US3286365A - Freeze drying apparatus - Google Patents

Freeze drying apparatus Download PDF

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US3286365A
US3286365A US357322A US35732264A US3286365A US 3286365 A US3286365 A US 3286365A US 357322 A US357322 A US 357322A US 35732264 A US35732264 A US 35732264A US 3286365 A US3286365 A US 3286365A
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product
housing
freeze drying
containers
vacuum chamber
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US357322A
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Hackenberg Ulrich
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Leybold Anlagen Holding AG
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Leybold Anlagen Holding AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/40—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by drying or kilning; Subsequent reconstitution
    • A23L3/44—Freeze-drying
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
    • A23B7/02—Dehydrating; Subsequent reconstitution
    • A23B7/024—Freeze-drying, i.e. cryodessication or lyophilisation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/02—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation containing fruit or vegetable juices
    • A23L2/08—Concentrating or drying of juices
    • A23L2/12—Concentrating or drying of juices by freezing
    • A23L2/14—Concentrating or drying of juices by freezing and sublimation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B5/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat
    • F26B5/04—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum
    • F26B5/06—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum the process involving freezing

Definitions

  • This invention relates to freeze drying apparatus and more particularly to apparatus for freeze drying material in containers which are sealed after the process and used as packages for the dried material.
  • Freeze drying is a well-known process in which a material to be dried is first frozen and then placed inside an evacuable chamber.
  • Water vapor removal apparatus such as, for example, a deep-cooled ice condenser, then absorbs sublimating Water vapor produced by heating of the frozen material.
  • a predetermined low pressure is continuously maintained within the vacuum chamber during the drying process by means of conventional vacuum pumps communicating with the chamber.
  • a technical problem in the freeze drying of foods resides in the application of sublimation inducing heat to the frozen product.
  • the problem is one of providing the lgreatest possible food throughput in a given installation. This implies maximum use of the space available within the vacuum chamber and lowest possible drying times.
  • certain limitations -as to maximum applied heating temperatures and/ or space utilization must be maintained.
  • One method of freeze drying utilizes heaters to radiantly heat the material being dried.
  • the temperature of the heaters must be substantially greater than that of the product surface. Normally this temperature is greater than that permissible to prevent heat damage of the product (for most products the maximum heat is between 40-80 C.).
  • the drying time must be very short so that the drying surface of the product is not subjected to radiant heat damage. Therefore, only very shallow layers of product material which will dry quickly can be safely used.
  • the loading capacity for systems of this kind is normally limited to about 10 kilograms per square meter.
  • Another method of applying heat in freeze-drying applications is by conduction or lconvection from heaters to the frozen product.
  • the material to be dried is maintained as close as possible to the heat source so as to provide the best possible heat transfer therebetween.
  • One embodiment of this method utilizes product containers whichare directly heated (for example, by electricity, steam, etc.) so as to function as the heat source.
  • the disadvantages of this embodiment reside in the mechanical difiiculties of supplying evenly distributed heat energy to the product containers. The diiiiculties are accentuated by the fact that the product containers are normally adapted for removal from carrier racks, conveyors, etc., so as to permit ease of product handling, container cleaning, etc.
  • Another embodiment utilizes product trays adapted to contact stationary heating plates.
  • the diiiiculty resides in the poor heat transfer through the minute vacuum spaces between the heated plates and the adjacent product containers.
  • the poor heat transfer prevents the attainment of the same temperature in the containers that exists in the heating plates.
  • the plates must be operated above maximum permissible product temperature so as to establish the maximum in the product containers.
  • this is also objectionable, since most freeze-drying installations in the interest of efficient ICC space utilization include interleaved layers of product and heat sources.
  • the product in the containers (uncovered to allow escape of water vapor) is subject to the excessive radiant heat of the heater plate positioned directly above the container.
  • the object of this invention to provide a freeze drying apparatus which greatly reduces the requirements for product and container handling and in addition permits efficient transfer of heat to the drying product during the freeze drying process without danger of product heat damage.
