US3311469A - Manufacture of nodular iron - Google Patents
Manufacture of nodular iron Download PDFInfo
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- US3311469A US3311469A US362056A US36205664A US3311469A US 3311469 A US3311469 A US 3311469A US 362056 A US362056 A US 362056A US 36205664 A US36205664 A US 36205664A US 3311469 A US3311469 A US 3311469A
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- iron
- graphite
- bismuth
- carbides
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- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017082 Fe-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910017133 Fe—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005337 ground glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001225883 Prosopis kuntzei Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/08—Manufacture of cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the manufacture of nodular iron. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved process for increasing the proportion and amount of truly spheroidal graphite in nodular llODS.
- a process in accordance with the present invention to achieve the aforementioned objects comprises bringing together molten iron, magnesium and bismuth.
- a bath of molten iron containing from about 3.5 to 5.0% carbon equivalent is prepared and to this iron bath is added magnesium, for example in the form of magnesium-ferrosilicon, and bismuth, which can conveniently be in lump form.
- magnesium for example in the form of magnesium-ferrosilicon, and bismuth, which can conveniently be in lump form.
- a practical manner of making the magnesium and bismuth addition is to place the magnesium-ferrosilicon and bismuth in a pocket at the bottom of a ladle and pouring molten iron onto the material in the pocket. Subsequently, the thus treated molten iron can be transferred to a pouring ladle and ultimately cast into suitable shapes.
- the molten iron should contain from about 3.5 to about 5.0% carbon equivalent, which can derive partly by way of the ferrosilicon addition. This carbon equivalent is necessary in order'to produce a spheroidal graphite cast iron which will graphitize during solidification.
- Silicon in an amount from about 1% to 5% should also be present in the base iron in order to cause graphite formation.
- the silicon can be initially present in the base metal or it can be added wholly or partly in the form of ferrosilicon innoculant following conventional practice.
- the magnesium addition should range from about 0.02 to 0.25% by weight of the iron and the bismuth addition ranges from very small amounts, suflicient to provide an increase in spheroidal graphite, up to 0.1%.
- An industrially convenient range for the bismuth addition to provide significant advantages is from 0.0005 to 0.050%, a preferred range for the bismuth addition is from about 0.01% to about 0.015%.
- the metal used in the tests was commercial iron and was melted in a basic cupola.
- a 1500 lb. mixing ladle was arranged in front of the cupola and lb. transfer ladles, having a pocket in the bottom, were also provided.
- Treatment of the base metal involved placing a predetermined amount of magnesium-ferrosilicon (46.99% Si, 0.78% Al, 9.49% Mg, 0.53% Ce) in the pocket at the bottom of a ladle and covering it with ferrosilicon innoculant (48.79% Si). Base iron in the amount of 750 lbs. was poured onto the material in the pocket.
- magnesium-ferrosilicon 46.99% Si, 0.78% Al, 9.49% Mg, 0.53% Ce
- the metal in the ladle was cleaned of dross and the treated iron was transferred to 250 lb. covered pouring ladles. Approximately two minutes elapsed from the time of treatment of the base metal to the transfer into the pouring ladles. After various holding times, the metal was poured at predetermined temperatures into molds and sample castings were prepared. Analysis data for the metal tested is shown in Table I together with pouring temperatures and holding times.
- Nodule counts were obtained by projecting an image of the specimen on a ground glass screen using an 8.0 X 0.20 Na objective lens; a 10X hyperplane eyepiece; and adjusting to obtain a magnification of 200x.
- the number of graphite nodules greater than inch diameter on the ground glass screen was then determined in a 10 cm. x 10 cm. area.
- Four random counts were made and added to obtain the number of nodules per mm. of sample surface area.
- Nodule sizes were recorded by measuring their diameter on the ground glass screen at 200x and converting them to actual nodule dimensions.
