US3223526A - Printing processes including size reduction of graphic intelligence - Google Patents

Printing processes including size reduction of graphic intelligence Download PDF

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Publication number
US3223526A
US3223526A US816640A US81664059A US3223526A US 3223526 A US3223526 A US 3223526A US 816640 A US816640 A US 816640A US 81664059 A US81664059 A US 81664059A US 3223526 A US3223526 A US 3223526A
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United States
Prior art keywords
copy
film
sheet
original
heat
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Expired - Lifetime
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US816640A
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English (en)
Inventor
Emil W Grieshaber
Donald J Newman
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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Publication date
Priority to NL252088D priority Critical patent/NL252088A/xx
Priority to NL252087D priority patent/NL252087A/xx
Priority to US816640A priority patent/US3223526A/en
Application filed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co filed Critical Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Priority to DEM45435A priority patent/DE1220447B/de
Priority to DE19601622769 priority patent/DE1622769A1/de
Priority to FR828489A priority patent/FR1258093A/fr
Priority to GB19062/60A priority patent/GB958498A/en
Priority to GB19129/60A priority patent/GB958781A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3223526A publication Critical patent/US3223526A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
    • B41M5/0005—Enlarging or reduction of graphic information on a support by stretching or contracting the support, optionally in combination with the recording

Definitions

  • FIG. 30 FIG. I3b
  • the present invention involves the totally different concept of reducing the size of graphic intelligence borne by a carrier member or sheet by physically reducing the dimensions of said sheet.
  • the practice of the invention also involves the application of this concept in the production of reduced size copies of graphic originals.
  • the miniaturized products of the practice of the present invention may, for example, take the form of readily tiled negative or positive transparencies characterized by their high intensity and clarity of resolution, and which are particularly Well adapted for use as slides for photographic projection.
  • the invention contemplates uniaxial size reduction alongr either of two normal axes, as well as simultaneous biaxial size reduction, the degree of size reduction along any given axis being preselectable. While in the illusrtated form of the invention size reduction is accomplished by shrinkage brought about by the application of heat, the invention, in its broader aspects, contemplates any suitable means for eiecting shrinkage of a carrier member bearing graphic intelligence.
  • FIGURES 1 to 4 are fragmentary cross-sectional views on an enlarged scale illustrating one method of producing a reduced size copy of a graphic original by the practice of the invention
  • FIGURES 5 to 8 are views similar to FIGURES l to 3 illustrating another method of practicing the invention to produce a reduced size copy of a graphic original and involving actual transfer of pigment from the graphic character of the original to the copy sheet;
  • FIGURES 9 to 13 are cross-sectional views similar to FIGURES 1 to 8 illustrating a method of producing a reduced size positive and a reduced size negative copy of a graphic original by the practice of the present invention.
  • FIGURES 14 to 18 are cross-sectional views illustrating another method of producing reduced size positive and/ or negative copies of a graphic original.
  • Certain polymeric lms have inherent therein the characteristic that uniaxial or biaxial stretching thereof, preferably at temperatures somewhat above the second order transition temperature thereof, eiiects orientation of the film structure such that the stretched or oriented film is dimensionally stable at normal room temperatures.
  • the present invention contemplates the reduction in size of graphic intelligence simultaneously with and as a result of shrinkage of an oriented polymeric film bearing such intelligence.
  • the graphic intelligence to be reduced may be imparted to the carrier iilm in any suitable manner, but it must be of a character which does not separate from the carrier iilm during shrinkage.
  • the ensuing description sets forth several means by which graphic intelligence is imparted to a shrinkable ilrn incident to the copying of such intelligence from a graphic original. Resort may be had, however, to other suitable means, such as embossing, engraving, etching, coating and the like to impart the graphic intelligence to the film.
  • the shrinkable carrier lm or member used in the practice of the present invention is preferably composed of a high molecular weight, thermoplastic, iilm forming, orientable synthetic linear polymeric material. Included among the synthetic polymers aforementioned are nonheat set polyesters, non-heat set polyamides, polyoletins and substituted polyolefins Some specic examples of suitable polyesters are Mylar polyethylene terephthalate, and the reaction product of ethylene glycol and terephthalic and isophthalic acid in a ratio of 9 parts of terephthalic acid to 1 part of isophthalic acid.
  • Suitable polyoleiins are polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, and copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride.
