US3182395A - Process for cladding metals with titanium - Google Patents

Process for cladding metals with titanium Download PDF

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US3182395A
US3182395A US238737A US23873762A US3182395A US 3182395 A US3182395 A US 3182395A US 238737 A US238737 A US 238737A US 23873762 A US23873762 A US 23873762A US 3182395 A US3182395 A US 3182395A
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titanium
steel
cladding
base metal
assembly
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US238737A
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Jr Herbert F Scott
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Allied Corp
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Allied Chemical Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles

Definitions

  • titanium The resistance of titanium to colrosion by sea water, acids and other chemical environments, and its high strength at elevated temperatures is known. Because of these and other desirable properties of titanium, it has been used for cladding other metals, particularly less costly base metals. Bonding of titanium to the base metals by means of high temperature pressure welding, involving subjecting the assembled layers, .i.e., the metal pack, to the necessary high temperatures and pressures to effect the bonding, results in poor bonds between the titanium and the base metal layer, which, when steel is used as the base layer, is due to the diffusion of iron, chromium and nickel from the steel into the titanium, with consequent weak and brittle bonds between the titanium and the steel.
  • titanium is cladded to the base metal by applying liquid nitrogen tetroxide to the surface of the titanium or base metal to be clad, and while the titanium is in close position with, preferably substantially in contact with, the base metal with the liquid nitrogen tetroxide therebetween, the assembly is subjected to an impact energy of at least about 125 foot pounds per square inch, preferably 200-1000 foot pounds per square inch of base metal surface to be clad with the titanium.
  • an impact energy of at least about 125 foot pounds per square inch, preferably 200-1000 foot pounds per square inch of base metal surface to be clad with the titanium.
  • Higher impact energies can be used when the metals are supported and are of a strength to withstand such higher energies; as a practical matter, however, there is nothing gained by using higher energy levels of impact and hence such higher energies are not recommended.
  • Liquid nitrogen tetroxide (N 0 is considered to be an equilibrium mixture containing a small amount of nitrogen dioxide (N0 N O '22NO
  • the expression liquid nitrogen tetroxide or N 0,; is used herein to include equilibrium mixtures of N0 and N 0 in the liquid phase as well as the liquid nitrogen tetroxide formed when condensing nitrogen dioxide.
  • This invention is applicable to the cladding of steel, including carbon steel, stainless steels, tin-plated steels and other metals. It will be described hereinafter chiefly in connection with the cladding of steel, but it will be understood the invention is not limited thereto but includes the cladding of metals, generally, with titanium.
  • plates of titanium and steel are placed in a rigid container with the titanium plate on top of the steel.
  • Liquid nitrogen tetroxide 3,182,395 Patented May H, 1965 ice (N 0,) is introduced into the container in amount at least sufficient to cover the interface between the titanium and steel, i.e., to cover the crevice between the two plates.
  • the amount of N 0 used is not critical as long as it is enough to cover in the form of a film the surface of the steel or titanium to be adhered to each other. Too large an amount should not be used because it is wasteful of N 0 In general from 25 to 2500 ml. of liquid N 0 per square foot of steel to be clad gives good bonding; the invention however is not to be restricted to this range of amounts of N 0 per square foot of surface.
  • granulated titanium or titanium sponge may be placed adjacent a steel surface to be clad with titanium.
  • the titanium is wet with the N 0 either before or after placement on or adjacent the steel surface.
  • the assembly of steel plate and titanium having the liquid N 0 covering the surface of the steel to be clad, or the titanium, is struck with an impact energy of at least about foot pounds per square inch, preferably from 200 to 1000 foot pounds per square inch, while the assembly is suitably supported.
