US3091022A - Cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloys - Google Patents
Cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloys Download PDFInfo
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- US3091022A US3091022A US801688A US80168859A US3091022A US 3091022 A US3091022 A US 3091022A US 801688 A US801688 A US 801688A US 80168859 A US80168859 A US 80168859A US 3091022 A US3091022 A US 3091022A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
- B23K35/0266—Rods, electrodes, wires flux-cored
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3046—Co as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9265—Special properties
- Y10S428/928—Magnetic property
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
- Y10T428/12097—Nonparticulate component encloses particles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
- Y10T428/12139—Nonmetal particles in particulate component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
- Y10T428/12854—Next to Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
Definitions
- Cobalt-base alloys have a wide application in industry as structural materials, as heat and corrosion resistant materials, in magnets, in hard facing and abrasion resistant materials, and in many other applications. Cobalt and alloys containing predominantly cobalt are generally used only in the cast form, however, due to their poor workability. The difficulty in fabricating cold-wrought products from cobalt and high cobalt-base alloys constitutes a serious limitation on the use of this otherwise versatile metal.
- Cobalt has normally a closepacked hexagonal crystal structure at room temperatures and it is well known that the cold-forming of a metal having such a crystal structure produces a work-hardening or build-up of internal stresses. Actually at temperatures above 780 F. cobalt has a face-centered cubic crystal structure which would favorably permit cold-forming it this crystal structure existed at room temperatures; but an allotropic transformation in crystal structure from the cubic form to the hexagonal form takes place at about 780 F.
- a predominantly cobalt alloy containing from about 7 0 to about 99.5 percent by weight cobalt and at least one element from the group consisting of iron, carbon and nickel in amounts effective to retard the formation of the close-packed hexagonal crystal structure at room temperatures.
- Fe equals the percent by weight iron and Ni equals the percent by weight nickel, and where at least one of said elements is present in amounts of at least one percent.
- the maximumamount of these elements which should be added to cobalt are a maximum of 0.75 percent carbon, a maximum of 11 percent iron, and a maximum of 30 percent nickel.
- cobalt under coldforming operations is due to its close-packed hexagonal crystal structure. But while cobalt has this type of crystal structure at room temperatures, at temperatures above 780 F. cobalt possesses a face-centered cubic crystal structure. It is Well known in the art that metals possessing face-centered cubic structures are quite ductile and amenable to cold-forming.
- 1 HOP means hexagonal close-packed crystal structure.
- 1 FCC means face-centered cubic crystal structure.
- cobalt may contain a small amount of nickel, iron, carbon or other impurities which cannot be avoided during refinement of the metal, these metals are not present in sufficient amounts nor in the proper proportions required to retain a facecentered cubic structure at room temperature.
- the ductility of some of these alloys after a cold-working operation was determined by means of hardness tests and bending tests. These tests were performed on ordinary cobalt alloys and the predominantly cobalt alloys of this invention. The bending tests were performed on sheets of the alloy compositions indicated by bending the sheets and noting the angle at which rupture occurs on the convex surface of the'bend. Materials which can undergo a 180 bend without rupture possess high ductility. The results of these tests are shown in Table B where the alloy compositions C, D, etc., refer to the alloys listed in Table A.
- K Erichsen value is the depth of a cup which can be formed in sheet material without rupture with a standard mandrel and die.
- Pure cobalt has many other unique properties, for example, radio-active, electrical and thermal properties, which are essentially unaiiected by the alloying pro cedures of the present invention which yield a coldformable cobalt material.
- nickel, iron, and carbon there are other elements which also stabilize the face-centered cubic crystal structure. These elements include those in the group containing boron, manganese, aluminum, titanium, copper and tin and they can be substituted in whole or in part for the nickel, iron and carbon in the alloy.
- This group includes chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon.
- Table D shows several addition alloy compositions having varying amounts of these impurities.
- alloys of this invention will be governed by the degree to which they stabilize the hexagonal crystal struc ture or impair workability.
- alloy F of Table A containing 1 percent molybdenum and 4 percent chromium in a cobalt base, possesses the hexagonal structure of pure cobalt at room temperature and exhibits poor workability.