  • One feature of this invention is the provision of an irnproved freeze drying installation which comprises heating plates for furnishing conduction heating to the product being dried, a product housing adapted to shield the product from direct heat radiation and to permit escape of sublimating water vapor, and an additional product container adapted for placement Within the product housing thereby -allowing use of the additional container as the final packaging for the dried product.
  • Another feature of the invention is the provision of a freeze drying installation of the above featured type in which the product housing is constructed of metal Walls having a thickness of at least l millimeter so as to exhibit good heat conduction properties.
  • Another feature of this invention is the provision in a product housing of the above featured type vof optically dense water vapor escape openings which shield the product from direct heat radiation.
  • FIG. l is a cross sectional view of a segment of the freeze drying installation according to the present invention.
  • FIG'. 2 is a side view partially in cross section of the product housing shown in FIG. l;
  • FIG. 3 is a front and side view partially in cross section of another product housing embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. l and 2 there is shown a vacuum chamber wall 11 which encloses a plurality of vertically ribbed heating plates 12.
  • the vertical central column 13 supports the horizontal bars 14 to which are attached the horizontal angle bars 15.
  • the top wall extensions 16 of the rectangular product housing 17 provide shoulders 18 which are demountably supported by the horizontal angle portions of the angle bars 15.
  • the product housing 17 is divided into Avertical sections 19 by dividers which can be either an integral part 21 of the housing or removable parts 22 thereof.
  • Water vapor escape openings 23 are cut in the side wall of the housing 17 and in a preferred embodiment these openings can be made optically dense by providing a directional change as shown in the openings 24.
  • Supported in the vertical sections 19 by the bottom wall of housing 17 and dividers 21, 22 are the tray containers 25 lled with a product 26 to be dried. The containers are passed into the housing 17 through the open ends 27 thereof.
  • the containers 2S are lled with a frozen product 26 to be dried and placed in the housing 17.
  • the chamber is evacuated to a pressure of about -1 mm. Hg and the heater plates 12 are energized.
  • the top, bottom and side walls of the housing 17 shield the product 26 from direct heat radiation from the heating plates 12 while the open end walls 27 and openings 23, 24 permit escape of sublimating water vapor from the frozen product.
  • the walls of the housing 17 are preferably composed of metal and have a thickness of at least 1 mm. (preferably about 2 mm.) so as to provide a good heat conduction path to the containers 25 and product 26.
  • the containers 25 still filled Iwith the dried product can be sealed in a gas tight manner by suitable sealing equipment (not shown). This sealing can be preformed in anl inert atmosphere if so desired.
  • the completely packaged product is then ready for commercial distribution.
  • the housing assemblies 17 are immediately available for reuse without any cleaning requirement since they have not been in direct contact with the product itself.
  • FIG. 3 shows another product housing embodiment of the present invention.
  • the structure is similar to that shown in FIGS. 1 and y2 except that end walls 31 rare closed and contain vapor escape openings 32. Also the side walls 33 are demountable and do not extend completely to the top of the housing 17 leaving a vapor escape slot 34.
  • the operation of this embodiment is the same as for that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the containers 25 are loaded into the housing 17 before the side walls 33 are attached with bolts 35.
  • the present invention provides a freeze drying installation which efliciently heats the drying product without radiation damage and also greatly reduces the amount of product and product container handling required during the process.
  • the invention is particularly suited for the preparation of freeze dried food products, especially complete freeze dried dinners.
  • An apparatus for the freeze drying of moisture containing material comprising a vacuum chamber, heating means positioned within said vacuum chamber, housing means positioned within said vacuum chamber ⁇ adjacent said heating means, a plurality of means adapted to be filled with a material to be freeze dried, said container means being removably positioned within said housing means and having an opening to permit the escape of Water vapor therefrom, said housing adapted to completely shield the material contained in said container means from direct heat radiation from said heating means, and wherein said housing means contains an opening which permits escape of Water vapor from the material contained in said container means.
  • the apparatus according to claim 1 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.
  • said housing means is formed by metal walls having a thickness of at least 1 mm. thereby providing for good heat conduction.
  • the apparatus according to claim 5 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.
  • the apparatus according to claim 5 including a de mountable cover means which at least partially covers the opening in said housing means.
  • the apparatus according to claim 8 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