  • the assembly can be placed on a heat-conducting metal-supporting surface or other supporting surface such as a concrete block having thereon a metal or other heat-conducting member for dissipating the heat generated when the titanium surface is ignited by the impact energy imparted to the assembly.
  • the heat released by the ignition of the titanium surface fuses the titanium to the steel with the formation of a good bond between the titanium and the steel.
  • the impact energy can be applied to the assembly of titanium and steel having the liquid N 0 wetting the titanium, or steel, or both in any desired manner.
  • a weight can be applied under the action of gravity, dropped the necessary height to impart the impact energy to the assembly, or a manually or power actuated hammer or other impact member can be used.
  • Titanium reacts with N 0 under the impact energy herein disclosed as follows:
  • the titanium dioxide (TiO is dissolved in the molten titanium produced by the heat of reaction melting the titanium in the vicinity of the reaction; the N for the most part escapes.
  • the granules or sponge is melted to form molten titanium containing some dissolved titanium dioxide, which molten titanium quickly cools to produce a tightly bonded titanium coating on the steel surface.
  • the reaction is practically instantaneous, as is also the melting and subsequent solidification of the titanium. Hence diffusion of metals present in the steel into the titanium is minimized. This may explain the formation.
  • the A1 0 does not deleteriously affect the titanium coating or its bond with the steel.
  • the titanium is soaked in the liquid N 0 prior to impact, for a period of time, for example, from a few hours to a day or longer.
  • T 0 prevent evaporation of N 0 during the soaking
  • the soaking is carried out while maintaining the titanium in contact with the liquid N 0 at a temperature below 21 C., for example, about 0 C.
  • This can readily be effected by placing the titanium while in contact with liquid N 0 in a refrigerator.
  • This soaking step need not be used as good results are obtained without it; it does, however, increase the impact sensitivity of the titanium.
  • Example I A few grains of No. 24-0 A1 0 were placed in the bottom of a tin-plated steel cup (2%; inches diameter and 1% inches deep) and a titanium plate 2 inches long, 0.5
  • Example II In this example a one-quarter inch diameter stainless steel shear pm, and its guide, were coated with titanium.
  • a A" circle was sheared from the titanium which ig-,
  • the present invention provides a simple process for cladding metals, particularly steel with titanium, resulting in good bonds between vthe base metal I and the cladding titanium due, in part at least, to the fact that the cladding is effected practically instantaneously with consequent minimizationof the diffusion or" iron,
  • chromium, nickel and other constituents of the base metal e.g., steel, into the titanium.
  • this invention results in such cladding Withoutthe necessity of interposing a layer or layers of a metal such as nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum or silver between the titaniumand the base metal and without subjecting the assembly of base metal and titanium to high temperatures. for relatively prolonged time periods or to pressing as involved in conventional pack echniques
  • a metal such as nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum or silver
  • I k
  • the process of cladding titanium onto a base metal which comprises forming an assembly of base metal and titanium with at least one of the adjacent surfaces of the metals Wet with liquidnitrogen tetroxide and subjecting the assembly to impact energy of atleast foot pounds per square inch of base metal surface to be clad to ignite at least a portion of the titanium and clad the base metal with the titanium.
  • the process of cladding steel with titanium which comprises wetting titanium with liquid nitrogentetroxide,.placing the steel to be clad at least in closely spaced relation to the wetted surface of the titanium andapplying impact energy of from 125 to 1000 foot pounds'per square inch of surface ofthe j steel to be clad to. the steel to bring it forcibly in contact with the titanium, ignite and melt the titanium whereby the molten titanium is deposited on the steel and forms a titanium cladding thereon.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Description