- the presence of 5 percent chromium and 2 percent molybdenum in alloy L of Table D is not sutiicient to stabilize the hexagonal structure against the action of the stronger cubic formers 4 percent iron, 4 percent nickel and 0.15 percent carbon.
- the alloys may be melted by standard furnacing procedures. Vacuum melting is preferred when a minimum amount of oxides and gas inclusions is desired. To insure good hot-working characteristics of the alloy, it has been found that sulfur and phosphorous contents should be kept as low as possible, since these elements severely impair workability.
- a composite tube welding rod consists of a tubular sheath which contains alloy elements within the tube such that the deposition of such a material by ordinary welding techniques will produce an alloy deposit having a composition including the metal composing the tubular sheath and the elements contained in the sheath.
- Typical elements contained in these tubes are carbon, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, or other alloy ingredients.
- a composite tube welding rod having a tubular sheath made of a ductile cobalt alloy of this invention could contain a filler material having the following composition: 72 percent chromium, 14 percent tungsten, 1 percent iron, 3.5 percent carbon, and 3.5 percent cobalt.
- a tubular rod of this type produced a weld deposit similar to those previously obtainable only from cast weld rods.
- a cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloy would be its use as a sheath for a composite tube welding rod in which the filler material is tungsten carbide.
- a filler material composed of about 8 percent chromium and 92 percent tungsten carbide was placed in a predominantly cobalt tubular sheath.
- Such a material would be useful for producing wear-resistant hardsurfacing deposits.
- the molten cobalt alloy sheath dissolved some of the tungsten carbide and, upon cooling, rejected a precipitate in the solid state, thus producing a deposit having large particles of unmelted tungsten carbide retained in a cobalt-rich matrix. This deposit had excellent wear-resistant properties.
- the filler material may be in the form of a pre-alloyed powder or elemental particles may be used.
- the compositions listed above do not represent limits. Other compositions may be used to produce almost any composition in the final weld deposit.
- a cold-formable cobalt alloy having a predominantly face-centered cubic crystal structure at room temperature consisting essentially of about 3 percent by weight iron
- a welding rod comprising a tubular sheath containing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable, cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities.
- a cold-formable cobalt alloy having a predominantly face-centered cubic crystal structure at room temperature, said alloy consisting essentially of cobalt together with iron and nickel, the minimum amounts of iron and nickel being defined by the following equation:
- Fe equals the percent by weight iron and Ni equals the percent by weight nickel, at least one of said elements being present in an amount of at least one percent, and up to a maximum amount of iron equal to 11 percent by weight and a maximum amount of nickel equal to 30 percent by Weight, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities.
- a welding rod comprising a tubular sheath contain ing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities, and said filler material consisting essentially of about 14 percent by weight tungsten, about 1 percent by weight iron, about 3.5 percent by weight carbon, about 9.5 percent by weight cobalt, and the balance chromium and incidental impurities.
- a welding rod comprising a tubular sheath containing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities, and said filler material con-sisting essentially of about 8 percent by weight chromium and the balance tungsten carbide and incidental impurities.
- a cold-formed article of manufacture in the form of sheet, tube, wire and the like having substantially the properties of pure cobalt and consisting essentially of cobalt together with iron and nickel, the minimum amounts of iron and nickel being defined by the following equation:
- Fe+vii m 4 percent by weight nickel, about 0.1 percent carbon, and the balance cobalt and incidental impurities.
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Description
United States Patent Ofi 3,091,022 Patented May 28, 1963 ice 3,091,022 CGLD-FQRIWABLE PREDOMINANTLY COBALT ALLOYS William H. Faulkner, Kokomo, Ind, assignor to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed Mar. 25, 1959, Ser. No. 801,688 7 Claims. (Cl. 29-1912) This invention relates to predominantly cobalt-base alloys that are capable of being cold-formed.
Cobalt-base alloys have a wide application in industry as structural materials, as heat and corrosion resistant materials, in magnets, in hard facing and abrasion resistant materials, and in many other applications. Cobalt and alloys containing predominantly cobalt are generally used only in the cast form, however, due to their poor workability. The difficulty in fabricating cold-wrought products from cobalt and high cobalt-base alloys constitutes a serious limitation on the use of this otherwise versatile metal.
