US3266045A - Electrophotographic process - Google Patents

Electrophotographic process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3266045A
US3266045A US505127A US50512765A US3266045A US 3266045 A US3266045 A US 3266045A US 505127 A US505127 A US 505127A US 50512765 A US50512765 A US 50512765A US 3266045 A US3266045 A US 3266045A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
film structure
resin
image
stratum
film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US505127A
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English (en)
Inventor
Schaffert Roland Michael
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Steel Industries Inc
International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL297786D priority Critical patent/NL297786A/xx
Priority to BE637784D priority patent/BE637784A/xx
Priority to GB32804/63A priority patent/GB998040A/en
Priority to DEI24450A priority patent/DE1288913B/de
Priority to FR948594A priority patent/FR1385415A/fr
Priority to SE10553/63A priority patent/SE323582B/xx
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Priority to US505127A priority patent/US3266045A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3266045A publication Critical patent/US3266045A/en
Assigned to GENERAL STEEL INDUSTRIES INC reassignment GENERAL STEEL INDUSTRIES INC MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRUENDLER CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER COMPANY
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/80—Television signal recording using electrostatic recording
    • H04N5/82—Television signal recording using electrostatic recording using deformable thermoplastic recording medium
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G16/00—Electrographic processes using deformation of thermoplastic layers; Apparatus therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/022—Layers for surface-deformation imaging, e.g. frost imaging
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/29—Printing involving a color-forming phenomenon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/37—Printing employing electrostatic force

