Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
  • C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
  • C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
  • C22C32/0026—Matrix based on Ni, Co, Cr or alloys thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
  • C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
  • C22C1/1026—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a solution or a suspension of (a) compound(s) of at least one of the alloy constituents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
  • C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
  • C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S75/00—Specialized metallurgical processes, compositions for use therein, consolidated metal powder compositions, and loose metal particulate mixtures
  • Y10S75/95—Consolidated metal powder compositions of >95% theoretical density, e.g. wrought
  • Y10S75/951—Oxide containing, e.g. dispersion strengthened
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
  • Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel powder metallurgy products having improved high temperature strength, to powders useful in producing such products, and to processes for making the products and the powders.
• the invention is more particularly directed to novel compositions which comprise two components mechanically inseparable from each other, the first of said components being iron, cobalt or nickel, or an alloy of at least two of these metals with each other, or an alloy of iron, cobalt, nickel or their alloys with each other with up to 30% by weight of tungsten, molybdenum, or a mixture of them, or an alloy of any of the foregoing with up to 30% by weight of chromium or an alloy of any of the foregoing with up to 16% by weight of manganese, the sum of iron, cobalt and nickel in said component being at least 50% by weight, and the second component being a refractory metal oxide having a free energy of formation in kilocalories per gram atom of oxygen, AF, as measured at 1000 C., greater than 98, said oxide being in the form of discrete particles having a mean par ticle diameter, D, not greater than (0.5K+30t 11) mill-imicrons where K of the most stable oxide
• the invention is further particularly directed to improved processes for making the novel compositions in solid, dense form by (1) preparing a powder comprising the two components and (2) consolidating the powder to at least 99.5% of theoretical density, the improvement comprising effecting the consolidation at a temperature below about 1000 C.; is still further directed to improved processes for making the powders to be consolidated, in which the powders are prepared by forming a precipitate comprising the refractory oxide and a Waterinsoluble, hydrous oxygen-containing compound of each metal to be present in the metallic component and subjecting the precipitate to contact with a reducing gas to reduce the metal component compound to the corresponding metal, the improvement being to effect the gaseous reduction "at a temperature below C.; and is also directed to processes employing both of the above described improvements.
• the iron-group metals and the alloys of them with which this invention is concerned are, of course, well known in the art.
• the nickel-base alloys, as well as nickel alone, can be modified with particulate refractory oxides particularly advantageously according to the invention.
• the refractory metal oxides employed must have a free enrgy of formation in kilocalories per gram atom of 1000 C., of at least 98. This ceria,
• the mean particle diameter of the refractory oxide is of utmost importance. It has been found that this diameter should be not greater than (0.5K+3Ot l1) millimicrons where K is the AF of the most stable oxide of any metal in the matrix metal and On the other hand, for powder products and even for those consolidated to 50% of theoretical density, the values of 301 is negligible and the expression becomes substantially (O.5Kll) millimicrons.
• the values for the maximum mean particle diameter as calculated for various matrix metals is shown in the following tabulation;
• the particle diameter of the refractory oxide filler particles can be calculated from a measurement of their surface area.
• the metal component of a powder product of the invention is dissolved in an acid, or in bromine-methanol, leaving the filler oxide particles, which are recovered by coagulating, centrifuging, washing and drying.
• the Br -CH OH extraction procedure is as follows: Calculate the weight of metal for extraction required to give approximately 0.2 gm. T hO residue. Thus, 10 gm. of a metal containing 2% ThO are required. For each 10 gram portion of metal, prepare 00 ml. of solution containing 5.3% Br by volume in dry methanol. Subdivide the metal. If dense, machine to chips. Add the metal slowly with stirring to the Br -CH OH solution. Place the solution in a water bath, and cool during the addition. (Temperature should be 35 C.) Avoid frothing caused by excessive gas evolution. After all the metal is added, remove the solution from the water bath, and allow to stand 24 hours with occasional stirring. Allow the residue to settle.
• the surface area of the recovered oxide from the abovedescribed process is then measured by the conventional BET method or its equivalent. (P. H. Emmett in Symposium on New Methods for Particle Size Determination in the Subsieve Range, Philadelphia: ASTM, 1941, p. 95.) From this surface area measurement, the mean particle diameter, D, is calculated from the expression:
• f is the absolute density of the filler oxide particles in grams per milliliter and A; is their surface area in square meters per gram.