The inability of cobalt and high-cobalt base alloys to undergo cold-forming is due to a work-hardening of the metal which decreases the ductility and prohibits further cold-forming until a stress-relieving heat treatment is applied to the metal parts. Cobalt has normally a closepacked hexagonal crystal structure at room temperatures and it is well known that the cold-forming of a metal having such a crystal structure produces a work-hardening or build-up of internal stresses. Actually at temperatures above 780 F. cobalt has a face-centered cubic crystal structure which would favorably permit cold-forming it this crystal structure existed at room temperatures; but an allotropic transformation in crystal structure from the cubic form to the hexagonal form takes place at about 780 F.
The stresses built up by cold-working of cobalt can be relieved only by an annealing heat treatment. Therefore, the production of cobalt cold-formed sheet or wire is a complex and expensive process, involving many small increments in reduction by rolling or drawing with intermediate annealing heat treatments necessary between each pass to eliminate the work-hardened condition and to soften the alloy for the next working operation.
An example of an industrial need for cold-formable cobalt and cobalt-base alloys is found in the production of composite tube welding rods wherein a tubular sheath containing alloy elements within the tube is fabricated. The inability of cobalt and high-cobalt base alloys to be cold-formed into such tubular sheaths unfortunately prevents the use of cobalt in this form even though cobalt is recognized to be an excellent material for use in such welding operations.
It is the primary object of this invention, therefore, to provide predominantly cobalt alloys that can be easily cold-formed into such products as thin sheet, wire and tubing.
It is another object of this invention to provide a coldformable predominantly cobalt alloy capable of being fabricated into thin-Walled tubular sheaths for use as composite tube welding rods.
It is also an object of this invention to provide coldformable predominantly cobalt alloys that may be substituted for unalloyed cobalt in some particular applications.
Other aims and objectives of the invention will be apparent from the following description and appended claims.
In accordance with the present invention a predominantly cobalt alloy is provided containing from about 7 0 to about 99.5 percent by weight cobalt and at least one element from the group consisting of iron, carbon and nickel in amounts effective to retard the formation of the close-packed hexagonal crystal structure at room temperatures.
Specifically it has been found that 0.5 percent by weight carbon additions to cobalt are suflicient to supress or retard the allotropic transformation from the cubic to the hexagonal crystal structure. It has also been found that 6 percent iron is effective in retaining the cubic structure in cobalt. With regards to nickel, at least 24 percent by weight of this element is required to produce the desired effect when it is the only element added to cobalt; but when nickel and iron are both added, it has been found that lesser amounts of nickel are required. Thus it is not necessary to add 12 percent nickel or 0.25 percent carbon to 3 percent iron to form the equivalent of 6 percent iron, for lesser amounts are found to be equivalent due to a synergistic effect. Specific-ally when iron and nickel are both added to cobalt, the minimum amount required is defined by the following equation.
where Fe equals the percent by weight iron and Ni equals the percent by weight nickel, and where at least one of said elements is present in amounts of at least one percent. The maximumamount of these elements which should be added to cobalt are a maximum of 0.75 percent carbon, a maximum of 11 percent iron, and a maximum of 30 percent nickel.
Alloys produced in accordance with the specifications set forth above will exhibit cold-forrnable characteristics allowing their use in many operations for which cobalt and other cobalt base alloys are unsuited.
The work-hardening tendency of cobalt under coldforming operations is due to its close-packed hexagonal crystal structure. But while cobalt has this type of crystal structure at room temperatures, at temperatures above 780 F. cobalt possesses a face-centered cubic crystal structure. It is Well known in the art that metals possessing face-centered cubic structures are quite ductile and amenable to cold-forming.
By the addition of the elements listed above to a cobalt base, the allotropic transformation from a cubic structure to the close-packed hexagonal structure that ordinarily takes place at 780 F. is suppressed to a point below room temperature with the result that the predominantly cobalt alloys of this invention possess a cubic crystal structure at room temperature. These cobalt alloys by virtue of their cubic crystal structure will withstand moderate to large amounts of cold-forming without severe loss of ductility or detrimental increases in hardness. Furthermore, while possessing a cubic structure not found in pure cobalt at room temperatures, these alloys still have such similar physical and mechanical properties as pure cobalt, that they are substitutable for pure cobalt in many applications.