  • Suitable substituted polyolens are Kel-F polychlorotriuoroethylene, Saran polyvinylidene chloride, Teflon polyperuoroethylene, and Lucite or Plexiglas polymethacrylate.
  • Suitable polyamides known commercially as nylons are polyethylene caprolactam, metaxylylene adipamide, and hexamethylenediammonium sebacate.
  • an orientable polymeric ilm can be uniaxially or biaxially oriented to various degrees within the limits of the material thereof, and upon subsequent heat treatment, shrinkage will occur along the axis or axes of orientation as the case may be, so long as the oriented tilm is not heat set.
  • the graphic intelligence to be reduced in size may be imparted to the shrinkable iilm in any suitable manner. It has been found that polymeric films of the character under consideration are particularly well adapted for the making of full size copies of graphic originals, and for the subsequent shrinking of said copies to reduced size.
  • FIGURES l to 4 of the drawing illustrate one such method in the practice of the present invention.
  • the numeral 15 indicates fragmentarily and in enlarged section a graphic original comprising a carrier sheet 16 bearing graphic intelligence 17 which may take the form of a printed or other graphic character hav- Patented Dec. ⁇ l14, l9 5 ing differential absorptivity or reflectivity such that upon exposure to radiant energy a heat image is formed thereby.
  • graphic intelligence 17 which may take the form of a printed or other graphic character hav- Patented Dec. ⁇ l14, l9 5 ing differential absorptivity or reflectivity such that upon exposure to radiant energy a heat image is formed thereby.
  • a normally dimensionally stable heat sensitive, shrinkable copy sheet 18 which, in one method of practicing the invention, takes the form of a biaxially oriented, preferably transparent polymeric film which is transmissive of radiant energy and has not been heat set.
  • the numeral 19 indicates a schematically illustrated source of radiant energy which may take a number of forms, including incandescent 4filament lamps, electric arcs, gas Iflash lamps
  • the copy sheet 18 is then subjected to heat treatment at a temperature substantially above the second order transition temperature of the polymeric material of the sheet and below the melting point thereof.
  • This heat treatment may, and preferably does, involve the submersion of the copy sheet in a bath of heated liquid which does not react with said sheet, and which has approximately the same density as the material of said sheet, for example silicone oil.
  • Exposure of the film 18 to the elevated temperature of the liquid bath causes relaxation of the polymeric material of said film and both longitudinal and transverse shrinkage thereof such that said film tends to recover the dimensions it possessed prior to orientation.
  • the etched graphic intelligence 20 is correspondingly reduced in size. Bath temperatures of from 115 to 135 C.
  • the web may -be drawn from a roll through the heated bath in a manner similar to the technique used in the development of photographic film wherein the undeveloped film is drawn through a bath of developer and is guided along a prescribed path by suitable guide rolls.
  • FIGURE 3 schematically illustrates the effect of heat shrinking of the etched film 18 shown in FIGURE 2 when said film is made of certain polymeric materials, for example, polystyrene.
  • the etched area 20 becomes a recessed area in the surface of the shrunken film and a somewhat similar depressed area 26 appears on the side of the film opposite area 20.
  • the film 18 is formed of certain other polymeric materials, for example, vinyls or nylons the etched area 20, ⁇ on shrinkage of the film, becomes a projection on the surface of said film and a recessed area 26 appears on the surface of the film opposite the area 20 as shown in FIGURE 4.
  • the end product is a reduced size transparency of the original 15 which is well adapted for use, for example, as a slide for photographic projection or as a printing plate.
  • the temperature must, of course, not be so high as to cause melting of the film.
  • the rate at which the shrinking proceeds increases as the temperature of the bath is increased.
  • the reason that it is preferable to have the liquid of the bath of approximately the same density as the film to be immersed therein is so tha-t the film, rather than resisting immersion, will readily immerse in the liquid to provide amximum surface contact and heat transfer. Having the liquid of the bath and the film of the same density provides the further and below the melting point of said material.
  • the temperature at which the heat treatment is carried out must be such as to raise the temperature of the temperature of the film 18 substantially above the second order transition temperature of the polymeric material thereof
  • the particular temperatures used vary with the characteristics of the particular polymeric material of the film 18 and can be readily determined by anyone skilled in the art.
  • an oil bath temperature of from to 135 C. has been found to be satisfactory for the shrinkage of 1 to 11/2 mil polystyrene and polyvinylchloride films in the practice of the present invention.
  • satisfactory shrinking of such films has been carried out by other means, for example by exposure to brief, intense irradiation in a thermographic copying machine.