Description

Nov. 22, 1966 u. HACKENBERG 3,286,365
FREEZE DRYING APPARATUS Filed April 5, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet l i@ 9 ////////////a/{/\/////////: a 7
';"A\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\KN Nov. 2z, 1966 U. HACKENBERG .3,286,365
FREEZE DRYING APPARATUS Filed April 5, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Ivezzow.- I/iiaa Hauff/323218243 United States Patent O L 44,5 Claims. (Cl. 34-92) This invention relates to freeze drying apparatus and more particularly to apparatus for freeze drying material in containers which are sealed after the process and used as packages for the dried material.
Freeze drying is a well-known process in which a material to be dried is first frozen and then placed inside an evacuable chamber. Water vapor removal apparatus, such as, for example, a deep-cooled ice condenser, then absorbs sublimating Water vapor produced by heating of the frozen material. A predetermined low pressure is continuously maintained within the vacuum chamber during the drying process by means of conventional vacuum pumps communicating with the chamber.
A technical problem in the freeze drying of foods resides in the application of sublimation inducing heat to the frozen product. The problem is one of providing the lgreatest possible food throughput in a given installation. This implies maximum use of the space available within the vacuum chamber and lowest possible drying times. However, in order to avoid heat damage to the drying product, certain limitations -as to maximum applied heating temperatures and/ or space utilization must be maintained.
One method of freeze drying utilizes heaters to radiantly heat the material being dried. To obtain effective radiant heat transfer, the temperature of the heaters must be substantially greater than that of the product surface. Normally this temperature is greater than that permissible to prevent heat damage of the product (for most products the maximum heat is between 40-80 C.). The drying time must be very short so that the drying surface of the product is not subjected to radiant heat damage. Therefore, only very shallow layers of product material which will dry quickly can be safely used. The loading capacity for systems of this kind is normally limited to about 10 kilograms per square meter.
Another method of applying heat in freeze-drying applications is by conduction or lconvection from heaters to the frozen product. In this case the material to be dried is maintained as close as possible to the heat source so as to provide the best possible heat transfer therebetween. One embodiment of this method utilizes product containers whichare directly heated (for example, by electricity, steam, etc.) so as to function as the heat source. The disadvantages of this embodiment reside in the mechanical difiiculties of supplying evenly distributed heat energy to the product containers. The diiiiculties are accentuated by the fact that the product containers are normally adapted for removal from carrier racks, conveyors, etc., so as to permit ease of product handling, container cleaning, etc.
Another embodiment utilizes product trays adapted to contact stationary heating plates. In this embodiment the diiiiculty resides in the poor heat transfer through the minute vacuum spaces between the heated plates and the adjacent product containers. The poor heat transfer prevents the attainment of the same temperature in the containers that exists in the heating plates. Thus the plates must be operated above maximum permissible product temperature so as to establish the maximum in the product containers. However, this is also objectionable, since most freeze-drying installations in the interest of efficient ICC space utilization include interleaved layers of product and heat sources. Thus the product in the containers (uncovered to allow escape of water vapor) is subject to the excessive radiant heat of the heater plate positioned directly above the container.
Another factor which greatly affects production costs in the freeze drying of many materials, especially food products, is the excessive handling of both the product and the product containers used during the process. The product must be prepared for freezing, placed into drying containers, loaded into a freeze dry installation before the process can begin. Then upon completion of the freeze drying process the dried material must be removed from the drying containers and packed into different packages for commercial distribution. For many products, this final packaging is complicated by the requirement that the packaging be vacuum tight and accomplished in an inert atmosphere such as, for example, a nitrogen atmosphere. Upon completion of one drying cycle the drying containers, which have frequently been quite soiled by burned product, must be thoroughly washed and dried before reuse.
It is, therefore, the object of this invention to provide a freeze drying apparatus which greatly reduces the requirements for product and container handling and in addition permits efficient transfer of heat to the drying product during the freeze drying process without danger of product heat damage.
One feature of this invention is the provision of an irnproved freeze drying installation which comprises heating plates for furnishing conduction heating to the product being dried, a product housing adapted to shield the product from direct heat radiation and to permit escape of sublimating water vapor, and an additional product container adapted for placement Within the product housing thereby -allowing use of the additional container as the final packaging for the dried product.
Another feature of the invention is the provision of a freeze drying installation of the above featured type in which the product housing is constructed of metal Walls having a thickness of at least l millimeter so as to exhibit good heat conduction properties.
Another feature of this invention is the provision in a product housing of the above featured type vof optically dense water vapor escape openings which shield the product from direct heat radiation.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent upon a perusal of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. l is a cross sectional view of a segment of the freeze drying installation according to the present invention;
FIG'. 2 is a side view partially in cross section of the product housing shown in FIG. l; and
