US3243292A - Method of making a thermionic device - Google Patents

Method of making a thermionic device Download PDF

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US3243292A
US3243292A US423403A US42340364A US3243292A US 3243292 A US3243292 A US 3243292A US 423403 A US423403 A US 423403A US 42340364 A US42340364 A US 42340364A US 3243292 A US3243292 A US 3243292A
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rhenium
mixture
tungsten
uranium carbide
niobium
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US423403A
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Robert F Hill
Stan J Paprocki
Donald L Keller
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Motors Liquidation Co
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Motors Liquidation Co
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Priority claimed from US194448A external-priority patent/US3232717A/en
Priority to GB18455/63A priority Critical patent/GB971531A/en
Priority to DEG37728A priority patent/DE1240967B/en
Priority to FR934740A priority patent/FR1356734A/en
Application filed by Motors Liquidation Co filed Critical Motors Liquidation Co
Priority to US423403A priority patent/US3243292A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J45/00—Discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • H01J9/04—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of thermionic cathodes
    • H01J9/042—Manufacture, activation of the emissive part

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  • This invention relates to devices for converting heat energy to electrical energy and, more particularly to an improved electron emitter element for such devices.
  • a thermionic converter which comprises a noble gas plasma diode, the electron emitter element of which includes a fissionable material so as to generate the noble gas plasma by fission fragment ionization.
  • the mass of the fissionable material in the diode or a combination of such diodes can be made sufficiently large to sustain chain reaction fission and thereby generate the heat for conversion to electrical energy.
  • the basic requirements for the emitter material for such a device are: It must have the ability to adequately supply electrons at the operating temperature, must be chemically and mechanically stable, must have electrical and thermal conductivity and must have a high surface density of exposed fissionable material.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an improved method for making such an electron emitter.
  • Uranium carbide by itself, has two of the aforementioned essential qualities needed for the electron emitter, namely, ability to supply electrons and high density of fissionable material. However, by itself it has insufficient mechanical strength. Uranium carbide is, of course, a ceramic and, as is true of most all ceramics, it is particularly susceptible to thermal cracking. In accordance with the present invention, the additional required properties are provided by physically combining certain metals with the uranium carbide to form a cermet. We have found that the choice of metals is extremely limited for the reason that uranium carbide is quite reactive at high temperatures, and it is essential that the metal not undergo interaction with the uranium carbide either during processing or during operation.
  • the electron emitter of this invention comprises a dense cermet body of uranium carbide and rhenium, tungsten, or rhenium-tungsten alloys, the former being preferred. Further in accordance with the invention, this cermet body is provided with a niobium cladding, a thin layer of the rhenium or tungsten, preferably the latter, being interposed between the cermet body and the cladding in order to prevent diffusion and reaction between the niobium and the uranium carbide during manufacture and operation of the emitter.
  • the cermet body can contain from 10% to 80% by volume uranium carbide, the upper end of this range being preferred particularly where the emitter is for use in a nuclear reactor type thermionic converter wherein the heat is supplied by nuclear fission.
  • the thermionic converter comprises a hermetically sealed envelope 2 filled with a noble gas and having two electrical leads 4 and 6 extending therethrough.
  • the top lead 4 connects to an electron collector 8 which has some suitable cooling means associated therewith, such cooling means being illustrated by the plurality of heat radiating fins 10.
  • the bottom electrical lead 6 is connected to the electron emitter 12 which is in the form of a flat disc with its upper surface in spaced relationship to the bottom flat surface of the collector.
  • the emitter 12 comprises a dense cermet body 14 of by volume uranium carbide and 20% by volume rhenium with a niobium cladding 16 covering its side and bottom surfaces, a layer of tungsten foil 18 being pressed between the body 14 and the cladding. Further details of the structure of the emitter will be apparent from the following description of the method for its manufacture:
  • uranium carbide To form the uranium carbide, pure uranium metal in the form of small discs or rods can be employed as a starting material. Prior to melting, the surface of the metal should be carefully cleaned by electropolishing or by a careful wash in dilute nitric acid. Spectroscopic carbon in rod form can be employed as the starting carbon material. The rod is first outgassed by heating to a temperature of about 2000 C. in high vacuum and is then ground to powder form in an inert atmosphere. Carefully controlled quantities of the uranium metal and carbon powder are placed in an arc furnace in a purified argon atmosphere where they are arc-melted together to form a uranium carbide button, A graphite-tipped electrode is used in order to minimize contamination.