  • Shrinkage has also been carried out satisfactorily in an air circulating oven in which the temperature was C., the shrinkage of a film being substantially completed after a five minute exposure. When lower oven temperature were used more time was required to complete the shrinkage operation. Film shrinkage has also been carried out satisfactorily under a heat lamp and on a hot plate. During shrinkage in other than the liquid bath, the shrinking film may be restrained from folding upon itself by disposition thereof between a pair of fiat slip members formed of material, for example Teflon unoriented polyperiiuoroethylene which is dimensionally stable under the temperature encountered.
  • FIGURES 5 to 8 there is illustrated the practice of the invention involving a graphic original 15 bearing on one side of a carrier sheet 16 graphic intelligence 17 comprising a pigment and desirably a volatilizable binder.
  • graphic intelligence 17 comprising a pigment and desirably a volatilizable binder.
  • a copy sheet or film 18 similar to the copy sheet 18 of FIGURE 1 is placed in surface contact with the surface of the original 15 bearing the graphic character 17' and is subjected to brief, intense irradiation from a lamp 19 as in FIGURE 1.
  • Differential absorption of the radiant energy results in the formation of a heat image at the character 17"which, in turn, is believed to cause softening of the surface of the film 18' in contact with the graphic character 17 and transfer of portions of the pigment to the softened surface area along with etching of said area.
  • the heat generated causes a boiling of said binder which accelerates the pigment transfer aforementioned, portions of the volatilizable binder condensing on the film 18', and pigment portions being carried over therewith and deposited on said film.
  • FIGURE 6 schematically illustrates the film 18' having a surface area 20' which is an exact duplicate of the graphic character 17 of the original 15.
  • the etched area 20 has disposed thereon :and/or infused thereinto a certain amount of pigment from the graphic character 17' of original 15'.
  • the size reduction of the area 20 effected byl shrinkage of the film 18' produces an intensely pigmented recessed or projected surface portion 21 as shown in FIG- URE 7 or 8 depending upon the material of the film 18', as noted in the discussion in connection with FIGURES 3 and 4.
  • the resultant product is a readily readable reduced size transparency having extremely fine detail and which is -well adapted for use asa sl-ide in photographic projection equipment or as a printing plate.
  • FIGURES 9 to 13b schematically illustrate the making of reduced size negative as well as positive copies of a graphic original in accordance with another method of practicing the invention.
  • the reference character 15a designates a graphic original, which may be similar to the original 15 of FIGURE 1, comprising a carrier sheet 16a and graphic intelligence 17a borne by said carrier sheet.
  • the reference character 18a indicates a sheet of film similar to the film 18 of FIGURE 1, said film being coated with a radiant-energy-transmissive layer 22 of a character which becomes visibly darkened upon exposure to heat.
  • a satisfactory heat sensitive formulation for use as the layer 22 is as follows,
  • the ferrie stearate is ground, with a portion of the ethyl cellulose and acetone, Iin a blall mill until a smooth dispersion is obtained.
  • a 200 gram charge is ground for 72 hours in a one pint capacity mill two-thirds filled with glass balls.
  • the fern'c stearate is thereby reduced to a minimum particle size, no further reduction observable on microscopie examination being obtained on further finding.
  • the spiroindane employed is a polyhydroxy phenol and is a polymeric reaction product of acetone and pyrogallol formed by reaction at approximately room temperature in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride catalyst, having a moderately high molecular Weight of about 900-1600, melting within approximately the range 220-230" C., and completely soluble in acetone. It is combined with the triphenyl phosphate and the remaining ethyl cellulose and acetone to form a homogeneous solution which is then mixed with the ferric stearate dispersion.
  • the film 18a is placed with the heat sensitive layer 22 thereof in surface contact with the side of the original a bearing the graphic intelligence 17a.
  • the composite of the ioriginal 15a and the film 18a are then subjected to brief intense irradiation from a source 19a, with the result that the absorption of radiant energy Iby the dark colored graphic character 17a causes generation of heat therein and darkening of the portion of the heat sensitive layer 22 ⁇ in contact therewith.
  • the resulting darkened portion of the heat sensitive layer 22 l is shown at 23 in FIGURE 10, and this darkened area is a duplicate of the graphic character 17a.
  • the original 15a is then removed from the coated film 18a, and a film 24, which may be the same as the film 18 of FIGURE 1, is placed in surface contact with the coated surface yof the film 18u as shown in FIGURE 10.
  • the composite of films 18a and 24 is then subjected to brief intense irradiation from the source 19a, causing absorption of radiant energy by the darkened coating portion 2 3 and generation of heat therein sufficient to cause said darkened coating portion to become detached from the film 18a and attached to the film 24.
  • FIGURE l1 shows the portion 23 attached to the film 24 upon removal of said film from .the film 13a.