FIG. 3 is a front and side view partially in cross section of another product housing embodiment of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. l and 2 there is shown a vacuum chamber wall 11 which encloses a plurality of vertically ribbed heating plates 12. The vertical central column 13 supports the horizontal bars 14 to which are attached the horizontal angle bars 15. The top wall extensions 16 of the rectangular product housing 17 provide shoulders 18 which are demountably supported by the horizontal angle portions of the angle bars 15.
The product housing 17 is divided into Avertical sections 19 by dividers which can be either an integral part 21 of the housing or removable parts 22 thereof. Water vapor escape openings 23 are cut in the side wall of the housing 17 and in a preferred embodiment these openings can be made optically dense by providing a directional change as shown in the openings 24. Supported in the vertical sections 19 by the bottom wall of housing 17 and dividers 21, 22 are the tray containers 25 lled with a product 26 to be dried. The containers are passed into the housing 17 through the open ends 27 thereof.
During operation of the apparatus according to the invention shown, the containers 2S are lled with a frozen product 26 to be dried and placed in the housing 17. After the loaded housing 17 has been positioned within the vacuum chamber, the chamber is evacuated to a pressure of about -1 mm. Hg and the heater plates 12 are energized.
The top, bottom and side walls of the housing 17 shield the product 26 from direct heat radiation from the heating plates 12 while the open end walls 27 and openings 23, 24 permit escape of sublimating water vapor from the frozen product. The walls of the housing 17 are preferably composed of metal and have a thickness of at least 1 mm. (preferably about 2 mm.) so as to provide a good heat conduction path to the containers 25 and product 26. Upon completion of the freeze drying process, the containers 25 still filled Iwith the dried product can be sealed in a gas tight manner by suitable sealing equipment (not shown). This sealing can be preformed in anl inert atmosphere if so desired. The completely packaged product is then ready for commercial distribution. The housing assemblies 17 are immediately available for reuse without any cleaning requirement since they have not been in direct contact with the product itself.
FIG. 3 shows another product housing embodiment of the present invention. The structure is similar to that shown in FIGS. 1 and y2 except that end walls 31 rare closed and contain vapor escape openings 32. Also the side walls 33 are demountable and do not extend completely to the top of the housing 17 leaving a vapor escape slot 34. The operation of this embodiment is the same as for that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the containers 25 are loaded into the housing 17 before the side walls 33 are attached with bolts 35.
Thus the present invention provides a freeze drying installation which efliciently heats the drying product without radiation damage and also greatly reduces the amount of product and product container handling required during the process. The invention is particularly suited for the preparation of freeze dried food products, especially complete freeze dried dinners.
Obviously many modiiications and variations of the .present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for the freeze drying of moisture containing material comprising a vacuum chamber, heating means positioned Within said vacuum chamber, housing means positioned within said vacuum chamber `adjacent said heating means, a plurality of means adapted to be filled with a material to be freeze dried, said container means being removably positioned within said housing means and having an opening to permit the escape of Water vapor therefrom, said housing adapted to completely shield the material contained in said container means from direct heat radiation from said heating means, and wherein said housing means contains an opening which permits escape of Water vapor from the material contained in said container means.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said housing means is removably supported within said vacuum chamber.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said housing means is removably supported within said vacuum chamber.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said housing means is formed by metal walls having a thickness of at least 1 mm. thereby providing for good heat conduction.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said housing means is removably supported Within said vacuum chamber.v
8. The apparatus according to claim 5 including a de mountable cover means which at least partially covers the opening in said housing means.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 including divider means which separate said housing means into vertical sections and wherein said container means comprise individual containers positioned in each of said vertical sections.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said housing means is removably supported within said vacuum chamber.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,174,229 3/1965 Stokes et a1. 34a-236 FOREIGN PATENTS 936,054 s/1963 GreatBrirain.
OTHER REFERENCES German printed application 1,102,653, March 1961. German printed application 1,119,773, December 1961 ROBERT A. OLEARY, Primary Examiner.
W. E. WAYNER, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. AN APPARATUS FOR THE FREEZE DRYING OF MOISTURE CONTAINING MATERIAL COMPRISNG A VACUUM CHAMBER, HEATING MEANS POSITIONED WITHIN SAID VACUUM CHAMBER, HOUSING MEANS POSITIONED WITHIN SAID VACUUM CHAMBER ADJACENT SAID HEATING MEANS, A PLURALITY OF MEANS ADATPED TO BE FILLED WITH A MATERIAL TO BE FREEZE DRIED, SAID CONTAINER MEANS BEING REMOVABLY POSITIONED WITHIN SAID HOUSING MEANS AND HAVING AN OPENING TO PERMIT THE ESCAPE OF WATER VAPOR THEREFROM, SAID HOUSING ADAPTED TO COMPLETELY SHIELD THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN SAID CONTAINER MEANS FROM DIRECT HEAT RADIATION FROM SAID HEATING MEANS, AND WHEREIN SAID HOUSING MEANS CONTAINS AN OPENING WHICH PERMITS ESCAPE OF WATER VAPOR FROM THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN SAID CONTAINER MEANS.
US357322A 1963-04-06 1964-04-03 Freeze drying apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3286365A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DEL44578A DE1198293B (en) 1963-04-06 1963-04-06 Continuously working freeze-drying chamber with goods carriers running through them

