US3227921A - Circuit for fluorescent discharge lamp including saturable reactors - Google Patents

Circuit for fluorescent discharge lamp including saturable reactors Download PDF

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US3227921A
US3227921A US176247A US17624762A US3227921A US 3227921 A US3227921 A US 3227921A US 176247 A US176247 A US 176247A US 17624762 A US17624762 A US 17624762A US 3227921 A US3227921 A US 3227921A
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reactors
circuit
discharge lamp
saturable reactors
fluorescent discharge
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US176247A
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Sanderson Joseph Mackenzie
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Ferguson Radio Corp Ltd
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Ferguson Radio Corp Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H01F29/146—Constructional details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5383—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M7/53832—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull arrangement
    • H02M7/53835—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull arrangement of the parallel type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices
    • H05B41/2821—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a single-switch converter or a parallel push-pull converter in the final stage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
    • Y10S315/02—High frequency starting operation for fluorescent lamp
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
    • Y10S315/07—Starting and control circuits for gas discharge lamp using transistors

Definitions

  • ballast impedance in its operating circuit because of its negative resistance characteristic at the operating point.
  • a resistive ballast impedance is undesirable as wasted power is dissipated.
  • a reactive ballast impedance having a low impedance at normal load currents and a high impedance when the tube current becomes excessive is desirable.
  • ballast impedance device a pair of series connected saturable reactors (inductors) which are, in operation, both biased to saturation, negative and positive half cycles of the discharge current tending to drive the two reactors respectively out of saturation.
  • This ballast impedance device is suitable for use with a square wave supply, obtained for example from a pushpull transistor power converter supplying the discharge lamp with alternating current from a battery supply.
  • the two reactors are biased by means of series windings energised from the battery supply. Since a steady output from the lamp is usually required it is necessary to keep the current in these coils constant. It has been proposed to do this by connecting a pair of Zener diodes and a small resistor in series across the battery, giving a stabilised potential across the diodes for application to the biasing coils. An inductor has also been connected in series with the coils to keep induced A.C. out of the biasing circuit.
  • the permanent magnets can be ceramic magnets of barium ferrite, for instance that known under the trade name of Magnadur.
  • the core of each reactor can be an almost complete ring of magnetically soft material, a small gap in the ring being filled by a slab magnet, that is a magnet of length between the N and S pole faces small compared with its transverse dimensions.
  • the gap and magnet can be skewed in order to match the flux density produced by the magnet to the flux density required in the core.
  • Each reactor will have unsaturated inductance and it can be arranged that this is sufiicient for the reactors to fulfill the additional function of starting inductance, a simple starter switch which initially connects the two lamp heater filaments in series with the starting inductance across the supply being used.
  • the operating circuit need comprise no more than two permanent magnet-biased saturable reactors and a conventional starter switch.
  • It is a further object to provide a fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a ballast impedance device and a starter switch wherein the starting inductance is furnished solely by the ballast impedance device.
  • a battery-operated fluorescent lighting system comprises a push-pull transistor power converter 10 supplied by the battery 12, which may be nominally 24 volts for example.
  • the collectors of the two transistors 14 are connected in common to one battery terminal.
  • the other terminal is connected to a transformer primary centre tap 16, the ends of the primary 18 being connected to the emitters respectively.
  • Regenerative feedback to each transistor base is provided by a feedback transistor winding 20 in series with a small resistor 22 between the base and emitter of the transistor. These resistors swamp the base-collector resistances which may be unequal and, if not swamped, give rise to unequal switching times.
  • a starting resistance 24 is connected between the base and collector of one transistor.
  • This power converter is well known and produces a square wave output which may be of volts R.M.S. for example at the transformer secondary 26.
  • the frequency is conveniently around 1000 c.p.s. which gives a higher lamp efliciency than 50 or 60 c.p.s.
  • the actual switching time may be around 10 microseconds.
  • the two ends of the secondary winding 26 are connected to one end of two filaments 28 respectively of a 40 watt fluorescent lamp 30. One of these connections is direct. The other is made through a ballast impedance device 32.
  • the other ends of the heater filaments are connected to a starter switch 34. When cold, the switch connects these ends of the filaments together but opens a short time after switching on.
  • a starter switch 34 When cold, the switch connects these ends of the filaments together but opens a short time after switching on.
  • the ballast impedance device 32 also functions as the starting inductance, having sufficient inductance to give the voltage surge necessary on opening the starter switch 34 to strike the discharge.
  • the device comprises two saturable reactors 36. Each has a core 40 of magnetically soft material, one limb of the otherwise closed core being interrupted by a skewed gap 42. A barium ferrite permanent slab magnet 44 fills the gap and drives the core 40 into saturation. A winding 46 is provided on one limb of the core.
  • the two windings 46 are connected in series in such a manner that positive and negative half-cycles of the discharge current flowing through the ballast impedance device tend to drive the two reactors 36 respectively out of saturation.
  • the barium ferrite material can be Magnadur No. 2 or Magnadur No. 3 for example with a remanent flux of 3 to 3.6K gauss per sq. cm. This flux falls almost linearly with an increasing demagnetising field until Zero flux is 3 reached at a demagnetising field of 1,400 to 1,900 Oersteds.
  • the magnetically soft core material can be HCR metal, radiometal or a magnesium/manganese/zinc ferrite.
  • HCR metal is a grain-oriented nickel-iron alloy of nearly rectangular hysteresis loop, as shown in the book, Transductors and Magnetic Amplifiers, by A. G. Milne, published in 1957 by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London, England.
  • the saturation flux of the ferrite can be in the range 2 to 3K gauss per sq. cm.
  • a fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a source of alternating current, two saturable reactors, a lamp with two filaments, means connecting said reactors in series circuit with said source between first ends of said two filaments respectively and permanent magnet means biasing said reactors into saturation in opposite senses with respect to said series circuit.
  • a fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a source of alternating current, two saturable reactors, each reactor comprising a gapped ferromagnetic core and a permanent magnet filling the gap and biasing the core to saturation and a winding on said core, a lamp having a filament at each end and a starter switch, means connecting said source, reactor windings, filaments and starter switch electrically in series so that positive and negative half cycles of alternating current tend to drive the two reactors respectively out of saturation and wherein the saturable reactors have suificient residual inductance to provide the sole series starting inductance required by said lamp.