• the powders of the invention due to the high surface area of the metallic constituent, there is a tendency for the powders to be pyropho ric.
• One way to control such pyrophoricity is to provide the powder particles with a surface metal oxide coating, said coating being an oxide of at least one metal of the metallic component.
• the proportion of oxygen in the coating is in the range of from 0.06A to 0.25A percent by weight based on the total composition, where A is the surface area of the powder in square meters per gram.
• the surface oxygen content of the powders can be determined as follows: A sample of the powder is placed in a metal tube and pure, dry hydrogen is passed over it. The sample is heated to 300 C. if it contains nickel or cobalt, 500 C. if it contains iron, molybdenum or tungsten, and 1200" C. if it contains chromium. The efiiuent 4 hydrogen-water mixture is passed through a Dry-Ice trap to condense the water. The water is then quantitatively determined -by liberating it into a helium gas stream and measuring the amount of water by thermal conductance.
• the mean particle diameter of the refractory oxide particles is not greater than (0.5K+ 19) millimicrons and remains so even after the compostions have been heated to 2200 F. for 2 hours.
• the mean particle diameter is not greater than 44 millimicrons and remains so even after the composition has been heated to 2400 F. for 2 hours.
• the refractory oxide has a mean particle diameter below about 30 millimicrons.
• sulfur, carbon, and oxygen in excess of that combined in the refractory oxide are undesirable impurities and should be avoided.
• the metallic component is nickel
• the refractory oxide is thoria
• D is 5 to 30 millimicrons
• the sulfur content is less than 25 parts per million (ppm)
• carbon is less than 200 ppm
• excess oxygen is less than 200 p.p.m.
• the refractory oxide component is present as discrete particles evenly distributed in the metallic component.
• a distribution index is related to the way the dispersed phase is distributed spacially within the metal or alloy.
• the thoria particles which act as the dispersoid are generally spherical in shape. Any plane section cut through the alloy will, on the average, show an area fraction of dispersoid which is directly proportional to the chemical composition of the alloy (see Fullman, Trans. AIME 177 (1953), 447).
• Those skilled in the metallurgical art are accustomed to viewing the distribution of a second phase by optical or electron microscope. in the case of dispersion-modified metals discussed in this application, one requires the use of the electron microscope in order to obtain adequate resolution so that the individual thoria particles may be clearly seen. Techniques are available for polishing and replicating clean surfaces in the metal samples.
• a procedure which has been used for the thoria-containing metals and alloys of this invention consists of grinding a metallographic sample of the metal or alloy through 600 grit paper followed by electropolishing for 15 to 60 seconds with about 1 /2 to 2 amps at a voltage of 50-75 volts in a solution containing 700 ml. of methanol and 200 ml. of H It is important in polishing the sample that one maintain as nearly a planar surface as possible in order that the area viewed on the electron microscope bears a 1:1 relationship to the area of the specimen replicated.
• the first collodion replica of the surface since this may contain excessive amounts of thoria, dirt, and miscellaneous refuse which has been accumulated during the polishing operation.
• the second replica when carefully prepared and viewed on an electron microscope, will show in replica the spacial distribution of the thoria particles still remaining in the metal but protruding through the polished surface.
• the total number of particles in said area are counted and recorded as N
• the particles in this area are counted and recorded as N
• the ratio of N /N is the distribution index.
• a distribution index of ten is perfect. By evenly distributed we meant that the distribution index lies somewhere between and 100.
• the dense, solid compositions of the present invention have higher strength, particularly at 1800 to 2200 F. This includes yield, tensile, stress-rupture and creep. They are also more ductile and have better impact strength. These characteristics make them especially useful in such articles as turbinevanes and blades in jet engines where parts must retain their strengths at high operating temperatures.
• a powder is first prepared comprising the metallic matrix metal component and the refractory metal oxide component as a homogeneously blended and mechanically inseparable mixture and the mixture is then consolidated at a temperature below 1000 C. to a density at least 99.5% of theoretical.
