US3213290A - Device for the successive amplification of a number of low voltages - Google Patents

Device for the successive amplification of a number of low voltages Download PDF

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Publication number
US3213290A
US3213290A US845140A US84514059A US3213290A US 3213290 A US3213290 A US 3213290A US 845140 A US845140 A US 845140A US 84514059 A US84514059 A US 84514059A US 3213290 A US3213290 A US 3213290A
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United States
Prior art keywords
amplifier
common
transistor
transistors
voltage
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Expired - Lifetime
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US845140A
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English (en)
Inventor
Klein Gerrit
Johannes Jacobus Zaalber Zelst
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
    • H03K17/60—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being bipolar transistors
    • H03K17/62—Switching arrangements with several input- output-terminals, e.g. multiplexers, distributors
    • H03K17/6257—Switching arrangements with several input- output-terminals, e.g. multiplexers, distributors with several inputs only combined with selecting means
    • H03K17/6264—Switching arrangements with several input- output-terminals, e.g. multiplexers, distributors with several inputs only combined with selecting means using current steering means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
    • G01T7/02—Collecting means for receiving or storing samples to be investigated and possibly directly transporting the samples to the measuring arrangement; particularly for investigating radioactive fluids
    • G01T7/04—Collecting means for receiving or storing samples to be investigated and possibly directly transporting the samples to the measuring arrangement; particularly for investigating radioactive fluids by filtration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/68—Combinations of amplifiers, e.g. multi-channel amplifiers for stereophonics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/72—Gated amplifiers, i.e. amplifiers which are rendered operative or inoperative by means of a control signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/02—Details
    • H04J3/04—Distributors combined with modulators or demodulators
    • H04J3/042—Distributors with electron or gas discharge tubes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/02—Details
    • H04J3/04—Distributors combined with modulators or demodulators
    • H04J3/047—Distributors with transistors or integrated circuits