Description

1966 J. M. SANDERSON 3, 7,
CIRCUIT FOR FLUORESCENT DISCHARGE LAMP INCLUDING SATURABLE REACTORS Filed Feb. 28, 1962 JOSEPH MACKENZIE SANDERSON INVENTOR ATTORNEY United States Patent O 3,227,921 CIRCUIT FOR FLUUREStZENT DISCHARGE LAMP INCLUDENG SATURABLE REAQTQRS Joseph Mackenzie Sanderson, London, England, assignor to Ferguson Radio Corporation Limited, London, England, a British company Filed Feb. 28, 1962, Ser. No. 176,247 Claims priority, application Great Britain, Mar. 7, 1961, 8,317/ 61 2 Ciaims. (Cl. 31599) This invention relates to fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuits and is concerned with ballast impedance devices for use in such circuits.
As is well known a fluorescent discharge lamp requires ballast impedance in its operating circuit because of its negative resistance characteristic at the operating point. A resistive ballast impedance is undesirable as wasted power is dissipated. A reactive ballast impedance having a low impedance at normal load currents and a high impedance when the tube current becomes excessive is desirable.
It has already been proposed to use as a ballast impedance device a pair of series connected saturable reactors (inductors) which are, in operation, both biased to saturation, negative and positive half cycles of the discharge current tending to drive the two reactors respectively out of saturation.
So long as the saturating bias is not completely overcome the overall impedance presented by the device is low. An increase of discharge current beyond the point where the net ampere turns applied to one reactor fall to zero results in a back proportional to the effective unsaturated inductance. The device then presents a high impedance and further increase of discharge current is inhibited.
This ballast impedance device is suitable for use with a square wave supply, obtained for example from a pushpull transistor power converter supplying the discharge lamp with alternating current from a battery supply.
In the earlier proposals the two reactors are biased by means of series windings energised from the battery supply. Since a steady output from the lamp is usually required it is necessary to keep the current in these coils constant. It has been proposed to do this by connecting a pair of Zener diodes and a small resistor in series across the battery, giving a stabilised potential across the diodes for application to the biasing coils. An inductor has also been connected in series with the coils to keep induced A.C. out of the biasing circuit.
Whilst effective, this arrangement has two major disadvantages. The cost is high, particularly on account of the Zener diodes, and the power consumed by the biasing circuit is not negligible. The object of using saturable reactors to avoid undesirable power loss is thus partially defeated.
It is now proposed to overcome these disadvantages by biasing the two saturable reactors into saturation by means of permanent magnets in series in the magnetic circuits forming the cores of the saturable reactors.
The permanent magnets can be ceramic magnets of barium ferrite, for instance that known under the trade name of Magnadur. The core of each reactor can be an almost complete ring of magnetically soft material, a small gap in the ring being filled by a slab magnet, that is a magnet of length between the N and S pole faces small compared with its transverse dimensions. The gap and magnet can be skewed in order to match the flux density produced by the magnet to the flux density required in the core.
Each reactor will have unsaturated inductance and it can be arranged that this is sufiicient for the reactors to fulfill the additional function of starting inductance, a simple starter switch which initially connects the two lamp heater filaments in series with the starting inductance across the supply being used.
Thus the operating circuit need comprise no more than two permanent magnet-biased saturable reactors and a conventional starter switch.
It is one object of the present invention therefore to provide a ballast impedance device for a fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a pair of seriesv connected saturable reactors biased by means of permanent magnets included in series in their core magnetic circuits into saturation.
It is a further object to provide a fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a ballast impedance device and a starter switch wherein the starting inductance is furnished solely by the ballast impedance device.
The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole figure shows one embodiment somewhat schematically.