• the powder is prepared by forming a precipitate comprising the refractory oxide and a waterinsoluble, hydrous, oxygen-containing compound of each metal to be present in the metallic component, and subjecting this precipitate to contact with a reducing gas such as hydrogen to reduce the metal component compound to the corresponding metal, the reduction being effected at a temperature below IO C., K being the AF at 27 C. of the most stable oxide of any metal in the matrix metal component.
• the product of the reduction is compacted into a billet having a density of from 50 to 85% of theo retical, the billet is inserted into a protective environment, such as a steel can or an argon atmosphere, the billet in such environment is exposed to a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen gas, at an elevated temperature below 1000 C. to remove any excess oxygen, and the billet is consolidated in an environment not reactive with it, as by extruding it in a sealed can, at a temperature below 1000 C., to a density at least 99.5% of theoretical.
• a protective environment such as a steel can or an argon atmosphere
• a reducing atmosphere such as hydrogen gas
• the powder product from the reduction step is passivated, before being exposed to the atmosphere, by subjecting it gradually to contact with an oxygen-containing gas, such as elemental oxygen, at a temperature below 100 C. until the powder has a surface coating with an oxygen content of from 0.06A to 0.25A percent by weight, where A is the surface area of the powder in square meters per gram.
• an oxygen-containing gas such as elemental oxygen
• the refractory metal oxide itself can be used, or it can be formed during the process by heating another material. It can be derived, for example, by heating a metal-oxygen-containing material of the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, and in general, compounds which after heating to constant weight at 700 C. are refractory metal oxides of the class described. Regardless of source, the particles should be dense and anhydrous. Particles which are substantially spheroidal or cubical in shape are preferred. Colloidal metal oxide aquasols are useful as a source of the refractory oxides in the desired finely divided form.
• the particle size of the refractory oxide particles can be determined in a number of ways-for example, from surface area measurements, from electron microscopy, and in some cases, from X-ray line broadening.
• a hydrous oxygen compound of the metal which is to be the matrix such as the oxide, hydroxide, hydrous oxide, oxycarbonate, hydroxy carbonate, or similar compound of the metal, is precipitated, in major proportion, along with a plurality of the refractory oxide filler particles.
• This precipitate can contain a compound of a single metal, or of two or more metals.
• the hydrous oxides of both nickel and cobalt can be precipitated together with a particulate refractory oxide. In this case an alloy of nickel and cobalt is produced directly, during the reduction step.
• alloys of iron, cobalt or nickel with other metals which form oxides which can be reduced with hydrogen, can be prepared.
• alloys with chromium, molybdenum and tungsten can be prepared by codepositing two or more oxides of the selected metals with the refractory filler particles.
• oxygen-containing composition one can precipitate it from a soluble salt, preferably a metal nitrate, al- Ferric nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and nickel nitrate are among the preferred starting materials. All starting materials should be substantially free of sulfur.
• the finely divided precipitates formed in the process of the invention have a tendency to adsorb sulfate from the aqueous solutions from which they are precipitated. This is a reason that the raw materials used should be substantially free of sulfur compounds, including sulfate. In no case should the combined sulfur level of all the raw materials exceed 400 p.p.m., based on the metal values in the reagents, and in the preferred case should not exceed ppm. Thus, for example, in a preferred case in preparing Ni-ThO level of the Ni(NO -6H O used with (NH CO to precipitate the NiCO -ThO shoud be less than ppm. total sulfur based on the total nickel value in the Ni(NO -6H O.
• the precipitation can be conveniently accomplished by adding a suitable soluble metal salt to an aqueous alkaline solution containing the filler particles, while maintaining the pH above 7.
• a good way to do this is to add, simultaneously but separately, the solution of the soluble metal salt, a colloidal aquasol containing the filler particles, and a precipitant such as ammonium carbonate, to a heel of water.
• coagulation'and gelation of the colloid are avoided. This is accomplished by feeding a dilute solution of the colloid into a highly turbulent zone.
• the colloidal particles of the filler may be formed, in situ, for example, by reacting a soluble salt, e.g., Th(NO with ammonia and later thermally decomposing the hydroxide so formed.
• a concentrated solution of nickel nitrate is reacted with a concentrated solution of ammonium carbonate.
