US3343003A - Transistor inductor - Google Patents

Transistor inductor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3343003A
US3343003A US340011A US34001164A US3343003A US 3343003 A US3343003 A US 3343003A US 340011 A US340011 A US 340011A US 34001164 A US34001164 A US 34001164A US 3343003 A US3343003 A US 3343003A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
terminal
transistor
current
devices
inductor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US340011A
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English (en)
Inventor
Arseneau Roger Edward
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TDK Micronas GmbH
ITT Inc
Original Assignee
Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH filed Critical Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
Priority to US340011A priority Critical patent/US3343003A/en
Priority to NL6500683A priority patent/NL6500683A/xx
Priority to DEST23230A priority patent/DE1288158B/de
Priority to GB2890/65A priority patent/GB1046711A/en
Priority to CH94765A priority patent/CH436396A/de
Priority to SE834/65A priority patent/SE321506B/xx
Priority to ES0308458A priority patent/ES308458A1/es
Priority to BE658743D priority patent/BE658743A/xx
Priority to FR3201A priority patent/FR1422617A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3343003A publication Critical patent/US3343003A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to ITT CORPORATION reassignment ITT CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
    • H04Q3/42—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker
    • H04Q3/52—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements
    • H04Q3/521—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements using semiconductors in the switching stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
    • H03H11/46—One-port networks
    • H03H11/48—One-port networks simulating reactances