  • the composition of the uranium carbide produced will, of course, depend upon the Weights of uranium metal and carbon powder in the furnace charge. With 4.8 weight percent carbon, the uranium carbide formed will be predominantly uranium monocarbide; when slightly more than 4.8 weight percent carbon is used, a second phase with composition UC will appear at the grain boundaries within the UC matrix and there will sometimes also appear a third phase, U C
  • the precise stoichiometric composition of the uranium carbide is not important to the present invention and hence the term uranium carbide as used herein is intended to comprehend both the mono and dicarbides as Well as the intermediates such as U2C3.
  • the uranium carbide is pulverized to fine grain size, on the order of minus 300 mesh, preferably in a dry box since the pulverized uranium carbide is pyrophoric.
  • the pulverized uranium carbide is uniformly admixed with rhenium powder, also about minus 300 mesh grain size. in the proportions desired, preferably 80% uranium carhide and 20% rhenium.
  • This mixing of the powders should also be performed in a dry box and for further protection against the pyrophoric nature of the uranium carbide it is desirable that about 1% by weight of a suitable organic material such as Carbowax (polyethylene glycol) be included in the mixture.
  • Carbowax polyethylene glycol
  • the Carbowax also serves as a binder for the mixture.
  • the powder mixture is then cold pressed in a steel die at about 60,000 pounds per square inch to thereby form a green compact having a density of approximately 70% theoretical.
  • the green compact so formed is inserted snugly into a niobium cup lined with a thin layer of tungsten foil and this assembly is then heated in a vacuum sufficiently to drive out the Carbowax.
  • a niobium lid preferably also lined with tungsten foil, is then placed over the niobium cup and is bonded to the cup by electron beam welding to effect an hermetic seal. Since the electron beam welding is performed in a vacuum, the interior of the cup is in an evacuated state at the conclusion of this sealing operation.
  • the assembly should preferably be, leakchecked after the welding to make certain that it is hermetically sealed.
  • the resulting niobium encapsulated green compact is placed in an autoclave and is pressure bonded in a helium atmosphere at 10,000 pounds per square inch pressure and 2700 F.
  • This heating and isostatic pressing operation causes the niobium encapsulation to collapse and the green compact to sinter and form a dense cermet body.
  • the cermet body has a density which is about 99% of theoretical.
  • both rhenium and tungsten have extremely low chemical reactivity with uranium carbide. Between the two, rhenium is preferable because it has the lowest chemical reactivity; however, it is less desirable because of its higher nuclear cross section. It is because of this that rhenium with its extremely low reactivity is the preferred metal for the cermet, Whereas tungsten with its lower nuclear cross section is preferred for the barrier layer between the cermet and the cladding. The somewhat higher reactivity of the tungsten serves to no serious disadvantage where it is used as the barrier layer and the lower cross section outweighs what little disadvantage there is.
  • a method for making an electron emitter for a thermionic device comprising the steps of forming a uniform mixture of from to 80% by volume pulverant uranium carbide and from 20% to 90% by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, hermetically encapsulating said mixture in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, heating and pressing the encapsulated mixture to cause said mixture to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a partion of the niobium cladding to expose the cermet body.
  • a method for making an electron emitter for a thermionic device comprising the steps of forming a uniform mixture of from 10% to by volume pulverant uranium carbide and from 20% to by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, pressing said mixture to form a green compact, hermetically encapsulating said green comp-act in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, heating and pressing the encapsulated compact to cause said compact to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a portion of the niobium cladding to expose the cermet body.
  • a method for making an electron emitter for a therrnionic device comprising the steps of forming in a dry atmosphere a uniform mixture of from 10% to 80% by volume puverant uranium carbide and from 20% to 90% by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, a small but effective amount of an organic material also being included in said mixture to coat the pulverant uranium carbide and serve as a binder, pressing said mixture to form a green compact, hermetically encapsulating said green compact in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, said encapsulating step being performed in a vacuum so that the encapsulated compact is evacuated of gas at the conclusion of the step, heating and isostatically pressing the encapsulated compact to cause said cladding to collapse and said compact to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a portion of the niobium

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Solid Thermionic Cathode (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)