A battery-operated fluorescent lighting system comprises a push-pull transistor power converter 10 supplied by the battery 12, which may be nominally 24 volts for example. The collectors of the two transistors 14 are connected in common to one battery terminal. The other terminal is connected to a transformer primary centre tap 16, the ends of the primary 18 being connected to the emitters respectively. Regenerative feedback to each transistor base is provided by a feedback transistor winding 20 in series with a small resistor 22 between the base and emitter of the transistor. These resistors swamp the base-collector resistances which may be unequal and, if not swamped, give rise to unequal switching times. A starting resistance 24 is connected between the base and collector of one transistor.
This power converter is well known and produces a square wave output which may be of volts R.M.S. for example at the transformer secondary 26.
The frequency is conveniently around 1000 c.p.s. which gives a higher lamp efliciency than 50 or 60 c.p.s. The actual switching time may be around 10 microseconds.
The two ends of the secondary winding 26 are connected to one end of two filaments 28 respectively of a 40 watt fluorescent lamp 30. One of these connections is direct. The other is made through a ballast impedance device 32.
The other ends of the heater filaments are connected to a starter switch 34. When cold, the switch connects these ends of the filaments together but opens a short time after switching on. Such a switch is very well known and details of construction are not therefore given herein.
The ballast impedance device 32 also functions as the starting inductance, having sufficient inductance to give the voltage surge necessary on opening the starter switch 34 to strike the discharge.
The device comprises two saturable reactors 36. Each has a core 40 of magnetically soft material, one limb of the otherwise closed core being interrupted by a skewed gap 42. A barium ferrite permanent slab magnet 44 fills the gap and drives the core 40 into saturation. A winding 46 is provided on one limb of the core.
The two windings 46 are connected in series in such a manner that positive and negative half-cycles of the discharge current flowing through the ballast impedance device tend to drive the two reactors 36 respectively out of saturation.
The barium ferrite material can be Magnadur No. 2 or Magnadur No. 3 for example with a remanent flux of 3 to 3.6K gauss per sq. cm. This flux falls almost linearly with an increasing demagnetising field until Zero flux is 3 reached at a demagnetising field of 1,400 to 1,900 Oersteds.
The magnetically soft core material can be HCR metal, radiometal or a magnesium/manganese/zinc ferrite. HCR metal is a grain-oriented nickel-iron alloy of nearly rectangular hysteresis loop, as shown in the book, Transductors and Magnetic Amplifiers, by A. G. Milne, published in 1957 by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London, England. The saturation flux of the ferrite can be in the range 2 to 3K gauss per sq. cm.
I claim:
1. A fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a source of alternating current, two saturable reactors, a lamp with two filaments, means connecting said reactors in series circuit with said source between first ends of said two filaments respectively and permanent magnet means biasing said reactors into saturation in opposite senses with respect to said series circuit.
2. A fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuit comprising a source of alternating current, two saturable reactors, each reactor comprising a gapped ferromagnetic core and a permanent magnet filling the gap and biasing the core to saturation and a winding on said core, a lamp having a filament at each end and a starter switch, means connecting said source, reactor windings, filaments and starter switch electrically in series so that positive and negative half cycles of alternating current tend to drive the two reactors respectively out of saturation and wherein the saturable reactors have suificient residual inductance to provide the sole series starting inductance required by said lamp.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,381,763 8/1945 McGreary 336-110 2,382,012 8/1945 Keiser 315- 2,488,393 11/1949 Geiselman 336- X 2,503,155 4/1950 Harvey et a1. 336-110 2,665,406 1/ 1954 Carmichael 315-100 2,844,786 7/1958 Van Urk et al. 323-92 2,866,943 12/1958 Ringelman 323-92 X 2,869,087 1/1959 Sontheimer 336- X 2,961,579 11/1960 Roney et a1. 315-100 DAVID J. GALVIN, Primary Examiner.
JAMES D. KALLAM, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A FLUORESCENT DISCHARGE LAMP OPERATING CIRCUIT COMPRISING A SOURCE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT, TWO SATURABLE REACTORS, A LAMP WITH TWO FILAMENTS, MEANS CONNECTING SAID REACTORS IN SERIES CIRCUIT WITH SAID SOURCE BETWEEN FIRST ENDS OF SAID TWO FILAMENTS RESPECTIVELY AND PERMANENT MAGNET MEANS BIASING SAID REACTORS INTO SATURATION IN OPPOSITE SENSES WITH RESPECT TO SAID SERIES CIRCUIT.
US176247A 1961-03-07 1962-02-28 Circuit for fluorescent discharge lamp including saturable reactors Expired - Lifetime US3227921A (en)