- Graphite type was recorded as spheroidal, compact and in. diameter bars used for 0 analyses. 1% in. diameter bars used for Si analyses. Carand is readily identifiable visually at magnifications of say x; compact graphite refers to those shapes which deviate from spheroidal by being ragged and irregular; and vermicular graphite refers to shapes varying from short stubby graphite to more worm-like graphite shapes.
- Tables II, III and IV The results of the aforedescribed observations are summarized in Tables II, III and IV.
- Tables VI, VII and the drawing show the test results obtained by preparing additional castings, with and without bismuth additions, following substantially the same procedure as described hereinabove.
- the nodule counts in the tables includes spheroidal,
- spheroidal graphite is essentially spherical compact and vermicular shapes.
- Nodule counts include all graphite shapes over 5 16 inch diameter when viewed at 200x.
- Nodule size is represented by values indicating the approximate diameter of the graphite shape. A value of 2/6 is read as diameters ranging from 2 to 6. A value of 2+4 indicates two separate sizes of graphite shapes.
- C1/2R Cai'bides in center 1/2 radius.
- C2/3R Carbides in center 2/3 radius. CAS Carbides across section.
- C1/2R Carbides in center 1/2 radius.
- C2l3R Carbides in center 2/3 radius.
- CAS Carbides across section.
- the metal 60 muth in accordance with the present invention can be treated with bismuth in accordance with the present invention (B7 and B8) exhibit an overall superiority as compared to the other irons.
- the bismuth treated iron as shown in Tables II-V have, on the average, 50 to more nodules than the other irons. Also, as shown in Tables II-V, carbide formation and vermicular graphite are essentially eliminated from the bismuth treated irons.
- Table VI in conjunction with the drawing further graphically illustrates that bismuth treated irons can be poured cold and provide, on the average, higher amounts of spheroidal graphite.
- the advantage of the bismuth treatment is particularly pronounced for the larger diameter castings.
- Table VII further illustrates that iron treated with bis- (c) carbides are substantially prevented due to the in- 75 creased number of graphite spheroids precipitated.
- irons of 4.3 carbon equivalent and under can be cast substantially without the formation of undesirable graphite shapes and undesirable graphite shapes and carbides are avoided even in larger casting section thicknesses.
- nodular iron by bringing together magnesium, silicon and molten iron
- the improvement which comprises providing in the molten iron a silicon content of between about 1 to 5%, a magnesium addition of about 0.02 to 0.25% and a bismuth addition of from about 0.010 to about 0.050%, said bismuth addition being sufiicient toprovide a substantial increase in the amount of spheroidal graphite nodules in the iron as compared to the same iron without a bismuth addition.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Description
March 23, 1957 c. R. LOPER, JR., ETAL 3,311,469
MANUFACTURE OF NODULAR IRON Filed April .25, 1964 FOI OUKDOQ 5225 BEzo Sou 350m Eeomuxmm Sou 0250a 83 e 0 For 350m INVENTORS CARL R. LOPER JR. BY RICHARD W.HEiNE United States Patent 3,311,469 MANUFACTURE OF NODULAR IRON Carl R. Loper, Ira, and Richard W. Heine, both of Madlson, Wis., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York Filed Apr. 23, 1964, Ser. No. 362,056 2 Claims. (Cl. 75-130) The present invention relates to the manufacture of nodular iron. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved process for increasing the proportion and amount of truly spheroidal graphite in nodular llODS.
In the production of nodular iron castings, to obtain a high quality product, it is required that, during the solidification of the iron, an adequate number of graphite spheroids be nucleated and caused to grow uniformly as solidification progresses in order to depress the formation of carbides and undesirable graphitic shapes such as vermicular graphite.
In the past, in efforts to achieve this effect, magnesium has been used as an addition to induce the formation of spheroidal graphite and silicon has been used as a graphitizing innoculant. However, in the use of these materials, metal temperature and the carbon equivalent (C=percent C+ /3% Si) and carbon contents of the base metal have had to be rather closely controlled. Moreover, even using very closely controlled processing conditions, the results have not been entirely successful as regards the total amount of truly spheroidal graphite produced, the elimination of undesirable vermicular graphite, and the prevention of carbide formation.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process for the production of nodular iron in which the amount of spheroidal graphite is substantially increased.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a process which substantially eliminates the presence of carbides in nodular iron.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process whereby vermicular graphite is substantially eliminated from nodular iron.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a process which permits the use of lower temperatures in the casting of nodular iron.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process which permits lower carbon equivalent irons, e.g., 4.3-4.4, to be cast without the formation of vermicular graphite or carbides.