Description

March 29, 1966 R. F. HILL ETAL 3,243,292
METHOD OF MAKING A THERMIONIC DEVICE Original Filed May 14, 1962 INVEN TOR 5 1 1 042921 Z 7567/, BY 52022 Jpapmalg one/a .L? rffY/er United States Patent METHOD OF MAKING A THERMIONIC DEVICE Robert F. Hill, Warren, MiClL, and Stan .l. Paprocki and Donald L. Keller, Columbus, Ohio, assignors, by direct and mesne assignments, to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich, a corporation of Delaware Original application May 14, 1962, Ser. No. 194,448.
Divided and this application Nov. 5, 1964, Ser. No.
3 Claims. 01. 7s 203 This application is a division of our copending application S.N. 194,448, Robert P. Hill et -al., entitled Thermionic Device, which was filed May 14, 1962.
This invention relates to devices for converting heat energy to electrical energy and, more particularly to an improved electron emitter element for such devices.
In United States patent application Serial No. 802,958, now Patent No. 3,093,567, filed March 30, 1959 in the names of Francis E. Jablonski and Charles B. Leffert and assigned to the assignees of the present invention, there is described and claimed a thermionic converter which comprises a noble gas plasma diode, the electron emitter element of which includes a fissionable material so as to generate the noble gas plasma by fission fragment ionization. Further in accordance with that invention, the mass of the fissionable material in the diode or a combination of such diodes can be made sufficiently large to sustain chain reaction fission and thereby generate the heat for conversion to electrical energy.
The basic requirements for the emitter material for such a device are: It must have the ability to adequately supply electrons at the operating temperature, must be chemically and mechanically stable, must have electrical and thermal conductivity and must have a high surface density of exposed fissionable material.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved method for making such an electron emitter.
Uranium carbide, by itself, has two of the aforementioned essential qualities needed for the electron emitter, namely, ability to supply electrons and high density of fissionable material. However, by itself it has insufficient mechanical strength. Uranium carbide is, of course, a ceramic and, as is true of most all ceramics, it is particularly susceptible to thermal cracking. In accordance with the present invention, the additional required properties are provided by physically combining certain metals with the uranium carbide to form a cermet. We have found that the choice of metals is extremely limited for the reason that uranium carbide is quite reactive at high temperatures, and it is essential that the metal not undergo interaction with the uranium carbide either during processing or during operation. More specifically, we have found that the two metals which suffice are rhenium and tungsten. Briefly then, the electron emitter of this invention comprises a dense cermet body of uranium carbide and rhenium, tungsten, or rhenium-tungsten alloys, the former being preferred. Further in accordance with the invention, this cermet body is provided with a niobium cladding, a thin layer of the rhenium or tungsten, preferably the latter, being interposed between the cermet body and the cladding in order to prevent diffusion and reaction between the niobium and the uranium carbide during manufacture and operation of the emitter. The cermet body can contain from 10% to 80% by volume uranium carbide, the upper end of this range being preferred particularly where the emitter is for use in a nuclear reactor type thermionic converter wherein the heat is supplied by nuclear fission.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will appear more clearly from the following detailed description thereof made with reference to the Patented Mar. 29, 1966 drawing which shows a side view in section of an electron emitter constructed in accordance with the invention and incorporated in a noble gas plasma diode which is shown schematically.
Referring now to the drawing, the thermionic converter comprises a hermetically sealed envelope 2 filled with a noble gas and having two electrical leads 4 and 6 extending therethrough. The top lead 4 connects to an electron collector 8 which has some suitable cooling means associated therewith, such cooling means being illustrated by the plurality of heat radiating fins 10. The bottom electrical lead 6 is connected to the electron emitter 12 which is in the form of a flat disc with its upper surface in spaced relationship to the bottom flat surface of the collector. Hence, when the noble gas between the emitter and the collector is ionized and the emitter is heated, there is a flow of electrons from the emitter to the collector thereby generating an electrical current, all as described in the aforementioned patent application.
In accordance with the present invention the emitter 12 comprises a dense cermet body 14 of by volume uranium carbide and 20% by volume rhenium with a niobium cladding 16 covering its side and bottom surfaces, a layer of tungsten foil 18 being pressed between the body 14 and the cladding. Further details of the structure of the emitter will be apparent from the following description of the method for its manufacture:
To form the uranium carbide, pure uranium metal in the form of small discs or rods can be employed as a starting material. Prior to melting, the surface of the metal should be carefully cleaned by electropolishing or by a careful wash in dilute nitric acid. Spectroscopic carbon in rod form can be employed as the starting carbon material. The rod is first outgassed by heating to a temperature of about 2000 C. in high vacuum and is then ground to powder form in an inert atmosphere. Carefully controlled quantities of the uranium metal and carbon powder are placed in an arc furnace in a purified argon atmosphere where they are arc-melted together to form a uranium carbide button, A graphite-tipped electrode is used in order to minimize contamination. The composition of the uranium carbide produced will, of course, depend upon the Weights of uranium metal and carbon powder in the furnace charge. With 4.8 weight percent carbon, the uranium carbide formed will be predominantly uranium monocarbide; when slightly more than 4.8 weight percent carbon is used, a second phase with composition UC will appear at the grain boundaries within the UC matrix and there will sometimes also appear a third phase, U C The precise stoichiometric composition of the uranium carbide is not important to the present invention and hence the term uranium carbide as used herein is intended to comprehend both the mono and dicarbides as Well as the intermediates such as U2C3.