Definitions

  • the invention relates to electrophotography, and it particularly pertains to processes for use with electrophotographic film structures which can be developed by heat and viewed with simple optics.
  • thermoplastic recording technique is described in an article by W. E. Glennfinthe Journal ofAppli'ed Physics, volume 30, No. 12, December 1959, pages 1870- 1873.
  • the film structure consists of a sandwich comprising a high'melting base film, a ⁇ transparent conducting coating laid down on the b-ase film, and a low meltingfthermoplastic layer laid down on the conducting coating.
  • the sandwich is ⁇ placed in a 'vacuum chamber in which an .electron gun is arranged.
  • a charge Vpattern is laid down'on the upper surface 'ofthe thermoplastic film yby scanning the'electron beam: overl the surface.
  • the film is thenfheated to the melting point of the thermoplastic permitting the electrostatic fo'rces between the charges on thefilmiand the conductive coating to depress thesurface'of the thermoplastic where the charges occur until these 'forces are'in equilibrium with the sur-face tension restoring forces.
  • the film structure is then cooled belowlthe melting point of the thermoplastic and the deformations are retained in the solidified surface. Erasure is accomplished by heating-the film well above the melting point in the ⁇ absence of any c-harge'p-attern whereby surface .tension will then smooth out the deformations and the film is ready for reuse.
  • the yfilm is usually heated' in the vacuum cham-ber for developing the'deformations by inducing current in the transparent conducting coating.
  • a modified Schlieren optical system is necessary for viewing the heat developed images.
  • variable optical element is ,a thin, uniform, flexible, solid film of low, but finite electrical conductivity.
  • a reflecting coat of aluminum isplaced ⁇ on one side of the film and the other side is coated with a mosaic of isolated target elements.
  • the film is mounted within a cathode ray tube equipped with a transparent window instead of the usual screen with the aluminumized side of the thin film facing outward.
  • the other side of .the film thenv receives a raster charge'deposited on the mosaic -by the electron gun of the cathode ray tube.
  • the resulting electrostatic forces give rise to correspond- ⁇ ing deformation of the otherwise plane reflecting surface.
  • Vfilm in Vacuum by the prior art method is, of course, a rconsiderable disadvantage
  • An object of the invention is an electrophotographic process in which electrostatic images canbe produced on film in air by known techniques and then developed lin air, obviating the requirement for a vacuum chamber and the necessity of inserting the film therein and removing it therefrom.
  • Another object of the invention is to be able to develop continuous-tone images as well as line images.
  • a further object of the invention is .to produce images which can be observed visibly without the aid of special optical systems.
  • Still another object of the invention is to produce a method applicable to direct photography, obviating the use of powders and powder handling devices and the attendant machine fouling problems.
  • a more specific object of the invention is to provide film structures for producing a photographic record in the form of electrostatic images by thermal development.
  • an electrostatic image is first established by known methods on a dielectric film structure .according to the invention.
  • the film structure according to the invention bearingY a latent electrostatic image is heated for a sort time by known means ⁇ to a temperature above the melting point of one of the constituents of the film structure to develop the image which may be seen wit-h the naked eye and handled in simple optical systems.
  • Heat developing film structures according to the inventionfor producing visible images corresponding to electrostatic charge patterns established on the film generically comprise a sandwich of .a base layer, an outer heating to those areas corresponding to the electrostatic charge pattern. At least the outer layer or stratum has a melting point lower than that of the other layers. In some forms of the invention the outer and intermediate strata are not separated by any fine line of vdemarcation and, therefore, havethe same melting point.
  • layer is conductive to an extent sufficient for the image transfer process and is preferably, but not necessarily, transparent.
  • the base layer ⁇ may be stripped Vaway from the remainder of the film if such is self-supporting after it is developed. In such cases, the base layer may be a metal plate.
  • 'Ihe film structures according to the invention take different forms for different applications.
  • a transparent base layer of suitable material on which there is -a conductive layer and an .outer layer of transparent dielectric material which has a melting pointlower than that of th other layers.
  • a desired image established onto thesunface of -the dielectric mater-ital as an electrostatic charge pattern is made -visibleupon application orf heatas a roughened area lying in a smooth background.
  • a further film structure according to the invention comprises upper and intermediate layers of wax or resin with a polycrystalline structure which is normally opaque rendering a diffused refraction of l-ight at the interfaces of the crystals. lThe lowered surface tension orf the melted layers subjected to the electric stress at the electrostatic charge image areas renders the crystals amorphous on the application of heat. The image th-en appears as a transparent area in an opaque background.
  • Another film structure according to the invention comprises a strata orf resin having a smooth surface beneath which is' more of the material containing minute capsules filled with dye-forming material.
  • An intermediate layer contains a chemical which will react with the dye-forming material.
  • a colored image is formed in the areas :where the electrostatic stress is sufcient to cause the capsules of dye-forming material to collapse, thus releasing the dye-forming material to react with the chem-ical.