  • the film 24 and darkened coating portion 23 are a full size positive copy of the original 15a, and said copy may be a transparency or a darkon-light background copy depending on whether the film 24 is transparent or opaque.
  • FIGURES 13a and 13b are well adapted, like the negative copy of FIGURE l2, for use as a slide in photographic projection.
  • the shrunken film 24 is opaque and light in color
  • the resulting product shown in FIGURES 13a and 13b is a readily readable reduced size dark-on-light background copy of the original 15a exhibiting ⁇ extremely fine detail.
  • the copending application #of Douglas L. Johnson, Serial No. 800,446, filed March 19, 1959, now abandoned, and assigned to the assignee fof the present invention discloses and claims an oriented opaque polymeric film which is well adapted for use as the film 24 yof FIGURES 10 to 13 in the practice of the present invention.
  • the film referred to is opaque by virtue 'of having a multiplicity of void cells therein, said film being transparentizable upon shrinkage thereof causing elimination of the voids therein.
  • films usable for this purpose are transparent shrinkable polymeric films which are coated on one side (the underside as the film 24 as viewed in FIGURE 1l) with an opaque layer which is either removable or transparentizable upon shrinkage of the shrinkable base film or upon exposure to heat.
  • An example of an opaque coating removable, as by flaking off, upon shrinkage of the base film is a soap dispersion preferably coated wet at two mils onto the base film and allowed to dry.
  • One such dispersion has the following formula in parts by weight:
  • an opaque coating transparentizable upon exposure to heat is a blush coat of micro-crystalline wax which melts to a transparent layer upon exposure to heat.
  • a wax coating which is preferably coated onto the base film wet at two mils and allowed to dry, may have the following formula in parts by weight:
  • a reduced size negative copy similar to that shown in FIGURES 12a and 12b may also be made in accordance with the principles of the present invention by utilizing in place of the film 24 in FIG- URE 10 a film having disposed in a layer thereon or dispersed therein a light sensitive and heat developable composition.
  • a light sensitive and heat developable composition is a commercially available diazo compound which releases nitrogen upon exposure to light, and if promptly subjected to heat development, the released nitrogen is expandable to form bubbles which afford opa-city in the light struck areas. If, on the other hand, the light struck composition is allowed to age in the dark the released nitrogen diffuses out, and subsequent heat treatment produces no substantial effect.
  • FIGURES 14 to 17 schematically illustrate the formation of a reduced size negative utilizing a light sensitive, heat developable film.
  • the reference character 15b designates a graphic original which may be similar to the original 15 of FIGURE 1, comprising a carrier sheet 16h and graphic intelligence 17b borne 7 thereby.
  • the reference character 18h indicates a sheet of film which may be similar to the film 18a of FIG- URE 9, said film being coated with a radiant energy transmissive layer 22b similar to the layer 22 of FIG- URE 9.
  • Film 181 is placed with the heat sensitive layer 22b thereof in surface contact with the side of the original b bearing the graphic intelligence 17b, and the cornposite is subjected to brief intense irradiation from a sour-ce v19b, which may be similar to source 19 of FIG- URE 1, to cause darkening of the portion of the heat sensitive layer 22b in contact with the graphic intelligence 17b.
  • This darkened area is shown at 23b in FIGURE 15 and is a duplicate of the graphic character 17b.
  • the original 15b is then removed fro-rn the coated filmt 18b, and a film 29 comprising a heat shrinkable polymeric sheet 27 having a light sensitive heat developable coating 28 is placed with the coating 28 in contact with the coating 22b of the film 1811 as shown in FIGURE 15..
  • the composite of films 18b and 29 is then subjected to light, for example from an ultraviolet lamp 30.
  • the darkened portion 23b of layer 22 effectively masks from the light rays of source 30 the portion of the layer 28 in con-tact therewith.
  • the lfilm 29 is then removed from the film ⁇ 18b, the light struck portions 28a and 28b ('FIG- URE 16) of layer 22b comprising a latent image.
  • the film 29 is then subjected to a heat shrink operation as aforedescribed, the heat being effective not only to shrink the carrier sheet 27, but also being effective to develop the light struck areas 28a and 28b of the layer 22b as shown in FIGURE 17.
  • the heat development of the light struck areas, together with the heat shrinkage of the carrier sheet 27 affords the areas 28a and 28b dense opacity and sharp definition of the boundaries between said areas and the undeveloped area 28C affording a reduced size negative copy of extremely fine detail.
  • the film 29 shown in FIGURE 16 bearing the latent image 28e is allowed to age in lthe dark, for example for 24 hours at 40 C., to permit diffusion away of the nitrogen released in the light struck areas 28a and 28C.
  • the film 29 is then subjected to exposure to ultraviolet rays, for example from the lamp 30, to activate the material in the latent image area 28C.
  • the film 29 is then promptly subjected to a heat shrink operation as aforedescri'bed, the heat being effective not only to shrink the carrier sheet 27, ⁇ but also being effective to develop the light struck area 28C to pro-duce the reduced size positive transparency shown in FIGURE 18.