• the product is dried at a temperature above 100 C.
• the product can be dried, and the dry material suspended in water to remove the soluble salts, and thereafter the product redried.
• particles per unit volume of ing the number of particles is related to the number of metal.
• One way of measurper unit fA V where f is the absolute density of the filler oxide in g./ml., A is their surface area in m. /g., and V is their volume fraction. As fA V increases, the strength potential increases, but also the hardness. For values above 300 for fA V the metalfiller composition becomes diificult to fabricate into a coherent piece. Products having fA V below 20 do not yield outstandingly strong materials.
• the preferred products of the invention have a value of fA V in the range from 40 to 150. For a metal-filler composition containing 5 millimicron particles at 0.005 volume percent, JA V is 44, and thus within the preferred range.
• refractory oxide Up to 5.6 volume percent of refractory oxide is the ratio of refractory oxide to metal used in the processes and products of this invention.
• 0.02 volume percent thoria has a very beneficial effect, if the ThO particles are small, i.e., having a mean particle diameter in the range 5 to 10 millimicrons. Even at 0.001 volume percent an effect on strength of the final product is observed when the filler particles are in the millimicron range.
• the proportion of filler used is such as to give a concentration of filler particles in the final product in the range from 0.001 to 0.4% by volume.
• the next step is to reduce the compound to the metal.
• This can be conveniently done by subjecting the precipitated mass to a stream of hydrogen at a somewhat elevated temperature.
• the temperature throughout the entire mass should not be allowed to exceed 447 C. during the reduction.
• One way to avoid overheating is to place the product in a furnace at controlled temperature, and add hydrogen gas slowly. Thus, the reduction reaction will not proceed so rapidly that large amounts of heat are liberated and the temperature in the furnace is increased.
• Hydrogen to be used in the reduction can be diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon to reduce the rate of reaction and avoid hot spots. In this way the heat of reaction will be carried away in the gas stream.
• the temperature in the furnace can be slowly raised into the range of 250 to 400 C. while maintaining a fiow of hydrogen over the product to be reduced. Hydrogen used in the process of the invention should be free of sulfur compounds.
• Reduction should be continued until the reducible compound is essentially completely reduced.
• the completion of reduction can be determined by measuring the dew point of the effiuent gas. A dew point below 40 C. signifies that reduction is complete.
• temperatures as high as 537 C. may be used to complete the reduction, and for molybdenum or tungsten alloys, the temperatures may be up to 550 C.
• the resulting powder is pyrophoric. Therefore, it is preferred to cool the mass in an inert atmosphere, like argon, or a reducing atmosphere e.g., hydrogen.
• an inert atmosphere like argon, or a reducing atmosphere e.g., hydrogen.
• the product After reduction, the product is cooled to below 100 C., and passivated by reacting it with a limited amount of oxygen, or handled in an inert atmosphere, like argon. If the powder is suddenly exposed to air it may ignite and burn completely. In one method to avoid this, a limited amount of air or oxygen is slowly admitted and a thin metal oxide coating, e.g., nickel oxide, is formed on the powder. This is done as follows: 0.1 part by weight of oxygen per 100 parts of metal powder is admitted into the reduction vessel and the mixture allowed to stand for at least 5 minutes. Subsequent similar additions of oxygen are made every 5 to minutes until there is no further temperature rise of the metal powder, whereupon the powder is passivated, and can then be exposed to air.
• a limited amount of air or oxygen is slowly admitted and a thin metal oxide coating, e.g., nickel oxide, is formed on the powder. This is done as follows: 0.1 part by weight of oxygen per 100 parts of metal powder is admitted into the reduction vessel and the mixture allowed to stand for at least
• the manner of consolidating the powder prepared as above described has already been given and is shown in detail in the examples below.
• the important consideration in this step is to avoid letting the temperature go above 1000 C. until after the density has been brought up to at least 99.5% of theoretical-that is, the product is almost completely dense and non-porous.
• the temperature is kept below 950 C. during powder preparation and consolidation, and in those instances where very low filler concentrations are used, i.e., 0.1% or less, even lower temperatures (in the range of 650 to 750 C.) are preferred. With 0.01 to 0.05% filler, temperatures as low as 450 to 550 C. can be beneficial.