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices for the successive amplification of a number of low voltages by means of a corresponding number of pro-amplifiers having separate input circuits and a common output circuit, in which the pre-amplifiers are successively and periodically rendered operative under control of a distributor.
  • Such devices comprising tube pre-amplifiers and a common tube amplifier, are known, for example from US. patent specification 2,666,868, in which the preamplifiers are provided with pentodes and are controlled by a distributor made up of bistable triggers having tubes which supply positive voltage pulses to the third grids of the pentodes of the pre-arnplifiers.
  • it is also known to control such pro-amplifiers by means of positive or negative voltage pulses applied to the anode, to the screen grid, to a field grid or to the cathode of the preamplifier tube.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device of the same type, in which push-pull transistor pro-amplifiers are used and the suitable switching properties of transistors are employed to advantage in order to render the pre-amplifiers alternatively operative.
  • each of the pre-amplifiers comprises a conventicnal amplification stage having two transistors of the same type, between the base-electrodes of which the corresponding low voltage is applied;
  • the emitter-circuits of the pre-amplifier transistors comprise a common resistor ot comparatively high value with respect to the internal emitter resistance of each transistor;
  • the collector-electrodes of the two transistors are connected to a source of reverse voltage via a symmetrical load circuit and are symmetrically coupled to said common output circuit and to the input terminals of an additional common amplifier;
  • the distributor comprises a number of switch transistors corresponding to the number of voltages to be amplified, which are successively and periodically rendered operative; through the emitter-collector paths of the switch transistors the respective common emitter-circuits of the pre-amplifier stages are successively and periodically connected to a supply of forward voltage.
  • this common amplifier preferably comprises a controlled stage which is periodically rendered operative only after switching on any of the pre-amplifier stages and rendered inoperative again before switching off the same pre-amplifier stage.
  • FIG. 1 is the circuit diagram of one embodiment of the device according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a time diagram of the currents through the common emitter circuits of the various pie-amplifier stages of this device
  • FIG. 3 shows voltage-time diagrams at various points of the common amplifier of this device and of a circuit arrangement for controlling a stage of this amplifier
  • FIG. 4 shows a conventional voltage-scanning arrangement.
  • the device shown in FIG. 1 comprises a number of pairs of input terminals 1, 2 11. Each pair of input terminals is connected between the base electrodes of two transistors 3 and 4 of a pre-amplifier stage.
  • the emitter electrodes of the transistors of each pre-amplifier stage are connected together through a potentiometer 5, the variable tap of which is connected to a common emitter resistor 6 and, via this resistor, to the collector elec trode of a third transistor 7 of the same conductivity type.
  • the transistor '7 is a switch transistor which forms part of a distributor.
  • Each of the various transistors 7 becomes conductive in turn, for example for approximately 30 sec., so that the corresponding pre-amplifier stage becomes operative during this period, owing to its emitter circuit being closed via the transistor 7 and a low-value common resistor 8.
  • the resistor 8 lies between the emitter electrodes of all the transistors 7 and the positive terminal +E of a supply of, for example, 16.5 v.
  • the collector electrodes of all the transistors 3 are collectively connected to one half of a symmetrical load circuit and the collector electrodes of all the transistors 4 are likewise connected to a common other half of this load circuit.
  • Each half of the common circuit comprises the emitter-collector path of a transistor 9 and 10 respectively of the same conductivity type as the transistors 3 and 4 of the pre-amplifier stages and as the switch transistors 7, in series-combination with a load resistor 11 and 12 respectively.
  • the common point of the resistors 11 and 12 (the centre tap of the load circuit) is connected to the negative terminal E of the supply via a common load resistor 13.
  • the base electrodes of the transistors 9 and 10 are connected to a point of constant potential of, for example, 7.5 v. with respect to ground via a common resistor 14 and the collector electrodes of these two transistors are directly connected to the input terminals 15 of a common wide-band direct current amplifier 16 with output terminals 17.
  • This amplifier comprises a push-pull input.
  • a practicable wide-band direct current amplifier with tubes as amplifying elements had, for example, a flat transmission characteristic up to a frequency of 2 mc./s. and an overall amplification factor of 8000 times with a rejection factor of 5000, and even of 100,000 with adjustment of the input stage, with respect to cophase potential variations at the two input terminals.
  • the potential with respect to ground at the terminal +E and the potential of 7.5 v. applied to the base electrodes of the transistors 9 and 10 are obtained by means of a potentiometer connected between the terminals E and +E of the supply and comprising resistors 22, 23, 24 and 25, the resistors 23, 24 and 25 being shunted by electrolytic capacitors 26, 27 and 28 respectively.
  • the distributor with the transistors 7 contains additional elements by which these transistors are intercoupled in a kind of ring-counter, so that each becomes conductive at the instant the preceding one is cut oif and that each remains conductive only for a short time, for example during said period of approximately 30 ,usec.
  • the base electrode of the first switch transistor 7 is coupled to a point of the collector circuit of the last switch transistor via a capacitor 29, or to a supply of negative control of clock-pulses 21 via a switch 20.
  • the base electrode of each of the transistors 7 is coupled to the terminal +E through a resistor 30 and a parallel-connected diode 31 connected in the passdirection with respect to the base current of the corresponding transistor 7.
  • the capacitors 29 are connected to a tapping of a separate load circuit 48, 49 of the preceding transistor 7.
  • a negative pulse is supplied to the base electrode of the following transistor 7 via the corresponding capacitor 29 and this transistor remains conductive until this capacitor has become sufficiently charged via the resistors 30 and 49 and until its base electrode has again become positive with respect to its emitter.
  • the diode 31 suppresses the positive-going pulses at the beginning of each conductivity period of a transistor 7 and maintains the base electrode of the following transistor 7 and the corresponding electrode of the capacitor 29 at the potential of the terminal l-E during this period.
  • Each of the pre-amplifier stages I, II N is rendered operative in its turn by the distributor with the switch transistors 7.
  • Each of these stages operates as a symmetrical push-pull stage during the short time the corresponding transistor 7 is conductive.
  • the resistor 6 has a high value with respect to the emitter resistance of each of the transistors 3 and 4, so that a satisfactory balance is obtained by coupling across this resistor. By adjusting the potentiometer 5, this balance can still be improved, if necessary, as a result of which differences between the respective leakage currents I and/or between the respective base-collector-current amplification factors of the transistors 3 and 4 can be compensated.
  • the parallel-connected collectors of the transistors 3 and 4 respectively constitute a non-negligible capacity, so that it is desirable to connect these collector electrodes to a load circuit having low impedances.