The uranium carbide is pulverized to fine grain size, on the order of minus 300 mesh, preferably in a dry box since the pulverized uranium carbide is pyrophoric. Next the pulverized uranium carbide is uniformly admixed with rhenium powder, also about minus 300 mesh grain size. in the proportions desired, preferably 80% uranium carhide and 20% rhenium. This mixing of the powders should also be performed in a dry box and for further protection against the pyrophoric nature of the uranium carbide it is desirable that about 1% by weight of a suitable organic material such as Carbowax (polyethylene glycol) be included in the mixture. In addition to coating the grains of uranium carbide and thereby protect against combustion, the Carbowax also serves as a binder for the mixture.
The powder mixture is then cold pressed in a steel die at about 60,000 pounds per square inch to thereby form a green compact having a density of approximately 70% theoretical.
The green compact so formed is inserted snugly into a niobium cup lined with a thin layer of tungsten foil and this assembly is then heated in a vacuum sufficiently to drive out the Carbowax. A niobium lid, preferably also lined with tungsten foil, is then placed over the niobium cup and is bonded to the cup by electron beam welding to effect an hermetic seal. Since the electron beam welding is performed in a vacuum, the interior of the cup is in an evacuated state at the conclusion of this sealing operation. The assembly should preferably be, leakchecked after the welding to make certain that it is hermetically sealed.
The resulting niobium encapsulated green compact is placed in an autoclave and is pressure bonded in a helium atmosphere at 10,000 pounds per square inch pressure and 2700 F. This heating and isostatic pressing operation causes the niobium encapsulation to collapse and the green compact to sinter and form a dense cermet body. At the conclusion of the operation the cermet body has a density which is about 99% of theoretical, After removing from the autoclave and then cooling, the top or lid portion of the niobium cladding is sliced away so as to form the structure as shown in the drawing.
As indicated above, both rhenium and tungsten have extremely low chemical reactivity with uranium carbide. Between the two, rhenium is preferable because it has the lowest chemical reactivity; however, it is less desirable because of its higher nuclear cross section. It is because of this that rhenium with its extremely low reactivity is the preferred metal for the cermet, Whereas tungsten with its lower nuclear cross section is preferred for the barrier layer between the cermet and the cladding. The somewhat higher reactivity of the tungsten serves to no serious disadvantage where it is used as the barrier layer and the lower cross section outweighs what little disadvantage there is.
It will be understood that while the particulars of the invention have been described specifically with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, various modifications may be made, all Within the full and intended scope of the claims which follow.
We claim:
1. A method for making an electron emitter for a thermionic device comprising the steps of forming a uniform mixture of from to 80% by volume pulverant uranium carbide and from 20% to 90% by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, hermetically encapsulating said mixture in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, heating and pressing the encapsulated mixture to cause said mixture to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a partion of the niobium cladding to expose the cermet body.
2. A method for making an electron emitter for a thermionic device comprising the steps of forming a uniform mixture of from 10% to by volume pulverant uranium carbide and from 20% to by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, pressing said mixture to form a green compact, hermetically encapsulating said green comp-act in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, heating and pressing the encapsulated compact to cause said compact to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a portion of the niobium cladding to expose the cermet body.
3. A method for making an electron emitter for a therrnionic device comprising the steps of forming in a dry atmosphere a uniform mixture of from 10% to 80% by volume puverant uranium carbide and from 20% to 90% by volume of a metal selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten and rhenium-tungsten alloys, a small but effective amount of an organic material also being included in said mixture to coat the pulverant uranium carbide and serve as a binder, pressing said mixture to form a green compact, hermetically encapsulating said green compact in a niobium cladding lined with a metal selected from the aforesaid group, said encapsulating step being performed in a vacuum so that the encapsulated compact is evacuated of gas at the conclusion of the step, heating and isostatically pressing the encapsulated compact to cause said cladding to collapse and said compact to sinter to a dense cermet body and then cutting away a portion of the niobium cladding to expose the cermet body.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,943,933 7/1960 Lenhart 75-214 3,091,581 5/1963 Barr et al. 75203 X 3,147,362 9/1964 Ramsey et al. 29--420.5 X 3,168,399 2/1965 Takohashi et al. 75226 X 3,184,840 5/1965 Byrne et al 75- v LEON D, ROSDOL, Primary Examiner.
CARL D. QUARFORTH, Examiner.
R. L. GRUDZIECKI, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD FOR MAKING AN ELECTRON EMITTER FOR A THERMIONIC DEVICE COMPRISING THE STEPS OF FORMING A UNIFORM MIXTURE OF FROM 10% TO 80% BY VOLUME PULVERANT URANIUM CARBIDE AND FROM 20% TO 90% BY VOLUME OF A METAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF RHENIUM, TUNGSTEN AND RHENIUM-TUNGSTEN ALLOYS, HERMETICALLY ENCAPSULATING SAID MIXTURE IN A NIOBIUM CLADDING LINED WITH A METAL SELECTED FROM THE AFORESAID GROUP, HEATING AND PRESSING THE ENCAPSULATED MIXTURE TO CAUSE SAID MIXTURE TO SINTER TO A DENSE CERMET BODY AND THEN CUTTING AWAY A PARTION OF THE NIOBIUM CLADDING TO EXPOSE THE CERMET BODY.
US423403A 1962-05-14 1964-11-05 Method of making a thermionic device Expired - Lifetime US3243292A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB18455/63A GB971531A (en) 1962-05-14 1963-05-09 Thermionic electron emitter elements and their manufacture
DEG37728A DE1240967B (en) 1962-05-14 1963-05-11 Electron emitting electrode for thermionic converters
FR934740A FR1356734A (en) 1962-05-14 1963-05-14 electron-emitting thermionic element and method of making it
US423403A US3243292A (en) 1962-05-14 1964-11-05 Method of making a thermionic device