• consolidating for purposes of this disclosure are such procedures as compaction of the powder to form a green billet, sintering in a reducing or non-oxidizing atmosphere, mechanically hot-working by extruding, forging, rolling, or other metallurgical techniques applicable to powder metals.
• the product after consolidation to 99.5% of density, the product can advantageously be further worked at temperatures below 1000 C. by swaging, rolling, drawing, coining, and the like.
• Example 1 A solution of nickel nitrate was prepared by dissolving 4362 gms. of nickel nitrate hydrate Ni(NO -6H O in water and diluting this to 5 liters.
• the ThO sol was prepared by calcining thorium oxalate at 550 C. for 2 hours in nitrogen and peptizing the resulting solid in an aqueous solution containing 1 part of Th(NO -4H O per 10 parts of thoria.
• a 57.6-gram portion of this colloidal aquasol (26% ThO was diluted to 5 liters.
• the reactor used for this codeposition consisted of a stainless steel tank with a conical bottom. The bottom of the tank was attached to stainless-steel piping, to which were attached three inlet pipes through Ts, this circulating line then passed through a centrifugal pump of 20 g.p.m. capacity, and from the pump the line was returned to the tank. Initially, the tank was charged with the 5 liters of water. Equal volumes of the three solutions containing the desired quantities of reagents were then added into the middle of the flowing stream through oneeighth-inch diameter tubing attached to the T tubes. These solutions were added at uniform equivalent rates over a period of about one-half hour.
• the solutions were added into the reactor simultaneously while the pump was in operation.
• the rate of addition was controlled uniformly by flow meters.
• the pH of the solution in the tank was taken at frequent time intervals, and the rate of addition of the ammonium carbonate solution was adjusted to maintain a pH of 7.0i.2.
• the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake washed until the filtrate was colorless.
• the filter cake was dried and calcined in an air circulating oven at 450 C.
• the dried powder was mixed with 11% water and briquetted.
• the briquettes were placed on a tray in a reduction furnace, hydrogen was passed through the furnace and the temperature increased at a rate of about per hour. Reduction was complete by the time the furnace temperature reached 400 C. Passage of hydrogen was continued until the efiiuent gas had a dew point of 50 C. (total time about 10 hours). The maximum temperature reached in the furnace was 750 C.
• the resulting reduced briquettes were crushed in a jaw-crusher and micropulverized to about -50 mesh.
• the reduced powder had the following characteristics: Percent ThO by volume 2.08; oxygen reducible by hydrogen 2,860 ppm; specific surface area 2.02 m. /g.; Th0; particle size by extraction and surface area measurement was 11 m and there were no particles larger than 30 millimicrons by electron micrograph; sulfur 20 p.p.m.; carbon 169 p.p.m.
• the nickel-thoria powder was compacted hydrostatically at 60,000 p.s.i. pressure to a billet approximately two inches in diameter and four inches long.
• the billet was machined and fitted into a mild steel can equipped with entrance and exit tubes. These tubes were utilized for passing hydrogen through the canned billet during sintering.
• the canned billet was connected to a hydro gen source and to a vacuum system.
• Billet sintering consisted of (1) evacuating the canned billet to a pressure of less than 50 microns at room temperature, (2) leak checking the evacuated can to insure that it was vacuum tight, (3) filling the can with hydrogen and continuing to pass dry hydrogen through the canned billet while heating to a temperature of 449 C.
• the dew point of the slowly exiting hydrogen was down to 68 C., (5) increasing the temperature of the canned billet to 899 C. while continuing to purge with dry hydrogen, (6) when the temperature reached 899 C., the hydrogen was shut off and the can was evacuated to a pressure of less than 50 microns, (7) the can was leak-checked at 899 C. to insure that it was vacuum tight, (8) the canned billet was cooled under vacuum to room temperature and the entrance and exit tubes were sealed off, (9) the canned billet was removed from the sintering system and subsequently extruded.
• Billet extrusion was accomplished by heating rapidly to a temperature of 760 C. and extruding at an 8-1 ratio to a fully dense rod.
• the steel can was removed from the nickel-2% ThO rod by acid pickling.