United States Patent 3,182,395 PROCESS FOR CLADDHNG METALS WITH TITANIUM Herbert F. Scott, In, Prince George County, Va, assignor to Allied Chemical Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed Nov. 19, 1962, Ser. No. 238,737 Claims. (Cl. 29-498) This invention relates to a method of cladding metals, particularly steel, with titanium.
The resistance of titanium to colrosion by sea water, acids and other chemical environments, and its high strength at elevated temperatures is known. Because of these and other desirable properties of titanium, it has been used for cladding other metals, particularly less costly base metals. Bonding of titanium to the base metals by means of high temperature pressure welding, involving subjecting the assembled layers, .i.e., the metal pack, to the necessary high temperatures and pressures to effect the bonding, results in poor bonds between the titanium and the base metal layer, which, when steel is used as the base layer, is due to the diffusion of iron, chromium and nickel from the steel into the titanium, with consequent weak and brittle bonds between the titanium and the steel. For the purpose of overcoming these difficulties in the cladding of steel with titanium it has been suggested to interpose an intermediate layer of bonding metal, such as chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, silver (2,908,966, granted October 20, 1959), or nickel (3,015,885, granted January 9, 1962), and subject the resultant assembly to high temperatures and pressures. Patent 3,015,885 describes heating the assembly or pack to a temperature of .1700" F. for thirty minutes or 1600 F. for one hour.
It is a principal object of the present invention to pro vide a simple process for cladding metals, particularly steel, with titanium resulting in good bonds between the base metal and the titanium.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description thereof.
In accordance with this invention titanium is cladded to the base metal by applying liquid nitrogen tetroxide to the surface of the titanium or base metal to be clad, and while the titanium is in close position with, preferably substantially in contact with, the base metal with the liquid nitrogen tetroxide therebetween, the assembly is subjected to an impact energy of at least about 125 foot pounds per square inch, preferably 200-1000 foot pounds per square inch of base metal surface to be clad with the titanium. Higher impact energies can be used when the metals are supported and are of a strength to withstand such higher energies; as a practical matter, however, there is nothing gained by using higher energy levels of impact and hence such higher energies are not recommended.
Liquid nitrogen tetroxide (N 0 is considered to be an equilibrium mixture containing a small amount of nitrogen dioxide (N0 N O '22NO The expression liquid nitrogen tetroxide or N 0,; is used herein to include equilibrium mixtures of N0 and N 0 in the liquid phase as well as the liquid nitrogen tetroxide formed when condensing nitrogen dioxide.
This invention is applicable to the cladding of steel, including carbon steel, stainless steels, tin-plated steels and other metals. It will be described hereinafter chiefly in connection with the cladding of steel, but it will be understood the invention is not limited thereto but includes the cladding of metals, generally, with titanium.
In one embodiment of the invention plates of titanium and steel are placed in a rigid container with the titanium plate on top of the steel. Liquid nitrogen tetroxide 3,182,395 Patented May H, 1965 ice (N 0,) is introduced into the container in amount at least sufficient to cover the interface between the titanium and steel, i.e., to cover the crevice between the two plates. The amount of N 0 used is not critical as long as it is enough to cover in the form of a film the surface of the steel or titanium to be adhered to each other. Too large an amount should not be used because it is wasteful of N 0 In general from 25 to 2500 ml. of liquid N 0 per square foot of steel to be clad gives good bonding; the invention however is not to be restricted to this range of amounts of N 0 per square foot of surface.
Instead of a titanium plate, granulated titanium or titanium sponge may be placed adjacent a steel surface to be clad with titanium. The titanium is wet with the N 0 either before or after placement on or adjacent the steel surface.
The assembly of steel plate and titanium having the liquid N 0 covering the surface of the steel to be clad, or the titanium, is struck with an impact energy of at least about foot pounds per square inch, preferably from 200 to 1000 foot pounds per square inch, while the assembly is suitably supported. For example, the assembly can be placed on a heat-conducting metal-supporting surface or other supporting surface such as a concrete block having thereon a metal or other heat-conducting member for dissipating the heat generated when the titanium surface is ignited by the impact energy imparted to the assembly. The heat released by the ignition of the titanium surface fuses the titanium to the steel with the formation of a good bond between the titanium and the steel.