In Table A, a number of alloy compositions are shown in comparison to their predominent crystal structure at room temperatures and their cold formability characteristics.
TABLE A Nominal Composition, Percent by weight Crystal Structure Cold Work- Alloy ability Cr Ni Poor. Poor. Good. Good. Poor. Poor. Good. Good. Good. Good.
1 HOP means hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. 1 FCC means face-centered cubic crystal structure.
It is evident from inspection of Table A that the addition of carbon, iron and nickel to cobalt has lowered the allotropic transformation point of cobalt to a point below room temperature. It is the addition of these elements in effective amounts that causes the existence of a facecentered cubic structure at room temperature.
Although commercially available cobalt may contain a small amount of nickel, iron, carbon or other impurities which cannot be avoided during refinement of the metal, these metals are not present in sufficient amounts nor in the proper proportions required to retain a facecentered cubic structure at room temperature.
The ductility of some of these alloys after a cold-working operation was determined by means of hardness tests and bending tests. These tests were performed on ordinary cobalt alloys and the predominantly cobalt alloys of this invention. The bending tests were performed on sheets of the alloy compositions indicated by bending the sheets and noting the angle at which rupture occurs on the convex surface of the'bend. Materials which can undergo a 180 bend without rupture possess high ductility. The results of these tests are shown in Table B where the alloy compositions C, D, etc., refer to the alloys listed in Table A.
TABLE B Remanent Ductility After Cold Working Hardness, Angle Alloy Standard of Bend Compo- Condition after cold working Rockwell Before sition B Rupture,
Test degrees annealed to relieve internal stresses 80 1 180 cold reduced no anneal 91 160 annealed to relieve internal stresses- 74 1 180 cold reduced 10%, no anneal 91 1 180 annealed to relieve internal stresses- 83 180 cold reduced 10%, no anneal 2 Re: 90
annealed to relieve internal stresses- 50 1 180 cold reduced 10%, no anneal 75 1 180 cold reduced 30%, no anneal 79 1 180 f 1 Itndicates that samples were flattened back on themselves without rac ure.
Corresponds to a Rockwell 13" reading of 101.
Since relatively small amounts of carbon, iron or nickel can produce the face-centered cubic structure in cobalt at room temperatures, the resulting alloy is predominantly cobalt and exhibits many of the properties of pure cobalt with the improvement in workability over pure cobalt. Table C compares some physical and mechanical properties of several of the alloys mentioned in this specification with those of pure cobalt.
TABLE C Properties of Some Typical Alloys Alloy Property A C D E H Hardness, Rockwell B 1 79 79 76 92 83 Curie Temperature 1 2, 040 2,030 2,000 1, 805 Tensile Strengt 2 86, 000 105, 000 115, 000 87, 000 Erichsen value, mm. 6. 0 6. 45 3. 5 6.5 Predominant Crystal Structure l-ICP FCC FCC HCP FCC Density, grams per cc 8. 9 8. 9 8. 7 8. 7 8.5
1 Represent cast; cobalt as given in Cobalt," R. S. Young, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1948, p. 66.
2 Represents wrought annealed material as given in Metals Reference Book, O. J. Smithells, Interscience Publisher, Inc., 1955, vol. 2, p. 803.
K Erichsen value is the depth of a cup which can be formed in sheet material without rupture with a standard mandrel and die.
The substantial similarity in properties of these predominantly cobalt alloys with pure cobalt allows the substitution of the workable predominantly cobalt alloys of this invention for pure cobalt in many applications. For example in the production of magnets containing cobalt, the fabrication of the magnets is complicated by the poor workability of pure cobalt. The highly workable alloys of this invention, because they possess similar magnetic properties, are substitutable for pure cobalt in this application.
Pure cobalt has many other unique properties, for example, radio-active, electrical and thermal properties, which are essentially unaiiected by the alloying pro cedures of the present invention which yield a coldformable cobalt material.