Definitions

  • An inductor has both desirable and undesirable characteristics. Among other things, an inductor has desirable characteristics which may be used to provide a low D.C. impedance and a high A.C. impedance. An inductor also provides a current lag which facilitates the design of certain circuits such as choke coils, filters, and the like. In addition to the desirable characteristics, an inductor also has undesirable characteristics which sometimes cause problems. For example, the design and construction of an inductor may become extremely critical when conflicting demands are placed on it. To illustrate this point, consider the requirements of a repeat coil or transformer for coupling a source of voice signals to an electronic switching network. If the transformer has good voice transmission characteristics, current may occasionally reach levels which cause the switching system to fail.
  • an inductor maintains a uniform delivery of current despite non-uniform variations (an A.C. signal) in voltage applied across the inductor.
  • A.C. signal non-uniform variations
  • one of the most important considerations in the design of an inductor is the provision of a proper mass which is well matched to the needs of the system in which it is used. This matching is done by a selection of the physical dimensions of the inductor. It must be large enough to govern the electrical system in which it is used, and small enough not to overload the source which powers the system. Moreover, it also should be tuned for proper operations in response to characteristic variations of the kineticenergy of the electrical systems.
  • inductor characteristics depend upon its physical dimensions, it has been expensive to provide a great number of in ductances having a wide variety of characteristics. Severe economic burdens result if a great number of different sized piece-parts must be made and stocked in inventory.
  • an object of the invention is to provide new and improved circuits having the electrical characteristics of an inductor.
  • a more particular object is to provide a transistorized circuit having both an inductors characteristics and an amplification capability.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide new and improved devices for coupling dissimilar circuits.
  • an object is to eliminate expensive and involved 3,343,003 Patented Sept. 19, 1967 circuitry requiring critical components, especially transformers.
  • an object is to substitute an inexpensive capacitive coupling for an expensive transformer coupling.
  • Still another object of the invention is to reduce the cost of designing and building circuits.
  • an object is to reduce the cost of electronic switching telephone systems.
  • an object is to accomplish the above and other objects by a circuit which not only eliminates problems caused by inductor design considerations, but also provides amplification in an electronic switching network.
  • an electronic network is provided with a single terminal which functions as both an input and an output.
  • a pair of electronic devices Connected thereto are a pair of electronic devices, both having input, output, and control electrodes. These devices are coupled in a feed back loop relation so that one transistor controls the output of the other transistor as a function of A.C. voltage variations at the single terminal. This control is accomplished in a manner such that the other transistor applies a constant DC. current to the terminal despite A.C. variations appearing thereat.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a transistorized circuit which has characteristics that are equivvalent to the characteristics of an inductor
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram showing how the circuit of FIG. 1 may be used in an electronic switching telephone system.
  • FIG. 1 discloses a preferred embodiment of the invention which is here shown as a transistorized circuit having the electrical characteristics of an inductor.
  • the circuit is an electronic network with a single terminal 50 which functions as both an input and an output.
  • a pair of electronic devices, 51, 52 both of which have input, output, and control electrodes a, b, and 0 respectively.
  • device 51 is here shown as a PNP transistor and device 52 as an NPN transistor, both operating in their active range, to function when positive current flows into terminal 50. If polarities are reversed to cause a negative current at terminal 50, the transistor types are also reversed.
  • These devices are coupled in a feed back loop relation so that one transistor controls the output of the other transistor as a function of A.C. signal variations appearing at the single terminal 50. This control is accomplished in a manner such that the other transistor. supplies a constant DC. current to the terminal.
  • DO low impedance
  • A.C high impedance for A.C.
  • this circuit is arranged with both the emitter a and base c of the PNP transistor 51 individually coupled to the input-output terminal 50, the emitter a via a resistive element 53, and the base 0 via a capacitive element 54.
  • the emitter a is also connected to ground by a resistor 55 which helps control the impedance at point 50, and which cooperates with the resistor 53 to form a voltage divider.
  • the base 0 is further biased to a quiescent point of operation by a voltage divider 56, 58 connected between positive battery and ground.
  • a resistor 59 is coupled between a 12 volt source and the collector b of transistor 51 and base 0 of transistor 52. This resistor 59 stabilizes the collector current when the collector junction is reverse biased (i.e.
  • the circuit works this way.
  • the voltage divider 56, 58 normally establishes a potential at the base of the transistor 51 which is a little less positive than the potential desired at the terminal 50.
  • transistor 51 is normally forwardly biased to drive a control current into the base of the transistor 52.
  • the circuit values are such that the voltage drop across resistor 53 is enough to cause the transistor 52 to operate in its active region and conduct the current entering terminal 50 to ground G1 while keeping the potential at terminal 50 more positive than the potential at the base of transistor 51.
  • the potential at the base of transistor 51 is high enough to keep both of the transistors 51, 52 from saturating.
  • Means are provided for causing the circuit to present a low D.C. impedance and a high A.C. impedance.
  • an A.C. signal at the point 50 is such that the incoming voltage begins to increase. This increase in voltage is applied to one end of both resistor 53 and capacitor 54. If this voltage change occurs much faster than the RC time constant of the network of capacitor 54 and resistors 56, 58, the same change is applied to both the base and emitter of the transistor 51. Since both of these electrodes experience the same voltage variations, there is no change in the voltage across resistor 53, and, therefore, no change in the collector current of transistor 51. Thus, the current driving into the base of transistor 52 remains the same so that there is no change in its collector current.