• the extruded rod was cold swaged (room temperature) to 80% reduction in area.
• the resulting bar had the following mechanical properties: Ultimate tensile strength at 1800 F. 31,500 p.s.i.; yield strength (0.2% olfset) at 1800 F. 31,000 p.s.i.; elongation in 1800 F. test 4% and reduction in area 10%.
• stress-rupture at 2000 F. in air the sample had not broken after 25 hours at 13,000 p.s.i.
• Electron micrographs made from the swaged rod showed that the thoria was very uniformly distributed, each 10 x 10 micron area looking essentially like every other area of the same size, i.e., all areas of the same size had about the same number of thoria particles.
• the thoria particle size in the as-swaged rod was 25 millimicrons.
• the particles were particulate and discrete.
• the average thoria particle size as determined by extraction and surface area measurements was 30 millimicrons, and there were no particles larger than 60 mlllimicrons as determined by electron microscope examination.
• the strength properties after heating were within of those before heatmg.
• Machined chips from the swaged rod analyzed less than 500 parts excess oxygen.
• Example 2 This example relates specifically to the benefits obtained by not exceeding 899 C. in the sintering temperature for the compaction.
• Powder for these billets was made by the precipitation method of Example 1.
• the calcined oxide was placed in trays and reduced by flowing dry hydrogen.
• the reduction temperature was 440 C. Thereafter the powder was heated to 900 C. After carefully exposing this reduced powder to air it was screened so that only material passing through a -mesh screen was used in the metallurgical processing.
• the powder had the following characteristics: Wt. percent Th0 2.1; oxygen reducible by hydrogen about 780 p.p.m.; specific surface 1 m. /g.; ThO particle size 36 111,11. by X-ray line broadening.
• the powder was compacted to a billet hydrostatically under a pressure of 60,000 p.s.i. Each billet was approximately two inches in diameter and four inches long. After compaction, the billet was canned for sintering and extrusion. The billet was sintered for 2 hours at 454 C.
• Example 3 chromium-thorium hydroxy-carbonate gel, heating the gel 1,800 F.
• Tensile Data A sample of the swaged bar was polished and replicated for electron microscopic examination. Visual o servation of an electron photomicrograph of this sample indicated that the average thoria particle diameter was 45 m and that 95% of the thoria particles were less than 120 m, in diameter.
• Example This is an example of a cobalt-thoria product of the invention.
• Example 2 The process used was similar to that of Example 1.
• the heel of water was 3 liters. Feed solutions were added as follows: (1) 25 lbs. of Co(NO -6H O in 17 l. of water fed at 300 cc./min., (2) 253 g. of a 18.7% ThO- sol diluted to 17 1. also fed at 300 cc./min. and (3) 29.6% by weight (NH CO fed to keep the pH 7.0.
• the dried, calcined oxide weighed 5.6 lbs.
• the oxide was reduced with hydrogen for 4 hours at 450 C. and thereafter the reduced powder heated for 3 hours at 737 C.
• the reduced powder was characterized as follows: Surface area 1.76 m. gm.; excess oxygen 0.55%; 2.2% ThO by weight; 96 p.p.m. carbon; less than p.p.m. sulfur; 97.8% cobalt.
• a sample of powder was treated with acid to dissolve the cobalt.
• the recovered ThO had a surface area of 65 m g.
• the Co-2% ThO powder was hydrostatically compacted into a billet 2" dia. x 4" long.
• the billet was canned, and sintered in dry hydrogen as in Example 1.
• the maximum sintering temperature was 449 C.
• the dew point finally attained was less than 5 1 C.
• the billet was extruded 8:1 at 927 C. to bar.
• the bar was then swaged 80% reduction in area at 871 C.
• Tensile test data, at 1800 F. showed a yield strength of 21,700 p.s.i., an ultimate tensile strength of 22,300 p.s.i., 3% elongation and 6% reduction in area.
• Example 1 The powder was compacted and sintered as in Example 1.
• Thecanned billet was extruded 8:1 at 1700 F.