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  • Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
US816640A 1959-05-28 1959-05-28 Printing processes including size reduction of graphic intelligence Expired - Lifetime US3223526A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL252088D NL252088A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png) 1959-05-28
NL252087D NL252087A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png) 1959-05-28
US816640A US3223526A (en) 1959-05-28 1959-05-28 Printing processes including size reduction of graphic intelligence
DE19601622769 DE1622769A1 (de) 1959-05-28 1960-05-27 Verfahren zum Verkleinern eines Bildtraegers
DEM45435A DE1220447B (de) 1959-05-28 1960-05-27 Thermoplastisches Aufzeichnungsverfahren
FR828489A FR1258093A (fr) 1959-05-28 1960-05-28 Procédé de reproduction d'originaux graphiques
GB19062/60A GB958498A (en) 1959-05-28 1960-05-30 Improved methods of graphic reproduction
GB19129/60A GB958781A (en) 1959-05-28 1960-05-30 Improved methods of graphic reproduction

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US816640A US3223526A (en) 1959-05-28 1959-05-28 Printing processes including size reduction of graphic intelligence
US1626760A 1960-03-21 1960-03-21

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DE (2) DE1220447B (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png)
GB (2) GB958498A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png)
NL (2) NL252087A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png)

Cited By (6)

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US3515547A (en) * 1965-09-15 1970-06-02 Eastman Kodak Co Tri layer photographic film with a vesicular layer and process
US3619589A (en) * 1967-06-01 1971-11-09 Gte Sylvania Inc Photographic flashlamp unit
US3675013A (en) * 1970-11-06 1972-07-04 Ricoh Kk Image-carrying film for use as an original for projection and its manufacturing method
US3676663A (en) * 1969-01-21 1972-07-11 Sylvania Electric Prod Indicating flashlamp
US3833441A (en) * 1962-10-24 1974-09-03 Du Pont Thermographic processes
US3979211A (en) * 1974-02-11 1976-09-07 Xidex Corporation Vesicular image transfer process

Families Citing this family (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IL39731A (en) * 1971-07-15 1975-07-28 Energy Conversion Devices Inc Method for producing images

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3833441A (en) * 1962-10-24 1974-09-03 Du Pont Thermographic processes
US3515547A (en) * 1965-09-15 1970-06-02 Eastman Kodak Co Tri layer photographic film with a vesicular layer and process
US3619589A (en) * 1967-06-01 1971-11-09 Gte Sylvania Inc Photographic flashlamp unit
US3676663A (en) * 1969-01-21 1972-07-11 Sylvania Electric Prod Indicating flashlamp
US3675013A (en) * 1970-11-06 1972-07-04 Ricoh Kk Image-carrying film for use as an original for projection and its manufacturing method
US3979211A (en) * 1974-02-11 1976-09-07 Xidex Corporation Vesicular image transfer process

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GB958498A (en) 1964-05-21
NL252088A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png)
DE1220447B (de) 1966-07-07
NL252087A (US06168655-20010102-C00055.png)
DE1622769A1 (de) 1971-09-16
GB958781A (en) 1964-05-27

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