Other objects will be apparent from the following description and claims in conjunction with the drawing which graphically and comparatively illustrates advantages of the present invention.
A process in accordance with the present invention to achieve the aforementioned objects comprises bringing together molten iron, magnesium and bismuth.
In the practice of a particular embodiment of the present invention, a bath of molten iron containing from about 3.5 to 5.0% carbon equivalent is prepared and to this iron bath is added magnesium, for example in the form of magnesium-ferrosilicon, and bismuth, which can conveniently be in lump form. A practical manner of making the magnesium and bismuth addition is to place the magnesium-ferrosilicon and bismuth in a pocket at the bottom of a ladle and pouring molten iron onto the material in the pocket. Subsequently, the thus treated molten iron can be transferred to a pouring ladle and ultimately cast into suitable shapes.
In the present invention, the molten iron should contain from about 3.5 to about 5.0% carbon equivalent, which can derive partly by way of the ferrosilicon addition. This carbon equivalent is necessary in order'to produce a spheroidal graphite cast iron which will graphitize during solidification.
Silicon in an amount from about 1% to 5% should also be present in the base iron in order to cause graphite formation. The silicon can be initially present in the base metal or it can be added wholly or partly in the form of ferrosilicon innoculant following conventional practice.
The magnesium addition should range from about 0.02 to 0.25% by weight of the iron and the bismuth addition ranges from very small amounts, suflicient to provide an increase in spheroidal graphite, up to 0.1%.
As little as 0.0001% bismuth addition will provide a substantial increase in the amount of spheroidal graphite compared to the amount produced using magnesium without bismuth.
An industrially convenient range for the bismuth addition to provide significant advantages is from 0.0005 to 0.050%, a preferred range for the bismuth addition is from about 0.01% to about 0.015%.
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of bismuth as an addition in the manufacture of nodular iron, various tests were performed as hereinafter described.
The metal used in the tests was commercial iron and was melted in a basic cupola. A 1500 lb. mixing ladle was arranged in front of the cupola and lb. transfer ladles, having a pocket in the bottom, were also provided.
Treatment of the base metal involved placing a predetermined amount of magnesium-ferrosilicon (46.99% Si, 0.78% Al, 9.49% Mg, 0.53% Ce) in the pocket at the bottom of a ladle and covering it with ferrosilicon innoculant (48.79% Si). Base iron in the amount of 750 lbs. was poured onto the material in the pocket.
The metal in the ladle was cleaned of dross and the treated iron was transferred to 250 lb. covered pouring ladles. Approximately two minutes elapsed from the time of treatment of the base metal to the transfer into the pouring ladles. After various holding times, the metal was poured at predetermined temperatures into molds and sample castings were prepared. Analysis data for the metal tested is shown in Table I together with pouring temperatures and holding times.
The holding times shown in Table I start from the time the pouring ladles were filled.
TABLE I.LADLE DATA SHOWING CH SILICON, AND OTHER ADDITIONS ADDED. [Asterisk C) denotes estimated values].