• Example 7 A slurry of nickel carbonate-thoria was formed by reacting solutions of 3M Ni(NO with 3M (NH CO in the presence of a sol containing 1% ThO (11 m mean ThO particle diameter and stabilized by the addition of Th(NO in the molar proportion of equal to 15 The liquid streams were metered to separate Ts in a pipeline mixer. The solids in the slurry contained a Ni:ThO ratio of 97.8222. The final pH was 7.0.
• the slurry was then filtered and the filter cake washed with dimineralized H O.
• the filter cake was discharged to a tank, fitted with a lightnin Mixer, to which demineralized H O had previously been charged; the press cake was then repulped by agitation.
• the slurry density was 1.318 g./l.; its volume was 282.1 1.
• Into this slurry was poured with agitation 41.1 1. of a solution containing 250 g. (NH4)6MO7O24 The slurry had a pH of 7.65 at this time. Concentrated HNO was added in a slow stream.
• a portion of the powder was pressed into a 2" diameter, 2" long billet, by a hydrostatic pressure of 40,000 p.s.i., the billet was cased in an open can, sintered in H for 1 /2 hours at 482 C. and then for 2% hours at 899 C., evacuated while being cooled to room temperature and then sealed into its can. It was extruded at 10:1 ratio at 927 C.; then cooled and decanned.
• the rod obtained from this extrusion was cold-worked to approximately 65% reduction in area by swaging at room temperature.
• the elevated temperature stressrupture and tensile properties for the bar were determined to be as follows:
• a sample of the rod was digested as in Example 6. Measurements of the electron photomicrograph showed 95% of the thoria particles were less than 100 me. The grains of the stress rupture sample were small, about 10;, equiaxial, and showed many twins.
• Example 8 This example describeds an iron-alumina product of the invention.
• the product was prepared from two solutions: (1) 50 lbs. Fe(NO -9H O and 232 gms. of Al(NO -9H O were dissolved in water and the whole diluted to 22 liters, (2) 29.6% by weight (NH CO These solutions were fed separately into a heel of 6 liters of water at a rate of 300 cc./ min. at the outset, the feed rate of the (NH.;) CO solution being adjusted as required to hold the pH at 7.0.
• the apparatus used was the same as in Example 1. The precipitate was filtered and washed. The wet filter cake weighed 46.7 lbs. and after calcining at 450 C. overnight it weighed 9.6 lbs.
• the calcined powder was pulverized to pass 100 mesh and then placed in trays and reduced with hydrogen for 4 hrs. at 450 C. and finally 3 hours at 713 C.
• the product had a surface area of 2.6 mF/g. and analyzed 0.93% excess oxygen, and 1.1% A1 by weight.
• Example 9 This example is like Example 6, except that the concentration of thoria in the product was 0.04% by volume. Six grams of Th(NO -6H O was used in place of 286. Reduction was carried out at 400 C. for 4 hours and then at 550 C. for 2 hours.
• Example 1 The powder so obtained was compacted, sintered in hydrogen at 760 C. and extruded and cold swaged as in Example 1.
• the resulting bar had an ultimate tensile strength at 1800 F. of 21,000 p.s.i. and stress rupture life of over 20 hours at 9,000 p.s.i. and 2000 F.
• the surface area of the thoria extracted from the bar was 105 m. g.
• An electron microscopic examination of the extruded rod showed essentially no particles of ThO were larger than 15 millimicrons.
• Example 10 This example is like Example 3, except that colloidal carbon was added during the precipitation of the nickelchromium carbonate-thoria.
• the washed filter cake was dried at 150 C., micropulverized, and then placed in the reduction furnace. Reduction was carried out by slowl heating to and holding at 400 C. for 4 hours,
• the sample was cooled and the powder analyzed: 900 ppm. excess oxygen, 50 ppm. carbon, 45 ppm. sulfur. Extracted ThO had a surface area of 52 m?/ g.
• Th0 from the extrusion An electron micrograph of the extracted Th0 from the extrusion showed that the thoria was about 10 millimicrons in size and essentially all of the particles were less than 25 millimicrons in size, fA V was 132.
• Example 11 This example is similar to Example 7, except that a nickel-16% manganese-2% thoria product was produced.
• the feed solutions were: (a) 76.9 lbs. Ni(NO -6H O and 320 grams of Th(NO -4H O dissolved in 40 liters of water and (b) (NHQ CO solution.