In addition to nickel, iron, and carbon, there are other elements which also stabilize the face-centered cubic crystal structure. These elements include those in the group containing boron, manganese, aluminum, titanium, copper and tin and they can be substituted in whole or in part for the nickel, iron and carbon in the alloy.
There are other substances which instead of suppressing the allotropic transformation from cubic to hexagonal structure, will actually stabilize the hexagonal structure. This group includes chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon. Table D shows several addition alloy compositions having varying amounts of these impurities.
The amounts of these elements that may be tolerated in alloys of this invention will be governed by the degree to which they stabilize the hexagonal crystal struc ture or impair workability. For example alloy F of Table A, containing 1 percent molybdenum and 4 percent chromium in a cobalt base, possesses the hexagonal structure of pure cobalt at room temperature and exhibits poor workability. On the other hand, the presence of 5 percent chromium and 2 percent molybdenum in alloy L of Table D is not sutiicient to stabilize the hexagonal structure against the action of the stronger cubic formers 4 percent iron, 4 percent nickel and 0.15 percent carbon.
The alloys may be melted by standard furnacing procedures. Vacuum melting is preferred when a minimum amount of oxides and gas inclusions is desired. To insure good hot-working characteristics of the alloy, it has been found that sulfur and phosphorous contents should be kept as low as possible, since these elements severely impair workability.
These alloys may be hot-worked, or they may be cold- Worked by well-known methods to produce sheet, tubing, wire, strip, etc. An example of the need for a coldformable material of a predominantly cobalt composition is found in the production of a composite tube welding rod. A composite tube welding rod consists of a tubular sheath which contains alloy elements within the tube such that the deposition of such a material by ordinary welding techniques will produce an alloy deposit having a composition including the metal composing the tubular sheath and the elements contained in the sheath. Typical elements contained in these tubes are carbon, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, or other alloy ingredients.
The use of such composite tube welding rods for producing iron-base or nickel-base weld deposits is quite common in industry since both these metals are easily cold-formed into thin-walled small-diameter tubular sheaths. However, the difficulty of forming high cobalt alloys into thin-walled small-diameter tubing has precluded the practical and economic production of cobaltbase welding rods of this type. At present cast and wrought cobalt-base alloy welding rods are manufactured in solid rod form. They are used to produce hard surfacing deposits which are wear-resistant and/or corrosion resistant. By means of an alloy of the present invention, it is now commercially practical to produce cobalt-base composite tube welding rods having coldformable cobalt alloys of this invention as the sheath material. These composite tube welding rods can now be produced in continuous coils of the harder and more wear-resistant grades of cobalt-base hard surfacing alloy, previously made only in short cast lengths.
As an example a composite tube welding rod having a tubular sheath made of a ductile cobalt alloy of this invention could contain a filler material having the following composition: 72 percent chromium, 14 percent tungsten, 1 percent iron, 3.5 percent carbon, and 3.5 percent cobalt. A tubular rod of this type produced a weld deposit similar to those previously obtainable only from cast weld rods.
Another application for a cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloy would be its use as a sheath for a composite tube welding rod in which the filler material is tungsten carbide. A filler material composed of about 8 percent chromium and 92 percent tungsten carbide was placed in a predominantly cobalt tubular sheath. Such a material would be useful for producing wear-resistant hardsurfacing deposits. During deposition, the molten cobalt alloy sheath dissolved some of the tungsten carbide and, upon cooling, rejected a precipitate in the solid state, thus producing a deposit having large particles of unmelted tungsten carbide retained in a cobalt-rich matrix. This deposit had excellent wear-resistant properties.
The filler material may be in the form of a pre-alloyed powder or elemental particles may be used. The compositions listed above do not represent limits. Other compositions may be used to produce almost any composition in the final weld deposit.
What is claimed is:
l. A cold-formable cobalt alloy having a predominantly face-centered cubic crystal structure at room temperature consisting essentially of about 3 percent by weight iron,
3 percent by weight nickel and the balance cobalt and incidental impurities.
2. A welding rod comprising a tubular sheath containing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable, cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities.