  • the well known inductor causes a current lag. This effect is seen at terminal 50 where a current change also lags after a voltage change.
  • the charge on capacitor 54 increases, thus increasing the voltage across resistor 53.
  • the bias on transistor 51 is effectively shifted to increase the collector current of transistor 51. This means that the current driving into the base of transistor 52 increases to cause an increase in the collector current of transistor 52.
  • This increase in co1- lector current lags after the increase in voltage at terminal 50 because it takes time after the voltage change occurs at terminal 50 before the charge on capacitor 54 can change.
  • the voltage at terminal 50 increases just enough to increase the voltage across both resistor 53 and capacitor 54. This causes an increase in the base current to transistor 52 to cause it to increase its collector current to terminal 50.
  • Means are provided for using these functions to cause electrical effects which are equivalent to changing the physical dimensions of an inductor. More particularly, for a given A.C. signal, no elfect is seen in the current flow from point G1 through the emitter-collector of the transistor 52 to the point 50; or stated another way, there is a low D.C. impedance and a high A.C. impedance. If the undulations of the A.C. signal become more rapid, there are no significant voltage variations at the base of the transistor 51, with respect to the voltage on its emitter. As the undulations slow, the capacitor 54 comes closer to receiving a full charge, and the voltage variations at the base of the transistor 51 become more significant with respect to the voltage on its emitter.
  • the circuit may be given an output stimulating the output of any one of a great variety of inductors.
  • Transistor 51 Type 2N1309. Transistor 52 Type 2N1308. Resistor 53 3909. Resistor 55 39K.
  • Resistor 56 K Resistor 58 10K. Resistor 59 100K. Capacitor 54 l0 mf.
  • circuit constructed from components having the above circuit values, it was found that a good inductive characteristic was achieved. from zero through 5,000 cycles per second.
  • the circuit was designed to operate over this range of frequencies because the transistor inductor circuit was used as a substitute for a voice frequency choke coil.
  • the invention contemplates a selection of any appropriate circuit values as may be required by the particular frequency band of interest for a given application.
  • Means are provided for giving a negative resistance which is comparable to amplifying the A.C. signal that appears at terminal 50.
  • an external circuit driving into terminal 50 sees an impedance which is fixed primarily by resistors 53, 55. By reducing the resistance at 55, the impedance seen at terminal 50 may be raised to infinity, or even higher into a negative impedance zone.
  • the signal source (not shown in FIG. 1)
  • This negative impedance occurs because the resistors 53, 55 form a voltage divider connected between terminal 50 and ground.
  • the ratio of the divider arms are selected so that the A.C. voltage variations experienced in the circuit of the emitter of transistor 51 are less than the A.C. signal caused voltage variations experienced in the circuit of base of transistor 51.
  • the potential raises at terminal 50 it also raises at the common tie point between the emitter of transistor 51, the resistor 53, and the resistor 55. This causes an increase in the current flowing through the resistor 55.
  • resistor 53 remains constant because emitter a and base c experienced the same rise in potential; thus, the current through resistor 53 also remains constant, and the increase in current through the resistor 55 must occur at the expense of a decrease in current into the emitter of transistor 51. This decrease in emitter current causes a decrease of the current driving into the base of transistor 52. Therefore, there is a reduc-. tion in the collector current of transistor 52. Hence, an.
  • the input impedance at terminal 50 could be varied from 2K through infinity to 5009 by varying resistor 55 from 18K to 200K.
  • the principal divisions and a link 63 The subscriber line 60 terminates at one end in a telephone sub-set 64 .(which may be a calling subscriber station), and at the other end in a repeat coil signal caused 65.
  • the switching network 62 terminates at one end in the transistorized inductor 61 and at the other end in a constant current source 66.
  • the components 67 indicate another identical path to a called subscriber station.
  • a low D.C. impedance high A.C. impedance path may be traced from ground G2 through inductor 61, network 62, and constant current source 66 to battery B1.
  • the speech path may be capacitively coupled from line 60 to network 62.
  • the repeat coil 65 may be an inexpensive item of standard design. Its design does not have any effect on DC. current flow through the network 62.
  • the DC. holding path for the network 62 extended through the secondary winding of repeat coil 65.
  • the network was subject to malfunctions if the holding path was not controlled quite closely.
  • the subscriber lines, such as 60, are notorious for their non-uniform characteristics.
  • the design of the transformer 65 has been very critical.
  • An electronic network having a single input-output terminal, a pair of electronic devices connected to said terminal in a low-D.C.-resistance-high-A.C.-impedance configuration, one of said devices being connected to control the conductivity of the other of said devices, both of said devices having base, emitter, and collector electrodes, said one device having at least a capacitive element connected between the base and emitter electrodes, and means comprising said two devices and responsive to a change of current into said terminal for compensatingly changing the conductivity of said other device to counteract the change in current into said terminal, whereby said network supplies a constant direct current to said terminal despite the variations in an A.C. signal appearing at said terminal, wherein a first of said devices is a PNP transistor and a second of said devices is an NPN transistor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Interface Circuits In Exchanges (AREA)
  • Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
  • Devices For Supply Of Signal Current (AREA)
US340011A 1964-01-24 1964-01-24 Transistor inductor Expired - Lifetime US3343003A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US340011A US3343003A (en) 1964-01-24 1964-01-24 Transistor inductor
NL6500683A NL6500683A (es) 1964-01-24 1965-01-20
DEST23230A DE1288158B (de) 1964-01-24 1965-01-21 Haltestromkreis fuer in Reihe geschaltete elektrische Koppelelemente eines mehrstufigen endmarkierten Koppelnetzes in Fernmelde-, insbesondere Fernsprechvermittlungsanlagen
CH94765A CH436396A (de) 1964-01-24 1965-01-22 Elektronische Schaltung zur Nachbildung der Eigenschaften einer Induktivität
GB2890/65A GB1046711A (en) 1964-01-24 1965-01-22 Transistor inductor
SE834/65A SE321506B (es) 1964-01-24 1965-01-22
ES0308458A ES308458A1 (es) 1964-01-24 1965-01-23 Circuito electronico transistorizado equivalente a una inductancia.
BE658743D BE658743A (es) 1964-01-24 1965-01-25
FR3201A FR1422617A (fr) 1964-01-24 1965-01-25 Inductance transistorisée

