within the casing, seal ing the annulus between the casing and the pipe, sealing at a point within the mineral deposit in which the cavity is located all other openings communicating with the cavity, introducing suflicient gaseous fluid through the pipe to the cavity to establish pressure in p.s.i. gauge at every point within the sealed volume of at least 0.5 times the longest distance in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth and introducing additional gaseous fluid as required to maintain said fluid pressure within the sealed volume.
  • a method of providing against subsidence of the earth above a non-operating solution mining cavity filled with fluid which comprises bringing a easing into communication with the cavity, placing a pipe concentrically within the casing, sealing the annulus between the casing and the pipe with a material impervious to fluids, sealing the cavity from the atmosphere, introducing fluid, "including a nonsolvent of the material in which the cavity is located, said nonsolvent being immiscible with the other fluids present in significant amounts in the cavity and having a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of such other fluids at the temperature prevailing in the cavity, to the cavity until the fluid pressure in p.s.i. gauge at every point within the sealed volume is at least 0.05 times the distance in feet between the cavity roof and the surface of the earth and introducing additional fluid from time to time as required to maintain said fluid pressure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
US323833A 1963-11-14 1963-11-14 Method of inhibiting earth subsidence over a cavity Expired - Lifetime US3343369A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US323833A US3343369A (en) 1963-11-14 1963-11-14 Method of inhibiting earth subsidence over a cavity
GB35653/64A GB1017887A (en) 1963-11-14 1964-09-01 Method of preventing subsidence of earth above a subterranean cavity
DEP35083A DE1299586B (de) 1963-11-14 1964-09-17 Verfahren zum Verhindern von Bodensenkungen oberhalb von unterirdischen Hohlraeumen
NL6411894A NL6411894A (de) 1963-11-14 1964-10-13
BE655480D BE655480A (de) 1963-11-14 1964-11-09

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BE (1) BE655480A (de)
DE (1) DE1299586B (de)
GB (1) GB1017887A (de)
NL (1) NL6411894A (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0066972A2 (de) * 1981-05-20 1982-12-15 Texasgulf Inc. Auflösungs-Abbau von einer geneigten Struktur
EP0213223A1 (de) * 1985-08-27 1987-03-11 Katowickie Gwarectwo Weglowe Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego Wieczorek Lagerstättenabbauverfahren mit Erhaltung ständiger Kontrolle der Deformationen der Tagesoberfläche, besonders im Einflussbereich des Abbaus
US5094569A (en) * 1990-11-30 1992-03-10 David Fleming Ground surface contour modifying apparatus and method
US20030141058A1 (en) * 1999-12-09 2003-07-31 Waal Wouter Willem Van De Environmentally friendly method for generating energy from natural gas
CN105258669A (zh) * 2015-11-03 2016-01-20 南京电力工程设计有限公司 一种海淤土中雨水管沉降后处理模拟试验装置及方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2618475A (en) * 1949-02-24 1952-11-18 Diamond Alkali Co Method of mining soluble salts
USRE24318E (en) * 1957-05-14 Method of storing gases or liquids
US2952449A (en) * 1957-02-01 1960-09-13 Fmc Corp Method of forming underground communication between boreholes
US2979317A (en) * 1959-08-12 1961-04-11 Fmc Corp Solution mining of trona
US3159976A (en) * 1960-12-27 1964-12-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Sealing of porous and fissured formations with cationic asphalt emulsions

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE132175C (de) *

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE24318E (en) * 1957-05-14 Method of storing gases or liquids
US2618475A (en) * 1949-02-24 1952-11-18 Diamond Alkali Co Method of mining soluble salts
US2952449A (en) * 1957-02-01 1960-09-13 Fmc Corp Method of forming underground communication between boreholes
US2979317A (en) * 1959-08-12 1961-04-11 Fmc Corp Solution mining of trona
US3159976A (en) * 1960-12-27 1964-12-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Sealing of porous and fissured formations with cationic asphalt emulsions

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0066972A2 (de) * 1981-05-20 1982-12-15 Texasgulf Inc. Auflösungs-Abbau von einer geneigten Struktur
EP0066972A3 (en) * 1981-05-20 1983-03-16 Texasgulf Inc. Solution mining of an inclined structure
EP0213223A1 (de) * 1985-08-27 1987-03-11 Katowickie Gwarectwo Weglowe Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego Wieczorek Lagerstättenabbauverfahren mit Erhaltung ständiger Kontrolle der Deformationen der Tagesoberfläche, besonders im Einflussbereich des Abbaus
US5094569A (en) * 1990-11-30 1992-03-10 David Fleming Ground surface contour modifying apparatus and method
US20030141058A1 (en) * 1999-12-09 2003-07-31 Waal Wouter Willem Van De Environmentally friendly method for generating energy from natural gas
US7281590B2 (en) * 1999-12-09 2007-10-16 Dropscone Corporation N.V. Environmentally friendly method for generating energy from natural gas
CN105258669A (zh) * 2015-11-03 2016-01-20 南京电力工程设计有限公司 一种海淤土中雨水管沉降后处理模拟试验装置及方法
CN105258669B (zh) * 2015-11-03 2017-10-24 江苏建筑职业技术学院 一种海淤土中雨水管沉降后处理模拟试验装置及方法

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NL6411894A (de) 1965-05-17
BE655480A (de) 1965-05-10
GB1017887A (en) 1966-01-26
DE1299586B (de) 1969-07-24

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