• the washed filter cake was reslurried in 20 lbs. of water and then diluted to a total volume of 30 liters.
• To this slurry was added a solution of 4200 grams of Mn(NO in 4 liters of water.
• the slurry was stirred, filtered, washed with 3 to 10 liter portions of water, and dried.
• the oxide powder was reduced in hydrogen for 4 hours at 400 C. and then 48 hours at 850 C. Analysis of the product was 1.96% ThO and 15.95% manganese.
• a composition comprising two components mechanically inseparable from each other, the first of said components comprising a metallic material selected from the group consisting of: (a) iron, cobalt and nickel; (b) alloys of (a) metals with each other; (e) alloys of metals (a) and alloys (b) with up to 30% by weight of a metal of the group consisting of tungsten and molybdenum and mixtures of them; (d) alloys of metals (a), alloys (b), and alloys (c) with up to 30% of chromium; and (e) alloys of metals (a), alloys (b), alloys (c) and alloys (d) with up to 16% by weight of manganese, the content of iron plus cobalt plus nickel in said metallic material being at least 50% by weight; and the second of said components consisting essentially of a refractory metal oxide having a free energy of formation, measured at 1000 C., greater than 98 kcal.
• said oxide being in the form of discrete particles having a mean particulate diameter, D, not greater than millimicrons, where K is the free energy of formation, in kcals. per gram atom of oxygen measured at 27 C., of the most stable oxide of any metal of said first component, and t is the fraction of theoretical density, the volume loading of said second component present being up to 5.6%, and of the refractory oxide particles by volume having a diameter less than 3D.
• a solid, completely dense composition comprising two components, the first of which consists essentially of a metallic material selected from the group consisting of: (a) iron, cobalt and nickel; (b) alloys of (a) metal with each other; (c) alloys of metals (a) and alloys (b) with up to 30% by weight of a metal of the group consisting of tungsten and molybdenum and mixtures of them; (d) alloys of metals (a) alloys (b) and alloys (c) with up to 30% of chromium; and (e) alloys of metals (a), alloys (b) alloys (c) and alloys (d) with up to 16% manganese, the content of iron plus cobalt plus nickel in said metallic material being at least 50% by weight; and the second of which components consists essentially of a refractory metal oxide having a free energy of formation measured at 1000 C., greater than 98 kcal.
• said oxide being in the form of discrete particles having a mean particle diameter, D, not greater than (0.5K+19) millimicrons, where K is the free energy of formation, in kcals. per gram atom of oxygen measured at 27 C., of the most stable oxide of any metal of said first component and said mean particle diameter remaining not greater than stated by said expression after the composition has been heated to 2200 F. for 2 hours, the refractory oxide component being evenly distributed in the metallic component at a volume loading of up to 5.6%, and 90% of the refractory oxide particles by volume having a diameter less than 3D.
• a solid, completely dense composition comprising two components, the first of which consists essentially of, by weight, at least of nickel alloyed with up to 30% chromium, up to 30% molybdenum, and up to 16% manganese, and the second of which consists essentially of a refractory metal oxide having a free energy of forma tion measured at 1000" C. greater than kcal.
• said oxide being in the form of particles having a mean particle diameter below about 30 millimicrons, the concentration of said oxide in the composition being in the range from 0.001 to 0.4% by volume, and the value of the expression fA V being in the range from 40 to 150, where f is the absolute density of said oxide particles in grams per milliliter, A is the surface area of the oxide in square meters per gram, and V is the volume fraction of the oxide.
• a solid, completely dense composition comprising two components, the first of which consists essentially of, by weight, at least 50% of nickel alloyed with up to 30% chromium, up to 30% tungsten, and up to 16 manganese, and the second of which consists essentially of a refractory metal oxide having a free energy of formation measured at 1000 C. greater than 110 kcal.
• said oxide being in the form of particles having a mean particle diameter below about 30 millimicrons, the concentration of said oxide in the composition being in the range from 0.001 to 0.4% by volume, and the value of the expression jA V being in the range from 40 to 150,
• f is the absolute density of said oxide particles in grams per milliliter, A; is the surface area of the oxide in square meters per gram, and V is the volume fraction of the oxide.

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