3. A cold-formable cobalt alloy having a predominantly face-centered cubic crystal structure at room temperature, said alloy consisting essentially of cobalt together with iron and nickel, the minimum amounts of iron and nickel being defined by the following equation:
where Fe equals the percent by weight iron and Ni equals the percent by weight nickel, at least one of said elements being present in an amount of at least one percent, and up to a maximum amount of iron equal to 11 percent by weight and a maximum amount of nickel equal to 30 percent by Weight, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities.
4. A welding rod comprising a tubular sheath contain ing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities, and said filler material consisting essentially of about 14 percent by weight tungsten, about 1 percent by weight iron, about 3.5 percent by weight carbon, about 9.5 percent by weight cobalt, and the balance chromium and incidental impurities.
5. A welding rod comprising a tubular sheath containing a filler material alloying with said tubular sheath upon melting in a welding operation, said tubular sheath being composed of a cold-formable cobalt alloy consisting essentially of at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon in amounts from 0.5 to 0.75 percent by weight, iron in amounts from 6 to 11 percent by weight, and nickel in amounts from 24 to 30 percent by weight, said elements being present in equivalent amounts when more than one of said elements is selected, and the balance cobalt in a minimum amount of 70 percent by weight and incidental impurities, and said filler material con-sisting essentially of about 8 percent by weight chromium and the balance tungsten carbide and incidental impurities.
6. A cold-formed article of manufacture in the form of sheet, tube, wire and the like having substantially the properties of pure cobalt and consisting essentially of cobalt together with iron and nickel, the minimum amounts of iron and nickel being defined by the following equation:
Fe+vii=m 4 percent by weight nickel, about 0.1 percent carbon, and the balance cobalt and incidental impurities.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Fahrenwald July 13, 1920 Stoody May 24, 1927 Feild July 4, 1950 Culbertson J an. 18, 1955 Malcolm June 21, 1955
Claims (1)
- 3. A COLD-FORMABLE COBALT ALLOY HAVING A PREDOMINANTLY FACE-CENTERED CUBIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, SAID ALLOY CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF COBALT TOGETHER WITH IRON AND NICKEL, THE MINIMUM AMOUNTS OF IRON AND NICKEL BEING DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US801688A US3091022A (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1959-03-25 | Cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloys |
FR818795A FR1248840A (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1960-02-17 | Alloys predominantly cobalt capable of being cold formed |
CH279160A CH394618A (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1960-03-11 | Cobalt-based alloy |
DE19601608401 DE1608401B1 (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1960-03-22 | Use of a cold-formable cobalt alloy as a material for the tubular sheath of selenium electrodes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US801688A US3091022A (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1959-03-25 | Cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloys |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3091022A true US3091022A (en) | 1963-05-28 |
Family
ID=25181799
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US801688A Expired - Lifetime US3091022A (en) | 1959-03-25 | 1959-03-25 | Cold-formable predominantly cobalt alloys |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3091022A (en) |
CH (1) | CH394618A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1608401B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR1248840A (en) |
Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3271140A (en) * | 1964-03-26 | 1966-09-06 | John C Freche | High temperature cobalt-base alloy |
US3425828A (en) * | 1966-03-11 | 1969-02-04 | Coast Metals Inc | Production of cobalt strip and the like |
US3445624A (en) * | 1965-04-12 | 1969-05-20 | Soudure Electr Autogene | Cobalt alloy and welding electrode based upon this alloy |
US3466243A (en) * | 1965-11-29 | 1969-09-09 | Nasa | Alloys for bearings |
US3501277A (en) * | 1966-03-11 | 1970-03-17 | Coast Metals Inc | Ductile cobalt strip |
US3607249A (en) * | 1970-01-20 | 1971-09-21 | Fred C Robertshaw | Cobalt-iron-tantalum high-temperature-strength alloy |