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3364591A (en) * 1965-06-16 1968-01-23 Leybold Anlagen Holding A G Freeze drying apparatus
US4035924A (en) * 1974-09-11 1977-07-19 Societe D'assistance Technique Pour Produits Nestle S.A. Freeze-drying of solid, liquid or paste-like products
US4312134A (en) * 1980-08-04 1982-01-26 Strausser Robert W Method of freeze-drying flower arrangements
US5117564A (en) * 1989-05-09 1992-06-02 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Continuous vacuum treatment system
US20100101106A1 (en) * 2008-10-23 2010-04-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Lyophilizing tray employing reagent cartridge, lyophilizing system employing the same, and method of preparing lyophilized reagent
US20120066929A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2012-03-22 Desmet Ballestra North America, Inc. Improved desolventizer toaster with vapor recycle
CN109576803A (en) * 2018-10-18 2019-04-05 青岛即发集团股份有限公司 A kind of production method of chitin fiber

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB936054A (en) * 1961-08-03 1963-09-04 Mitchell Engineering Ltd Improvements in or relating to freeze-drying
US3174229A (en) * 1962-02-26 1965-03-23 Pennsalt Chemicals Corp Drying apparatus of elongated heated conduit type

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1102653B (en) * 1958-01-28 1961-03-16 Dr Med Karlheinz Neumann Vacuum freezer dryer

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB936054A (en) * 1961-08-03 1963-09-04 Mitchell Engineering Ltd Improvements in or relating to freeze-drying
US3174229A (en) * 1962-02-26 1965-03-23 Pennsalt Chemicals Corp Drying apparatus of elongated heated conduit type

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3364591A (en) * 1965-06-16 1968-01-23 Leybold Anlagen Holding A G Freeze drying apparatus
US4035924A (en) * 1974-09-11 1977-07-19 Societe D'assistance Technique Pour Produits Nestle S.A. Freeze-drying of solid, liquid or paste-like products
US4312134A (en) * 1980-08-04 1982-01-26 Strausser Robert W Method of freeze-drying flower arrangements
US5117564A (en) * 1989-05-09 1992-06-02 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Continuous vacuum treatment system
US20100101106A1 (en) * 2008-10-23 2010-04-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Lyophilizing tray employing reagent cartridge, lyophilizing system employing the same, and method of preparing lyophilized reagent
CN101726584B (en) * 2008-10-23 2014-02-12 三星电子株式会社 Lyophilizing tray employing reagent cartridge, lyophilizing system employing same, and method of preparing lyophilized reagent
US8683712B2 (en) 2008-10-23 2014-04-01 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Lyophilizing tray employing reagent cartridge, lyophilizing system employing the same, and method of preparing lyophilized reagent
US20120066929A1 (en) * 2009-06-05 2012-03-22 Desmet Ballestra North America, Inc. Improved desolventizer toaster with vapor recycle
US8720082B2 (en) * 2009-06-05 2014-05-13 Desmet Ballestra North America, Inc. Desolventizer toaster with vapor recycle
US9250013B2 (en) 2009-06-05 2016-02-02 Desmet Ballestra North America, Inc. Desolventizer toaster with vapor recycle
CN109576803A (en) * 2018-10-18 2019-04-05 青岛即发集团股份有限公司 A kind of production method of chitin fiber
CN109576803B (en) * 2018-10-18 2023-09-12 青岛即发集团股份有限公司 Production method of chitosan fiber

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GB1032967A (en) 1966-06-15
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