  • These impedances are constituted by the halves of the symmetrical input circuits of the transistors 9 and 10 in common base arrangement, which act as matching elements.
  • the amplified voltages produced across the resistors 11 and 12 successively correspond to the various voltages applied between the input terminals 1, 2 n.
  • an asymmetrical component is inevitably superimposed on these symmetrical voltages, owing to the fact that the change-over from one pre-amplifier stage to the next following takes some time, albeit a very short one. Consequently, between the various periods during which the various pre-amplifier stages are successively operative, there exist very short periods during which no pre-amplifier stage is operative or during which one pre-amplifier stage is not yet fully inoperative and the next-following is not yet fully operative. During these intermediate periods, the voltage at the collector electrodes of both transistors 9 and 10 would thus be substantially equal to that of the negative terminal E.
  • the common amplifier 16 is controlled by a voltage which reaches its two input terminals 15 in phase opposition and by an interference voltage consisting of short peaks which simultaneously drive these two base electrodes comparatively strongly in the negative direction.
  • the latter are limited by means of two diodes 18 and 19 respectively and/or at least partially suppressed or compensated by voltage peaks of opposite polarity produced by a transistor 32, the collector of which is connected to the common point of the resistors 11, 12 and 13 of the common load circuit.
  • the emitter of this transistor lies at a point of constant potential and its base electrode is coupled to the collector of one of the transistors 9 and 10 via a capacitor 33, and polarized in the forward direction via a high-value resistor 34 connected between the collector and the base electrode of this transistor 32.
  • the time diagram shown in FIG. 2 illustrates the successive operations of the switch transistors 7.
  • the first line shows the current through the resistor 6 of the common emitter-circuit of the transistors 3 and 4 of the pre-amplifier stage N.
  • the second line shows the corresponding current through the emitter circuit of the preamplifier stage I
  • the third line shows the emitter current of the pre-amplifier stage II
  • the last line shows the emitter-current of a pre-amplifier stage NI not shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows voltage time diagrams at various points of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 1.
  • the first line shows the time diagram of the voltage at the collec tor of one of the transistors 9 and 10.
  • large negative voltage peaks are to be seen, which are suppressed or compensated for example down to a level 0 (dot and dash line), by means of the diodes 18 and 19 and/or of the transistor 32.
  • considerable negative voltage peaks are still transmitted to the common input terminals 15 at each change-over.
  • This transistor thus amplifies the signal produced across the resistor 40 in the collector circuit of the transistor 35 and comprising positive pulses corresponding to the part of the signal at the base of the transistor 35 below the dot and dash line d of the last line of FIG. 3.
  • Negative, approximately square pulses corresponding to the same parts of the signal at the base of the transistor 35 are thus produced across the resistor 45, and these negative pulses are applied, via a coupling capacitor 46, either to said one stage of the common amplifier 16 to render this stage operative only during said negative pulses, or they are applied to said voltage-scanning arrangement.
  • the stage of the common amplifier controlled by the negative pulses includes, for example, two push-pull connected tubes and a third tube operating as a switch, with the cathode-anode path of the third tube in the common cathode circuit of the push-pull amplifier stage.
  • An example of such a circuit arrangement including three tubes is shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 of British Patent 685,358, December 31, 1952.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of a voltage-scanning arrangement.
  • This arrangement comprises a transformer with a primary winding 51 to which the square control current pulses are supplied via the resistor 45 of FIG. 1.
  • This transformer has two equal secondary windings 52 and 53, with centre tappings for connection to the output terminals of a stage of the common amplifier 16, preferably a stage of low-internal resistance, for example a push-pull stage of cathode followers.
  • Diodes 54, 54', 55, 55, each of them connected in series with the parallelcombination of a resistor 56 and of a capacitor 57, 56 and 57', 58 and 59 and 58 and 59', respectively, are connected to the ends of the windings 52 and 53.
  • the diodes 54 and 54 and 55 and 55 respectively can also be connected to the two input terminals 61 of the following amplifier stage of the common amplifier 16 and are furthermore connected to a point P of constant potential via capacitors 63 and 64 respectively.
  • each of the control current pulses all the diodes are rendered conductive, so that each of the capacitors 63 and 64 is charged or discharged to the potential of the corresponding input terminal 60.
  • all the diodes are cut off by the detected voltage produced by the control current pulse across the corresponding series-capacitor 57 or 57' and 59 or 59' respectively.
  • these capacitors have become largely discharged via the corresponding resistor 56 or 56' and 58 or 58 respectively.
  • the following amplifier stage thus receives input voltage only for the duration of the control-current pulses; this is an integrated input voltage.
  • the amplifier stage is thus rendered insensitive to any transient voltage pro- 6 unfoldd by the switching from any of the pre-amplifier stages I N to the next following one.
  • the matching transistors 9 and 10 may be omitted, and the collectors of all the transistors 3 and 4 respectively may be connected directly to the load resistors 11 and 12 respectively, as shown in dotted lines on FIG. 1.
  • the limiting diodes 18 and 19 and/or the suppression or compensation transistor 32 with the common load resistor 13 might be omitted under certain circumstances.
  • a controlled stage or a coupling by way of a voltage scanning arrangement in the common directcurrent amplifier is not strictly necessary either.
  • the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1 is, for example, eminently suitable for the amplification of a large number of thermo-voltages.
  • the input terminals 1, 2 n are connected to a corresponding number of thermo-elements, for example to a thousand different thermo-elements, so as to permit the device to effect the periodic amplification of, say, 1000 different temperature indications at the rate of thirty times a second.
  • These amplified thermo voltages are used, for example, for monitoring and practically uninterruptedly controlling 1000 different temperatures (this could be, for example, 30 times per second), for example at 1000 different points of a nuclear reactor.
  • said pulse forming means producing a series of controlpulses including one pulse during each closure of each of said switch-elements of the distributor, each of said pulses beginning slightly after the switching on of a switch transistor and ending slightly before the switching off of the same switch transistor, said pulses controlling the gating means to permit transmission through said signal transmission path, whereby the common amplifier is rendered insensitive with respect to voltages produced at its input terminals when switching the pre-amplifiers on and oif.
  • said pulsecontrolled gating means comprise an amplifier stage of said common amplifier, said amplifier stage having two push-pull connected amplifier elements, and a third amplifier element operating as a switch and having a control electrode coupled to said pulse forming means, a common electrode and an output electrode, the current path between said cornmonand output-electrodes being connected in series in a common supply circuit for the two amplifier-elements of said push-pull amplifier stage;