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US340011A US3343003A (en) 1964-01-24 1964-01-24 Transistor inductor

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3343003A true US3343003A (en) 1967-09-19

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ID=23331509

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US340011A Expired - Lifetime US3343003A (en) 1964-01-24 1964-01-24 Transistor inductor

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3343003A (es)
BE (1) BE658743A (es)
CH (1) CH436396A (es)
DE (1) DE1288158B (es)
ES (1) ES308458A1 (es)
FR (1) FR1422617A (es)
GB (1) GB1046711A (es)
NL (1) NL6500683A (es)
SE (1) SE321506B (es)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3397363A (en) * 1967-01-03 1968-08-13 Zenith Radio Corp Controllable simulated inductor using tetrode transistors
US3400335A (en) * 1966-12-02 1968-09-03 Automatic Elect Lab Integratable gyrator using mos and bipolar transistors
US3414824A (en) * 1966-07-11 1968-12-03 Allen Bradley Co Active low pass filter
US3483477A (en) * 1967-10-25 1969-12-09 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Broadband amplifier with semiconductor interstage element
US3510806A (en) * 1964-12-01 1970-05-05 Csf Inductive reactance circuit
US3594593A (en) * 1969-05-02 1971-07-20 Stanford Research Inst Active impedance matching of microwave acoustic devices
US3623133A (en) * 1969-11-12 1971-11-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Two-terminal inductorless electronic reactor
US3723775A (en) * 1970-03-23 1973-03-27 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Two terminal network with negative impedance
US3732441A (en) * 1971-05-07 1973-05-08 Zenith Radio Corp Surface wave integratable filter for coupling a signal source to a load

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2892165A (en) * 1954-10-27 1959-06-23 Rca Corp Temperature stabilized two-terminal semi-conductor filter circuit
US2892164A (en) * 1954-10-27 1959-06-23 Rca Corp Semi-conductor filter circuits
US3001157A (en) * 1959-10-30 1961-09-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Nonreciprocal wave translating network
US3152309A (en) * 1960-08-23 1964-10-06 Philco Corp Simulated high-q inductor

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1003803B (de) * 1955-04-05 1957-03-07 Philips Nv Elektrischer Zweipol mit verhaeltnismaessig niedriger Gleichstrom- und verhaeltnismaessig hoher Wechselstromimpedanz
NL106412C (es) * 1955-10-14
BE624028A (es) * 1960-03-23 1900-01-01

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2892165A (en) * 1954-10-27 1959-06-23 Rca Corp Temperature stabilized two-terminal semi-conductor filter circuit
US2892164A (en) * 1954-10-27 1959-06-23 Rca Corp Semi-conductor filter circuits
US3001157A (en) * 1959-10-30 1961-09-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Nonreciprocal wave translating network
US3152309A (en) * 1960-08-23 1964-10-06 Philco Corp Simulated high-q inductor

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3510806A (en) * 1964-12-01 1970-05-05 Csf Inductive reactance circuit
US3414824A (en) * 1966-07-11 1968-12-03 Allen Bradley Co Active low pass filter
US3400335A (en) * 1966-12-02 1968-09-03 Automatic Elect Lab Integratable gyrator using mos and bipolar transistors
US3397363A (en) * 1967-01-03 1968-08-13 Zenith Radio Corp Controllable simulated inductor using tetrode transistors
US3483477A (en) * 1967-10-25 1969-12-09 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Broadband amplifier with semiconductor interstage element
US3594593A (en) * 1969-05-02 1971-07-20 Stanford Research Inst Active impedance matching of microwave acoustic devices
US3623133A (en) * 1969-11-12 1971-11-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Two-terminal inductorless electronic reactor
US3723775A (en) * 1970-03-23 1973-03-27 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Two terminal network with negative impedance
US3732441A (en) * 1971-05-07 1973-05-08 Zenith Radio Corp Surface wave integratable filter for coupling a signal source to a load

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1046711A (en) 1966-10-26
SE321506B (es) 1970-03-09
NL6500683A (es) 1965-07-26
DE1288158B (de) 1969-01-30
ES308458A1 (es) 1965-05-01
BE658743A (es) 1965-07-26
FR1422617A (fr) 1965-12-24
CH436396A (de) 1967-05-31

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Owner name: ITT CORPORATION

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004389/0606

Effective date: 19831122