  • Still another film structure according to the invention comprises a stratum of fusible resin containing embedded infin-sible particles cov-ered by another stratum of fusible resin only providing an optically smooth surface.
  • the combination of heat with the electrostatic stress in the yimage areas compresses the resin below the upper portions of the infusible particles. This produces an image of roughened or grainy consistency on a smooth background.
  • a further film structure according to the invention comprises an outer continuous layer of one resinand a layer of compound reactive with each other to produce a color change and separated by a very th-in layer of fusible resin.
  • the fusible resin flows sidefways because of the electrostatic stress in the image lines, allowing lthe one resin and the reactive compound to come into contact and produce a colored image visible to the eye.
  • Still another film structure according to the invent-ion comprises an upper continuous stratum orf thermoplastic resin and an intermediate stratum of the same thermoplastic resin having a di-spersion orf elongated dielectric or ferroelectric particles of random orientation.
  • the heat melting therein twill permit the particles to align themselves with the electrostatic field, thus allow-ing the passage of light normally blocked by the rand-om oriented particles to form a photographic transparency.
  • FIG. l Illustrates the establishment of an electrostatic image charge pattern on a film structure according to the invention
  • FIG. 2A illustrates the heating step in the development of an image according to the invention
  • yFIG. 3 illustrates a film structure according to the invention comprisingbubbled filled resin
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a film structure according to the invention comprising crystalline Wax or resin
  • FIG. 5 shows another film structure according to the invention comprising dye-filled capsules for reaction with a dye-forming material
  • FIG. 6 shows a further film structure according to the invention wherein a fusible resin film contains embedded infnsible particles
  • FIG. 7 shows still another yfil-.rn structure accord-ing to the invention comprising two reactive materials separated by a thin layer of fusible resin
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a further lm structure accord-ing to the invention comprising a fusible resin containing a dispersion of elongated dielectric or fcrroelectric particles of random orientation.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of electrostatic image formation by one means on a film structure 10 according to the invention comprising a transparent base layer L2, a transparent conductive surface element 1.3, and a film 14 of melting point lower than that of the base layer.
  • An example off the base layer 12 is polyethylene terephthalate and the conductive element l13 for such an example is a thin deposit of aluminum.
  • the lrn 14 are ester gum (iwith and Without pllasticizer), cumar resin, maleic anhydride resin, silicone varnish, petroleum wax and polyethylene.
  • a charge pattern on a xerographic plate 1'6 comprising a metallic sul strate 1,8 and a selenium layer 19 ⁇ is produced by conventional means.
  • the image appear-ing on the selenium layer 1K9l is transferred to the film structure 10.
  • Methods and apparatus for establishing electrostatic images on dielectric material are well known. There are also preferred processes of electrostatic image transfer described in the copending U.S. patent applications of Harold C. Medley and Roland M. Schaffert, Serial No. 127,725, filed on July 28, 1961, and of Roland M. Schaffert, Serial No. 159,892, filed on December 18, 1961, and now Patent No. 3,147,769.
  • the establishment of the image on the xerograpbic plate 16 and the subsequent transfer to the film structure 10 in and of themselves form no part orf the invention as such operations are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • FIG. 2 Development of the image on the film structure 10 is shown in FIG. 2 :wherein the exposed film structure 10 is subjected to heat from a suitable source, such as the cornbin-ation of an infra-red lamp 20 and a reflector 22 as shown.
  • the film 14 is heated by the lamp 20 slightly above the melting point whereupon the surface tension and the stresses of the elestrostatic forces of the charge produces roughness of the surface as shown at line 15.
  • the film. is transparent, the surface distortion in the image areas will cause differential refractive effects, and when viewed by transmit-ted light,- the image areas will cast a shadow, giving the effect of a photographic transparency.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a film structure according t-o the invention which functions to produce a visible image in a manner somewhat different from the simple film structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 3 and the following figures an enlarged cross-sectionof the film structure is shown.
  • a film structure 30 according to the invention comprises .a b'ase layer 12 and a layer 32 having an upper stratum 34 with a smooth obverse surface 38 and an intermediate stratum 36 filled with gas bubbles as shown.
  • 'Ihe obverse surface 318 is smooth and continuous in contrast to the spongy nature of the intermediate stratum 36.
  • the layer 32 is homogeneous and there is no finite line of demarcation between the strata 34 and 36.
  • 'Ilhe Afilm 32 may be formed by exposing a vesicular film uniformly overall to ultra-violet light creating bubbles which render the film white and translucent.
  • An example of such film - is polyvinyli-dene chloride containing a diazo compound and known better by the trademark Kalfax 'Ilhe base layer 12 is a transparentmaterial which may be conductive or have a conductive fil-m laid thereon.
  • the base layer 12 is polyethylene terphthalate film manufactured and sold under the trademark Myl-ar and the conductive surface necessary fpr the establishment of the charge according to the desired image is a transparent coating of aluminum.
  • a metal base layer is practical. Some of the iilm structures according to the invention are selfsupport-ing and may be removed from the base layer 12 after development. In such cases a metal base layer is quite practical.