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US845140A 1958-10-31 1959-10-08 Device for the successive amplification of a number of low voltages Expired - Lifetime US3213290A (en)

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NL232823 1958-10-31

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DE (1) DE1129233B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB899407A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (2) NL232823A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3373405A (en) * 1964-08-19 1968-03-12 Navy Usa Four-channel telemetry circuit
US3477031A (en) * 1966-09-09 1969-11-04 Hitachi Ltd Differential amplifier circuit employing multiple differential amplifier stages
US3482177A (en) * 1966-10-03 1969-12-02 Gen Electric Transistor differential operational amplifier
US3518986A (en) * 1967-11-20 1970-07-07 Beckman Instruments Inc Patient monitoring safety system
US3522450A (en) * 1966-07-14 1970-08-04 Int Standard Electric Corp Current amplifying scanning circuit
US3541465A (en) * 1966-12-28 1970-11-17 Hitachi Ltd Transistor differential amplifier circuit
US3604299A (en) * 1970-04-22 1971-09-14 Edward J Englund Method and apparatus for recreating a musical performance
US3617916A (en) * 1969-07-24 1971-11-02 Beckman Instruments Inc Commutated buffer amplifier
US3639781A (en) * 1970-10-26 1972-02-01 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Series gated multiplexer circuit
US3740481A (en) * 1971-09-29 1973-06-19 Boeing Co Sense line coupling structures circuits for magnetic memory device
US3953746A (en) * 1974-07-29 1976-04-27 Honeywell Information Systems, Inc. Selector latch gate
US4037118A (en) * 1975-02-13 1977-07-19 U.S. Philips Corporation Circuit arrangement for electronically applying an alternating voltage
US4223237A (en) * 1978-03-15 1980-09-16 Trio Kabushiki Kaisha Trigger pulse forming circuit
US4755765A (en) * 1987-01-16 1988-07-05 Teradyne, Inc. Differential input selector
US4905238A (en) * 1987-09-04 1990-02-27 Digital Equipment Corporation Analog amplifier-multiplexer for a data system
US20130257541A1 (en) * 2012-04-03 2013-10-03 Commissariat à I' énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Preamplifier polarisation device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE29720684U1 (de) * 1997-11-21 1998-04-02 Rudolf Eckel Federnfabrik GmbH, 57368 Lennestadt Rouladen-Klammer