Analysis} 4 percent Percent Percent S1 Added Ladle Pouring Holding Mg Added Percent Percent No. Temp Time, as Mg Re- Other C C Si 0.12. F. MinzSee Mg-Fe-Si covered As As Additions (pin) (bar) (bar) Mg-Fe-Si Fe-Si 3. 97 4. 05 2. l3 4. 76 2, 700 0. 280 0. 076 1. 387 0. 245 0. 3. 92 1 NR 2. 14 *4. 76 2, 4:20 23:40 0. 280 0. 047 1. 387 0. 245 0. 3. 51 3. 50 2.12 4. 21 2, 580 0 0. 280 0. 074 1. 387 0. 245 0. 3. 56 1 N R 2.18 *4. 29 2, 300 15:30 0. 280 0.072 1. 387 0. 245 0. 3. 70 3. 56 2. *4. 38 2, 560 0 0. 280 0. 067 1.387 0. 245 0. 3. 73 1 NR 2.10 *4. 43 2, 300 16:00 0. 280 0. 004 1. 387 0. 245 0. 3. G5 3. 52 2.00 *4. 32 2, 570 0 O. 130 0. 048 0. 640 0.956 0,014 Bi. 3. 71 3. 61 2. 4. 31 2, 290 14:00 0. 130 O. 041 0. G40 0. 956 0.014 Bi.
1 NR=not reported. 2 Bismuth added in lump form.
= Pin samples for carbon analyses taken from the ladle. bon equivalent percentage=percent C+ percent Si. 4 Typical amounts of other elements are as follows:
' Except 13-7 and 13-8.
The castings obtained following the aforedescribed procedure were examined with regard to nodule count, nodule size, graphite type and presence of carbides.
Nodule counts were obtained by projecting an image of the specimen on a ground glass screen using an 8.0 X 0.20 Na objective lens; a 10X hyperplane eyepiece; and adjusting to obtain a magnification of 200x. The number of graphite nodules greater than inch diameter on the ground glass screen was then determined in a 10 cm. x 10 cm. area. Four random counts were made and added to obtain the number of nodules per mm. of sample surface area. Nodule sizes were recorded by measuring their diameter on the ground glass screen at 200x and converting them to actual nodule dimensions.
Graphite type was recorded as spheroidal, compact and in. diameter bars used for 0 analyses. 1% in. diameter bars used for Si analyses. Carand is readily identifiable visually at magnifications of say x; compact graphite refers to those shapes which deviate from spheroidal by being ragged and irregular; and vermicular graphite refers to shapes varying from short stubby graphite to more worm-like graphite shapes.
Carbide formation in the cast samples was observed visually.
The results of the aforedescribed observations are summarized in Tables II, III and IV. Tables VI, VII and the drawing show the test results obtained by preparing additional castings, with and without bismuth additions, following substantially the same procedure as described hereinabove.
The nodule counts in the tables includes spheroidal,
vermicular. spheroidal graphite is essentially spherical compact and vermicular shapes.
TABLE II.SUMHARY OF DATA FOR 1.0 INCH DIAMETER BAR CASTING Nodule Count a per nun. Nodule Size, rmn. 10- Graphite Shape, Percent Ladle N0. Carbides Cope Center Drag Cope Center Drag Spheroids Compact Vermicular 150 154 1/2+4+7 90 10 0 CLC 162 163 so 10 0 one:
159 120 90 10 0 CAS.
181 128 20 0 CAS.
174 161 90 10 0 CAS.
152 125 I5 0 CAS.
318 259 10 0 CAS.
See footnotes at end of table V.
TABLE III-SUMMARY OF DATA FOR 1.5 INCH DIAMETER BAR CASTING Nodule Count 11 per mm. Nodule Size, rmn. l0 Graphite Shape, Percent Ladle No. Carbides Cope Center Drag Cope Center Drag Spheroids Compact Vermicular 80 20 0 NC. 80 20 0 CLO 5O 50 0 CAS. 20 75 5 CAS. (i0 40 0 CAS. 20 75 5 CAS. 85 15 0 NC. 50 50 0 Trace.
See footnotes at end of table V:
TABLE IV.-SUMMARY OF DATA FOR 2.0 INCH DIAMETER BAR CASTING N odule Count 8 per mm. Nodule Size, mm.X10 Graphite Shape, Percent Ladle No.
Cope Center Drag Cope Center Drag Spheroids Compact Vermicular Carbides o 78 106 1+3/11 3/8 75 25 NO. 47 48 3 1/2+6/8 20 80 0 NC.