  • the surface tension and the electrostatic stress coact to collapse the bubbles in the areas corresponding to the charge rendering the film 32 clear and transparent at these areas, Whether t-hey be the sm'all areas of a line image or the larger areas rcomprises a base layer 12, a conductive coating or layer 13 and another layer having two strata: a foam or sponge stratum 36 of chemically blown polyvinyl chloride plastisol or IFreon blow polyurethane foam topped :with a smooth stratum 34 of the same material.
  • FIG. 4 Another ilm structure40 ⁇ according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4 comprising a base llayer 12 and a ilm l'ayer 42 consisting of two strata with one stratuml 44 comprising crystal-line wax or resin crystals of random structure and the other stratum 46 comprising crystals of the same material, but of structure forming a smooth obverse surface 48.
  • the substrate ⁇ 12 may be transparent or opaque; optionally black or of another color, as previously describe-d.
  • the crystals i-n the image area fuse tothe amorphous state permitting light to be transmitted through the image area which is of a light transmitting characteristic contrast-ing with that of the crystalline wax or resin.
  • An example of a material suitable for this embodiment is crystalline polyethylene.
  • FIG, 5 depicts a 'further film structure 56 according to the invention comprising a base or reverse layer 12, an upper or obverse layer 5-2 comprising resin fil-m containing encapsulated dye former and an intermediate layer 56 containing a chemical reactive with the dye former.
  • the obverse surface 58 of the encapsulated resin lrn 52 is smooth.
  • FIG. 6 A further lm structure 60 acco-rding to the invention is shown in FIG. 6;
  • a layer 62 comprised of fusible resin film is ⁇ laid upon base layer 12 and Ia conductive film 1'3.
  • 'Ehe layer 62 has fa stratum 64 containing embedded infusible particles 65. All o-f the particles 65 are below an obverse stratum 66 so that the obverse surface 68 is optically smooth and somewhat removed from the particles 65.
  • the fusible resin melts when exposed to heat and the electrostatic stress plus the reduction in surface tension pulls the surface 68 down belotw the tops of the particles 6'5 in the charged areas as shown at the right forming a roughened surface similar to that shown at 15 in FIG. 2.
  • the particles of infusible material can be powdered or ground glass, magnesium acetate, magnesium sulphate, and the like.
  • the index of refraction should be comparable for both the resin and the particles.
  • light flint glass the index of refraction of which lies in the range of 1.605-1.572
  • polystyrene which has an index of'refraction (LR.) of 1.59.
  • Polyethylene, -I.R. 1.51 will go well with ordinary crown glass, I.R. 153241511, as will acrylate, LR. 1.49-1.51.
  • Other combinations are suggested, for example, polyvinyl acetate, LR. 1.46-1.5 and magnesium acetate, LR. 1.49 which should not be too finely ground.
  • Polyvinyl acetate and magnesium sulphate in one of its forms may be used.
  • Thelatter in one form with 5 molecules of Water of hydration, has an LR. of 1495-1514.
  • LR. 1495-1514.
  • LR. 1508-1522
  • rose colored which fact may discourage its use somewhat.
  • Acrylate and albite glass, LR. 1.489 are also suggested.
  • the particles 65 alternatively are reactive with a chemical to change color. This chemical would be swabbed over the surface after development by heating and xing by cooling to color only the exposed particles to provide the desired contrast.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a still further embodiment of the invention comprising a film stru-cture 70 having a base layer 12, a layer 72 of one resin, for example, vinyl resin, and a layer 74 of a zinc compound, for example, zinc oxide, separated by 'a very thin layer 76 of fusible resin, which preferably is White or transparent. and heat causes the very thin layer 76 of fusible resin to melt and allows the vinyl resin to contact the zinc compound leaving an area of contrasting optical characteristics in the image areas.
  • the exposed and ydeveloped areas will be black providing a very effective image visible to the naked eye.
  • the reaction between dimethyl glyoxime and nickelous chloride is also suggested.
  • FIG. 8 A different film structure Sti according to the invention is shown in FIG. 8.
  • This film structure 80 comprises a lbase layer 12, a conductive iilm 13, and a layer of fusible resin 82 having an upper strata 84 and an intermediate strata 86 of fusible resin containing a dispersion of elongated dielectric crystals.
  • electrostatic stress plus heat permits the orientation of the crystals inthe direction of the electrostatic field, thereby providing an optical characteristic of contrasting nature in the image area to that in the background.
  • An example ofcrystals for this embodiment is calcium citrate, which is in the form of elongated white needles. It is not important Electrostatic stressl lto match the indi-ces of refraction in this embodiment.
  • the randomly oriented crystals in the resin say polyethylene, render the film structure fairly opaque and more light will be transmitted where the crystals are aligned, though not nearly as much contrast will be afforded here as with some of the other embodiments.
  • Polarized light is suggested as a means of improving the contrast.
  • said film structure having a supporting base and a layer carrying the dielectric surface selected from the group consisting of:
  • the infusible parti-cles of (4) become exposed to the surface, and Y the ferroelectric particles of (5) reorientate in a uniform direction, and
  • thermoplastic resin a smooth 4continuous obverse stratum of said thermoplastic resin
  • a ⁇ stratum of said resin beneath said obverse stratum ducing a photographic record including the steps of:
  • thermoplastic resin a continuous obverse stratum of thermoplastic resin
  • thermoplastic resin a continuous obverse stratum of thermoplastic resin
  • a plurality of strata of resin including a continuous obverse stratum of vinyl acetate, substantially black,