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2572792A (en) * 1946-04-24 1951-10-23 Emi Ltd Thermionic valve circuits
US2627039A (en) * 1950-05-29 1953-01-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Gating circuits
US2662175A (en) * 1947-03-05 1953-12-08 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Multiplex transmission device
US2925491A (en) * 1946-02-27 1960-02-16 Conrad H Hoeppner Time base control circuit
US2944216A (en) * 1955-08-11 1960-07-05 Ass Elect Ind Current measuring circuit
US2967951A (en) * 1955-01-17 1961-01-10 Philco Corp Direct-coupled transistor circuit

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2925491A (en) * 1946-02-27 1960-02-16 Conrad H Hoeppner Time base control circuit
US2572792A (en) * 1946-04-24 1951-10-23 Emi Ltd Thermionic valve circuits
US2662175A (en) * 1947-03-05 1953-12-08 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Multiplex transmission device
US2627039A (en) * 1950-05-29 1953-01-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Gating circuits
US2967951A (en) * 1955-01-17 1961-01-10 Philco Corp Direct-coupled transistor circuit
US2944216A (en) * 1955-08-11 1960-07-05 Ass Elect Ind Current measuring circuit

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3373405A (en) * 1964-08-19 1968-03-12 Navy Usa Four-channel telemetry circuit
US3522450A (en) * 1966-07-14 1970-08-04 Int Standard Electric Corp Current amplifying scanning circuit
US3477031A (en) * 1966-09-09 1969-11-04 Hitachi Ltd Differential amplifier circuit employing multiple differential amplifier stages
US3482177A (en) * 1966-10-03 1969-12-02 Gen Electric Transistor differential operational amplifier
US3541465A (en) * 1966-12-28 1970-11-17 Hitachi Ltd Transistor differential amplifier circuit
US3518986A (en) * 1967-11-20 1970-07-07 Beckman Instruments Inc Patient monitoring safety system
US3617916A (en) * 1969-07-24 1971-11-02 Beckman Instruments Inc Commutated buffer amplifier
US3604299A (en) * 1970-04-22 1971-09-14 Edward J Englund Method and apparatus for recreating a musical performance
US3639781A (en) * 1970-10-26 1972-02-01 Fairchild Camera Instr Co Series gated multiplexer circuit
US3740481A (en) * 1971-09-29 1973-06-19 Boeing Co Sense line coupling structures circuits for magnetic memory device
US3953746A (en) * 1974-07-29 1976-04-27 Honeywell Information Systems, Inc. Selector latch gate
US4037118A (en) * 1975-02-13 1977-07-19 U.S. Philips Corporation Circuit arrangement for electronically applying an alternating voltage
US4223237A (en) * 1978-03-15 1980-09-16 Trio Kabushiki Kaisha Trigger pulse forming circuit
US4755765A (en) * 1987-01-16 1988-07-05 Teradyne, Inc. Differential input selector
US4905238A (en) * 1987-09-04 1990-02-27 Digital Equipment Corporation Analog amplifier-multiplexer for a data system
US20130257541A1 (en) * 2012-04-03 2013-10-03 Commissariat à I' énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Preamplifier polarisation device
US9124223B2 (en) * 2012-04-03 2015-09-01 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Preamplifier polarisation device

Also Published As

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GB899407A (en) 1962-06-20
DE1129233B (de) 1962-05-10
NL232823A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL113096C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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