104 114 10 85 5 CAS. 99 107 20 76+ 5- NC. 101 106 80 10 CAS.
See footnotes at end of Table V.
TABLE V.SUMMARY OF DATA FOR THE 2.5 INCH DIAMETER BAR Nodule Count per mm. Nodule Size, M6" units at 200X Graphite Shape, Percent Ladle No.
Cope Center Drag Cope Center Drag Spheroids Compact Vermicular Carbides 0 54 39 50 50 0 NC. 47 46 20 80 0 NC. 48 5 20 GAS. 57 51 20 0 NC. 69 57 15 75 10 CLC. 89 115 15 0 NC. 73 79 50 50 0 NC.
Nodule counts include all graphite shapes over 5 16 inch diameter when viewed at 200x.
Nodule size is represented by values indicating the approximate diameter of the graphite shape. A value of 2/6 is read as diameters ranging from 2 to 6. A value of 2+4 indicates two separate sizes of graphite shapes.
TABLE VI (refer to drawing) .EFFECT OF ADDITION, POURING TEMPERATUR EACH GRAPHITE SHAPE Designations in carbides column are read as follows:
N C =N 0 carbides. Trace=Trace of carbides at center. CLC Centerline carbides. C1/2R= Cai'bides in center 1/2 radius. C2/3R= Carbides in center 2/3 radius. CAS Carbides across section.
E AND SECTION SIZE ON PERCENTAGE OF 0.14% Mg Added 0.14% Mg Added plus 0.28% Mg Added 0.01% Bi Added Chemical Bar Diam. Analysis (in.)
Poured Hot Poured Cold Poured Hot Poured Cold Poured Hot Poured Cold (2,5l52,700 F.) (2,3002,475 F.) (2,5l52,700 F.) (2,3002.475 F.) (2,5152,700 F.) (2,3002,475 F.)
4.31-4.43% 0.13 Figure 1 .1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6.
TABLE VII.EFFECT OF ADDITIONS, POURING TEMPERATURE, AND SECTION SIZE ON CARBIDE FORMATION* 0.14% Mg Added 1 0.14% Mg Added plus 0.28% Mg Added 1 0.015% Bi Added Chemical Bar Diam. Analysis (in) Poured Hot Poured Cold Poured Hot Poured Cold Poured Hot Poured Cold (2,5152,700 F.) (2,3002,475 F.) (2,515-2,700 F.) (2,3002,475 F.) (2,5152,700 F.) (2,300--2,475 F.)
1. 0 CAS. 431M371 $33 Nu jiijjjjjijij Si 2. 5 N C CLC 1 Nominal amounts. *Designations for carbide formation are as follows:
NC No carbides.
Trace=Trace of carbides at center. CLC Centerline carbides.
C1/2R=Carbides in center 1/2 radius. C2l3R=Carbides in center 2/3 radius. CAS=Carbides across section.
As can be seen from the data in the tables, the metal 60 muth in accordance with the present invention can be treated with bismuth in accordance with the present invention (B7 and B8) exhibit an overall superiority as compared to the other irons.
For example, the bismuth treated iron, as shown in Tables II-V have, on the average, 50 to more nodules than the other irons. Also, as shown in Tables II-V, carbide formation and vermicular graphite are essentially eliminated from the bismuth treated irons.
Table VI in conjunction with the drawing further graphically illustrates that bismuth treated irons can be poured cold and provide, on the average, higher amounts of spheroidal graphite. The advantage of the bismuth treatment is particularly pronounced for the larger diameter castings.
Table VII further illustrates that iron treated with bis- (c) carbides are substantially prevented due to the in- 75 creased number of graphite spheroids precipitated.
Further, irons of 4.3 carbon equivalent and under can be cast substantially without the formation of undesirable graphite shapes and undesirable graphite shapes and carbides are avoided even in larger casting section thicknesses.