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US194448A US3232717A (en) 1962-05-14 1962-05-14 Uranium monocarbide thermionic emitters
US423403A US3243292A (en) 1962-05-14 1964-11-05 Method of making a thermionic device

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3382154A (en) * 1964-07-03 1968-05-07 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Thermionic energy converter
EP0525646A1 (en) * 1991-07-25 1993-02-03 Nec Corporation Preparation of cathode structures for impregnated cathodes

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US2943933A (en) * 1959-05-21 1960-07-05 Beryllium Corp Method and apparatus for making isotropic propertied beryllium sheet
US3091581A (en) * 1958-03-03 1963-05-28 Martin Marietta Corp Fissionable fuel capsules and method of manufacturing same
US3147362A (en) * 1960-08-01 1964-09-01 Smith Corp A O Composite consumable electrode containing emissive compounds and method of manufacture
US3168399A (en) * 1960-05-11 1965-02-02 Mitsubishi Atomic Power Ind Method of producing circularly cylindrical members of material composed essentially of zirconium and/or niobium
US3184840A (en) * 1962-08-01 1965-05-25 Texas Instruments Inc Methods of making variegated stock

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3091581A (en) * 1958-03-03 1963-05-28 Martin Marietta Corp Fissionable fuel capsules and method of manufacturing same
US2943933A (en) * 1959-05-21 1960-07-05 Beryllium Corp Method and apparatus for making isotropic propertied beryllium sheet
US3168399A (en) * 1960-05-11 1965-02-02 Mitsubishi Atomic Power Ind Method of producing circularly cylindrical members of material composed essentially of zirconium and/or niobium
US3147362A (en) * 1960-08-01 1964-09-01 Smith Corp A O Composite consumable electrode containing emissive compounds and method of manufacture
US3184840A (en) * 1962-08-01 1965-05-25 Texas Instruments Inc Methods of making variegated stock

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3382154A (en) * 1964-07-03 1968-05-07 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Thermionic energy converter
EP0525646A1 (en) * 1991-07-25 1993-02-03 Nec Corporation Preparation of cathode structures for impregnated cathodes
US5294399A (en) * 1991-07-25 1994-03-15 Nec Corporation Preparation of cathode structures for impregnated cathodes

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