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GB8317/61A GB925033A (en) 1961-03-07 1961-03-07 Improvements relating to fluorescent discharge lamp operating circuits

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3361933A (en) * 1963-05-14 1968-01-02 Philips Corp Prevention of overvoltages in inverters with controlled semiconductor rectifiers
US3371244A (en) * 1965-02-08 1968-02-27 Ultra Violet Products Inc Ultraviolet lamp transformer

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2381763A (en) * 1940-12-31 1945-08-07 Automatic Elect Lab Inductive device
US2382012A (en) * 1941-12-04 1945-08-14 Boucher And Keiser Company Fluorescent lamp circuits
US2488393A (en) * 1946-10-12 1949-11-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Reactor
US2503155A (en) * 1948-05-18 1950-04-04 Rca Corp Variable inductance device
US2665406A (en) * 1946-04-01 1954-01-05 Carmichael Thomas Frazer High power factor current limiter
US2844786A (en) * 1951-04-23 1958-07-22 Philips Corp Magnetic system
US2866943A (en) * 1956-01-12 1958-12-30 John F Ringelman Circuit for providing improved core characteristics for saturable reactor devices
US2869087A (en) * 1954-04-23 1959-01-13 Cgs Lab Inc Magnetic apparatus
US2961579A (en) * 1958-06-16 1960-11-22 Day Ray Products Inc Dimming circuits for fluorescent lamps

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2381763A (en) * 1940-12-31 1945-08-07 Automatic Elect Lab Inductive device
US2382012A (en) * 1941-12-04 1945-08-14 Boucher And Keiser Company Fluorescent lamp circuits
US2665406A (en) * 1946-04-01 1954-01-05 Carmichael Thomas Frazer High power factor current limiter
US2488393A (en) * 1946-10-12 1949-11-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp Reactor
US2503155A (en) * 1948-05-18 1950-04-04 Rca Corp Variable inductance device
US2844786A (en) * 1951-04-23 1958-07-22 Philips Corp Magnetic system
US2869087A (en) * 1954-04-23 1959-01-13 Cgs Lab Inc Magnetic apparatus
US2866943A (en) * 1956-01-12 1958-12-30 John F Ringelman Circuit for providing improved core characteristics for saturable reactor devices
US2961579A (en) * 1958-06-16 1960-11-22 Day Ray Products Inc Dimming circuits for fluorescent lamps

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3361933A (en) * 1963-05-14 1968-01-02 Philips Corp Prevention of overvoltages in inverters with controlled semiconductor rectifiers
US3371244A (en) * 1965-02-08 1968-02-27 Ultra Violet Products Inc Ultraviolet lamp transformer

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BE614659A (en) 1962-07-02
GB925033A (en) 1963-05-01

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