What is claimed is:
1. In a process for making nodular iron by bringing together magnesium, silicon and molten iron, the improvement which comprises providing in the molten iron a silicon content of between about 1 to 5%, a magnesium addition of about 0.02 to 0.25% and a bismuth addition of from about 0.010 to about 0.050%, said bismuth addition being sufiicient toprovide a substantial increase in the amount of spheroidal graphite nodules in the iron as compared to the same iron without a bismuth addition. p
2. An improved process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the bismuth addition is in the range of about 0.010 to about 0.015%.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,485,760 10/1949 Millis et al. 75-130 2,536,204 1/ 1951 Morrogh et al. 75l30 X 2,579,452 12/1951 Eckman et al. -75130 X 2,780,541 2/1957 Zifferer 75130 2,841,490 7/1958 Steven 75-130 2,943,932 7/1960 White et al. 75-130 X DAVID L. RECK, Primary Examiner.
HYLAND BIZOT, H. W. TARRING,
Assistant Examiners.
Claims (1)
1. IN A PROCESS OF MAKING NODULAR IRON BY BRINGING TOGETHER MAGNESIUM, SILICON AND MOLTEN IRON, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH COMPRISES PROVIDING IN THE MOLTEN IRON A SILICON CONTENT OF BETWEEN ABOUT 1 TO 5%, A MAGNESIUM ADDITION OF ABOUT 0.02 TO 0.25% AND A BISMUTH ADDITION OF FROM ABOUT 0.010 TO ABOUT 0.050%, SAID BISMUTH ADDITION BEING SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE NODULES IN THE IRON AS COMPARED TO THE SAME IRON WITHOUT A BISMUTH ADDITION.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US362056A US3311469A (en) | 1964-04-23 | 1964-04-23 | Manufacture of nodular iron |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US362056A US3311469A (en) | 1964-04-23 | 1964-04-23 | Manufacture of nodular iron |
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| US3311469A true US3311469A (en) | 1967-03-28 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3463675A (en) * | 1966-12-30 | 1969-08-26 | Dayton Malleable Iron Co The | Malleable irons including tellurium and bismuth |
| US3870512A (en) * | 1973-03-05 | 1975-03-11 | Deere & Co | Method of producing spheroidal graphite cast iron |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2485760A (en) * | 1947-03-22 | 1949-10-25 | Int Nickel Co | Cast ferrous alloy |
| US2536204A (en) * | 1946-01-16 | 1951-01-02 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Manufacture of iron castings |
| US2579452A (en) * | 1949-10-04 | 1951-12-25 | Crane Co | Malleable iron with boron and bismuth |
| US2780541A (en) * | 1954-04-09 | 1957-02-05 | Zifferer Lothar Robert | Process for treating molten metals |
| US2841490A (en) * | 1952-02-27 | 1958-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | Method for making improved gray cast iron |
| US2943932A (en) * | 1957-06-10 | 1960-07-05 | Gen Motors Corp | Boron-containing ferrous metal having as-cast compacted graphite |
-
1964
- 1964-04-23 US US362056A patent/US3311469A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2536204A (en) * | 1946-01-16 | 1951-01-02 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Manufacture of iron castings |
| US2485760A (en) * | 1947-03-22 | 1949-10-25 | Int Nickel Co | Cast ferrous alloy |
| US2579452A (en) * | 1949-10-04 | 1951-12-25 | Crane Co | Malleable iron with boron and bismuth |
| US2841490A (en) * | 1952-02-27 | 1958-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | Method for making improved gray cast iron |
| US2780541A (en) * | 1954-04-09 | 1957-02-05 | Zifferer Lothar Robert | Process for treating molten metals |
| US2943932A (en) * | 1957-06-10 | 1960-07-05 | Gen Motors Corp | Boron-containing ferrous metal having as-cast compacted graphite |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3463675A (en) * | 1966-12-30 | 1969-08-26 | Dayton Malleable Iron Co The | Malleable irons including tellurium and bismuth |
| US3870512A (en) * | 1973-03-05 | 1975-03-11 | Deere & Co | Method of producing spheroidal graphite cast iron |
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