US3639177A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1972-02-01 | Craig S Tedmon Jr | Ferrous metal substrate with dense, black glossy oxide coating and process for coating preparation |
US3848313A (en) * | 1967-10-11 | 1974-11-19 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Friction armature with friction and magnetic linings |
EP0008550A1 (en) * | 1978-08-22 | 1980-03-05 | Imphy S.A. | Powder-filled wire for welding and surfacing, producing the deposition of a cobalt-base alloy |
FR2434003A1 (en) * | 1978-08-22 | 1980-03-21 | Creusot Loire | Filler rod for welding or deposition welding of cobalt alloys - has cobalt sheath surrounding alloy powder core contg. chromium, tungsten, carbon, and other metals |
FR2459107A2 (en) * | 1979-06-15 | 1981-01-09 | Creusot Loire | Filler rod for welding or deposition welding of cobalt alloys - has cobalt sheath surrounding alloy powder core contg. chromium, tungsten, carbon, and other metals |
EP0603407A1 (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1994-06-29 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd | Vapor deposition material and production method thereof |
US6391172B2 (en) | 1997-08-26 | 2002-05-21 | The Alta Group, Inc. | High purity cobalt sputter target and process of manufacturing the same |
EP1234631A2 (en) * | 2001-02-17 | 2002-08-28 | Castolin Eutectic International S.A. | Cored wire |
US20020189953A1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-12-19 | Guangxin Wang | Method for processing metals |
US20060210826A1 (en) * | 2005-03-21 | 2006-09-21 | Wu James B C | Co-based wire and method for saw tip manufacture and repair |
US20110011253A1 (en) * | 2009-05-26 | 2011-01-20 | Dynamic Flowform Corp. | Stress Induced Crystallographic Phase Transformation and Texturing in Tubular Products Made of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys |
US8910409B1 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2014-12-16 | Ati Properties, Inc. | System and method of producing autofrettage in tubular components using a flowforming process |
US9217619B2 (en) | 2011-03-02 | 2015-12-22 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Composite gun barrel with outer sleeve made from shape memory alloy to dampen firing vibrations |
US9662740B2 (en) | 2004-08-02 | 2017-05-30 | Ati Properties Llc | Method for making corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts |
US10118259B1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2018-11-06 | Ati Properties Llc | Corrosion resistant bimetallic tube manufactured by a two-step process |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US1346189A (en) * | 1919-10-15 | 1920-07-13 | Frank A Fahrenwald | Firearm and alloy for making same |
US1627748A (en) * | 1922-03-25 | 1927-05-10 | Nat Pneumatic Co | Safety system for railway cars |
US2513303A (en) * | 1946-12-30 | 1950-07-04 | Armco Steel Corp | Coated cobalt alloy products |
US2700091A (en) * | 1953-10-12 | 1955-01-18 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Flux |
US2711467A (en) * | 1950-02-21 | 1955-06-21 | Chapman Valve Mfg Co | Method of producing hard facing welded deposits |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2121759A (en) * | 1929-10-30 | 1938-06-21 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Alloy |
-
1959
- 1959-03-25 US US801688A patent/US3091022A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1960
- 1960-02-17 FR FR818795A patent/FR1248840A/en not_active Expired
- 1960-03-11 CH CH279160A patent/CH394618A/en unknown
- 1960-03-22 DE DE19601608401 patent/DE1608401B1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1346189A (en) * | 1919-10-15 | 1920-07-13 | Frank A Fahrenwald | Firearm and alloy for making same |
US1627748A (en) * | 1922-03-25 | 1927-05-10 | Nat Pneumatic Co | Safety system for railway cars |
US2513303A (en) * | 1946-12-30 | 1950-07-04 | Armco Steel Corp | Coated cobalt alloy products |
US2711467A (en) * | 1950-02-21 | 1955-06-21 | Chapman Valve Mfg Co | Method of producing hard facing welded deposits |
US2700091A (en) * | 1953-10-12 | 1955-01-18 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Flux |
Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3271140A (en) * | 1964-03-26 | 1966-09-06 | John C Freche | High temperature cobalt-base alloy |
US3445624A (en) * | 1965-04-12 | 1969-05-20 | Soudure Electr Autogene | Cobalt alloy and welding electrode based upon this alloy |
US3466243A (en) * | 1965-11-29 | 1969-09-09 | Nasa | Alloys for bearings |
US3425828A (en) * | 1966-03-11 | 1969-02-04 | Coast Metals Inc | Production of cobalt strip and the like |
US3501277A (en) * | 1966-03-11 | 1970-03-17 | Coast Metals Inc | Ductile cobalt strip |