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US505127A 1962-09-26 1965-10-19 Electrophotographic process Expired - Lifetime US3266045A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL297786D NL297786A (en, 2012) 1962-09-26
BE637784D BE637784A (en, 2012) 1962-09-26
GB32804/63A GB998040A (en) 1962-09-26 1963-08-20 Electrostatographic films
DEI24450A DE1288913B (de) 1962-09-26 1963-09-20 Aufzeichnungsmaterial zur Herstellung von Deformationsbildern
FR948594A FR1385415A (fr) 1962-09-26 1963-09-25 Structures de films électrophotographiques
SE10553/63A SE323582B (en, 2012) 1962-09-26 1963-09-26
US505127A US3266045A (en) 1962-09-26 1965-10-19 Electrophotographic process

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US22637662A 1962-09-26 1962-09-26
US505127A US3266045A (en) 1962-09-26 1965-10-19 Electrophotographic process

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US3266045A true US3266045A (en) 1966-08-09

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US505127A Expired - Lifetime US3266045A (en) 1962-09-26 1965-10-19 Electrophotographic process

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US (1) US3266045A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE637784A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE1288913B (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR1385415A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB998040A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL297786A (en, 2012)
SE (1) SE323582B (en, 2012)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3404001A (en) * 1964-09-17 1968-10-01 Xerox Corp Thermoplastic deformation imaging with color reagents
US3903797A (en) * 1968-05-14 1975-09-09 Itek Corp Multiple copy photographic system
US4012253A (en) * 1972-11-27 1977-03-15 Rca Corporation Holographic recording medium
US4032338A (en) * 1974-10-16 1977-06-28 Rca Corporation Holographic recording medium employing a photoconductive layer and a low molecular weight microcrystalline polymeric layer
US4065307A (en) * 1969-10-01 1977-12-27 Xerox Corporation Imaged agglomerable element and process of imaging
US4150985A (en) * 1974-12-13 1979-04-24 International Business Machines Corporation Image forming process involving phase change
US4241156A (en) * 1977-10-26 1980-12-23 Xerox Corporation Imaging system of discontinuous layer of migration material
US4252890A (en) * 1968-08-26 1981-02-24 Xerox Corporation Imaging system which agglomerates particulate material
US4871640A (en) * 1987-05-15 1989-10-03 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing an original for use in an overhead projector
US8890303B2 (en) * 2012-12-26 2014-11-18 National Chiao Tung University Three-dimensional integrated circuit

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS55500702A (en, 2012) * 1978-08-29 1980-09-25

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2584441A (en) * 1946-05-03 1952-02-05 Rca Corp Viewing screen
US2680079A (en) * 1951-04-04 1954-06-01 Huebner Company Method for making sheet or web material
US3079253A (en) * 1957-06-19 1963-02-26 Rca Corp Method of electrophotography employing a heat glossing composition
US3206755A (en) * 1963-12-20 1965-09-14 Friedman Abraham Micro-capsule method and apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2584441A (en) * 1946-05-03 1952-02-05 Rca Corp Viewing screen
US2680079A (en) * 1951-04-04 1954-06-01 Huebner Company Method for making sheet or web material
US3079253A (en) * 1957-06-19 1963-02-26 Rca Corp Method of electrophotography employing a heat glossing composition
US3206755A (en) * 1963-12-20 1965-09-14 Friedman Abraham Micro-capsule method and apparatus

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3404001A (en) * 1964-09-17 1968-10-01 Xerox Corp Thermoplastic deformation imaging with color reagents
US3903797A (en) * 1968-05-14 1975-09-09 Itek Corp Multiple copy photographic system
US4252890A (en) * 1968-08-26 1981-02-24 Xerox Corporation Imaging system which agglomerates particulate material
US4065307A (en) * 1969-10-01 1977-12-27 Xerox Corporation Imaged agglomerable element and process of imaging
US4012253A (en) * 1972-11-27 1977-03-15 Rca Corporation Holographic recording medium
US4032338A (en) * 1974-10-16 1977-06-28 Rca Corporation Holographic recording medium employing a photoconductive layer and a low molecular weight microcrystalline polymeric layer
US4150985A (en) * 1974-12-13 1979-04-24 International Business Machines Corporation Image forming process involving phase change
US4241156A (en) * 1977-10-26 1980-12-23 Xerox Corporation Imaging system of discontinuous layer of migration material
US4871640A (en) * 1987-05-15 1989-10-03 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing an original for use in an overhead projector
US8890303B2 (en) * 2012-12-26 2014-11-18 National Chiao Tung University Three-dimensional integrated circuit
TWI509758B (zh) * 2012-12-26 2015-11-21 Univ Nat Chiao Tung 三維積體電路

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Publication number Publication date
BE637784A (en, 2012)
GB998040A (en) 1965-07-14
SE323582B (en, 2012) 1970-05-04
NL297786A (en, 2012)
FR1385415A (fr) 1965-01-15
DE1288913B (de) 1969-02-06

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