The impact energy can be applied to the assembly of titanium and steel having the liquid N 0 wetting the titanium, or steel, or both in any desired manner. For example, a weight can be applied under the action of gravity, dropped the necessary height to impart the impact energy to the assembly, or a manually or power actuated hammer or other impact member can be used.
The following explanation is given to facilitate a better understanding of the invention without, however, limiting the invention to this explanation.
Titanium reacts with N 0 under the impact energy herein disclosed as follows:
The titanium dioxide (TiO is dissolved in the molten titanium produced by the heat of reaction melting the titanium in the vicinity of the reaction; the N for the most part escapes. Where granular or sponge titanium is used, the granules or sponge is melted to form molten titanium containing some dissolved titanium dioxide, which molten titanium quickly cools to produce a tightly bonded titanium coating on the steel surface. Employing a titanium plate on a steel plate with the liquid N 0 filling the crevice between the two, depending on the thickness of the titanium plate either the surface in contact with the steel plate or the entire titanium plate is rendered molten. Heat dissipation into the metals and the inability of fresh oxidizer to enter into the closing joint or crevice between the plates, due in part to the amount of N 0,, present, limits the propagation of the reaction. The titanium is thus fused to the steel and tightly bonded thereto.
The reaction is practically instantaneous, as is also the melting and subsequent solidification of the titanium. Hence diffusion of metals present in the steel into the titanium is minimized. This may explain the formation.
of the tight bond between the titanium and the steel.
When bonding titanium plates to steel, the placement of finely divided particles of alumina, e.g., No. 240 A1 0 having a particle size range of from 30 to 70 microns, between the metal surfaces concentrates the impact in the plate bolted to a concrete block.
3 areas of these particles and thus reduces the total force required for ignition of the titanium. Only a few grains or particlesof Al O arerequiredper square inch. of surface, on which these grains are placed; from about 0.01 to 1.0 gram of alumina is usedper square foot of titanium bonded to the base metal. Upon ignition of the titanium surface, as hereinabovedescribed, the alumina is trapped in the molten titanium. Since the amount of A1 is.
small, the A1 0 does not deleteriously affect the titanium coating or its bond with the steel.
Preferably but not necessarily the titanium is soaked in the liquid N 0 prior to impact, for a period of time, for example, from a few hours to a day or longer. T 0 prevent evaporation of N 0 during the soaking, desirably the soaking is carried out while maintaining the titanium in contact with the liquid N 0 at a temperature below 21 C., for example, about 0 C. This can readily be effected by placing the titanium while in contact with liquid N 0 in a refrigerator. This soaking step need not be used as good results are obtained without it; it does, however, increase the impact sensitivity of the titanium.
The following examples are given to exemplify and illustrate the invention; it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these examples:
Example I A few grains of No. 24-0 A1 0 were placed in the bottom of a tin-plated steel cup (2%; inches diameter and 1% inches deep) and a titanium plate 2 inches long, 0.5
inch Wide and 0.67 inch thick placed on the grains of A1 0 25 milliliters of liquid N 0 was introduced covering the titanium plate. The cup was placed on a steel plate boltedto a concrete block. The titanium plate was then impacted with a 0.5 inch diameter fiat-end striker weighing ten pounds dropped 11.3 feet. Ignition of the titanium took, place resulting in the fusion of the titanium plate to the bottom of the cup with the substantially instantane-. ous formation of a tightly bonded titanium cladding on the inside of the bottom of the cup.
Example II In this example a one-quarter inch diameter stainless steel shear pm, and its guide, were coated with titanium.
A clean section of titanium 0.525" x 0.525" and 0.67
bly thus produced was placed in a refrigeratorvat 0 C;
for 24 hours to enable the titanium to soak in the liquid N 0 Thereafter the assembly was placed onto a steel A ten pound weight was dropped from a height of 11.3 feet onto the shear pin.
A A" circle was sheared from the titanium which ig-,
nited and the molten titanium splattered the pin and pin guide,.su-bst antially instantaneously cladding these stainless steel parts with tightly bonded titanium.
It will be noted that the present invention provides a simple process for cladding metals, particularly steel with titanium, resulting in good bonds between vthe base metal I and the cladding titanium due, in part at least, to the fact that the cladding is effected practically instantaneously with consequent minimizationof the diffusion or" iron,
chromium, nickel and other constituents of the base metal, e.g., steel, into the titanium.
Furthermore, this invention results in such cladding Withoutthe necessity of interposing a layer or layers of a metal such as nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum or silver between the titaniumand the base metal and without subjecting the assembly of base metal and titanium to high temperatures. for relatively prolonged time periods or to pressing as involved in conventional pack echniques This invention is not to be limited to the description thereof herein contained because various modifications and alterations, as would occur to one skilled in the art,
can be made. The invention includesnot only the. clad cling of uncoated base metals such as steel but also the cladding of coated base metals,;fo=r example, where the steel has a coatingof nickel or other metal thereonand where the cladding with the titanium is effected by subjecting' the assembly having either the base metal or titanium wet with liquid N 0 to impact energyto ignite the titanium and effect the cladding. I k
What is claimed is:
l. The process of cladding titanium onto a base metal, which comprises forming an assembly of base metal and titanium with at least one of the adjacent surfaces of the metals Wet with liquidnitrogen tetroxide and subjecting the assembly to impact energy of atleast foot pounds per square inch of base metal surface to be clad to ignite at least a portion of the titanium and clad the base metal with the titanium.
2. The cladding process as defined in claim 1, in which the titanium and base metal are in the form of'plates incontact with .each other, the liquid nitrogen .tetroxide covers the contacting surfaces between the plates and the resultant assembly is subjected to impact energy of from 125 to 1000 foot pounds per square inch of surface of the base metal to be clad.
3. The cladding process of claim 2, in which particles of aluminum oxide are interposed between the titanium and base metal. a
4. The cladding process of claim 1, in which the titanium is in particulate form.
5. The cladding process of claim 1 in which the titanium is sponge titanium.
6. The cladding. process of claim. 1, in. which the titanium is soaked inthe liquid nitrogen tet'roxide before the assembly is'subject to said impact energy. I
7. The process of cladding steel with titaniumwhich comprises placing titanium close to the. surface of the steel of surface of the steelto ibe. clad.
8. The process of cladding steel withtitanium which comprises placing a titanium plate on a steel-plate, cov-.
ering the contacting surfaces with liquid nitrogen tetroxide and applying to the resultantassem'bly impact energy of 125 to 1000foot pounds'per squareinch of steel surface to be clad. i V
9. The process of cladding steel with titanium de fined in claim 8, in which finely divided'particles of aluminum oxide are interposed between the titanium and steel.
10. The process of cladding steel with titanium which comprises wetting titanium with liquid nitrogentetroxide,.placing the steel to be clad at least in closely spaced relation to the wetted surface of the titanium andapplying impact energy of from 125 to 1000 foot pounds'per square inch of surface ofthe j steel to be clad to. the steel to bring it forcibly in contact with the titanium, ignite and melt the titanium whereby the molten titanium is deposited on the steel and forms a titanium cladding thereon.
' References-Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,355,224 10/20 Gravell 29-4985 3,059,324 10/62 Gofif 29498.5 X V FOREIGN, PATENTS 544,888 5/42 Great Britain.
JOHN F. CAMPBELL, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. THE PROCESS OF CLADDING TITANIUM ONTO A BASE METAL, WHICH COMPRISES FORMING AN ASSEMBLY OF BASE METAL AND TITANIUM WITH AT LEAST ONE OF THE ADJACENT SURFACES OF THE METALS WET WITH LIQUID NITROGEN TETROXIDE AND SUBJECTING THE ASSEMBLY TO IMPACT ENERGY OF AT LEAST 125 FOOT POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH OF BASE METAL SURFACE TO BE CLAD TO IGNITE AT LEAST A PORTION OF THE TITANIUM AND CLAD THE BASE METAL WITH THE TITANIUM.
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3428472A (en) * 1963-10-14 1969-02-18 Kobe Steel Ltd Method for forming metal coatings
US3478415A (en) * 1965-08-27 1969-11-18 Johnson Matthey Co Ltd Bonding of metals or alloys

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1355224A (en) * 1917-10-20 1920-10-12 Thomson Spot Welder Company Chemical welding
GB544888A (en) * 1940-10-25 1942-05-01 Glacier Co Ltd Improvements in or relating to the bonding of metals
US3059324A (en) * 1960-07-28 1962-10-23 Olin Mathieson Metal fabrication

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1355224A (en) * 1917-10-20 1920-10-12 Thomson Spot Welder Company Chemical welding
GB544888A (en) * 1940-10-25 1942-05-01 Glacier Co Ltd Improvements in or relating to the bonding of metals
US3059324A (en) * 1960-07-28 1962-10-23 Olin Mathieson Metal fabrication

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3428472A (en) * 1963-10-14 1969-02-18 Kobe Steel Ltd Method for forming metal coatings
US3478415A (en) * 1965-08-27 1969-11-18 Johnson Matthey Co Ltd Bonding of metals or alloys

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