US3848313A (en) * | 1967-10-11 | 1974-11-19 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Friction armature with friction and magnetic linings |
US3639177A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1972-02-01 | Craig S Tedmon Jr | Ferrous metal substrate with dense, black glossy oxide coating and process for coating preparation |
US3607249A (en) * | 1970-01-20 | 1971-09-21 | Fred C Robertshaw | Cobalt-iron-tantalum high-temperature-strength alloy |
EP0008550A1 (en) * | 1978-08-22 | 1980-03-05 | Imphy S.A. | Powder-filled wire for welding and surfacing, producing the deposition of a cobalt-base alloy |
FR2434003A1 (en) * | 1978-08-22 | 1980-03-21 | Creusot Loire | Filler rod for welding or deposition welding of cobalt alloys - has cobalt sheath surrounding alloy powder core contg. chromium, tungsten, carbon, and other metals |
FR2459107A2 (en) * | 1979-06-15 | 1981-01-09 | Creusot Loire | Filler rod for welding or deposition welding of cobalt alloys - has cobalt sheath surrounding alloy powder core contg. chromium, tungsten, carbon, and other metals |
EP0603407A1 (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1994-06-29 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd | Vapor deposition material and production method thereof |
EP0603407A4 (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1995-02-08 | Sumitomo Electric Industries | Vapor deposition material and production method thereof. |
US5441010A (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1995-08-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Evaporation material and method of preparing the same |
US6126760A (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 2000-10-03 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Evaporation material |
US6391172B2 (en) | 1997-08-26 | 2002-05-21 | The Alta Group, Inc. | High purity cobalt sputter target and process of manufacturing the same |
US6585866B2 (en) | 1997-08-26 | 2003-07-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | High purity cobalt sputter target and process of manufacturing the same |
US6818119B2 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2004-11-16 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method for processing metals |
US20020189953A1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-12-19 | Guangxin Wang | Method for processing metals |
US20020189937A1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-12-19 | Guangxin Wang | Apparatus for processing metals |
US6843896B2 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2005-01-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Apparatus for processing metals |
EP1234631A2 (en) * | 2001-02-17 | 2002-08-28 | Castolin Eutectic International S.A. | Cored wire |
EP1234631A3 (en) * | 2001-02-17 | 2004-05-06 | Castolin Eutectic International S.A. | Cored wire |
US9662740B2 (en) | 2004-08-02 | 2017-05-30 | Ati Properties Llc | Method for making corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts |
US20060210826A1 (en) * | 2005-03-21 | 2006-09-21 | Wu James B C | Co-based wire and method for saw tip manufacture and repair |
WO2006102034A2 (en) * | 2005-03-21 | 2006-09-28 | Deloro Stellite Holdings Corporation | Co-based wire and method for saw tip manufacture and repair |
WO2006102034A3 (en) * | 2005-03-21 | 2007-12-06 | Deloro Stellite Holdings Corp | Co-based wire and method for saw tip manufacture and repair |
US20110011253A1 (en) * | 2009-05-26 | 2011-01-20 | Dynamic Flowform Corp. | Stress Induced Crystallographic Phase Transformation and Texturing in Tubular Products Made of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys |
US8302341B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 | 2012-11-06 | Dynamic Flowform Corp. | Stress induced crystallographic phase transformation and texturing in tubular products made of cobalt and cobalt alloys |
US8671609B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 | 2014-03-18 | Dynamic Flowform Corp. | Stress induced crystallographic phase transformation and texturing in tubular products made of cobalt and cobalt alloys |
US8910409B1 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2014-12-16 | Ati Properties, Inc. | System and method of producing autofrettage in tubular components using a flowforming process |
US9217619B2 (en) | 2011-03-02 | 2015-12-22 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Composite gun barrel with outer sleeve made from shape memory alloy to dampen firing vibrations |
US10118259B1 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2018-11-06 | Ati Properties Llc | Corrosion resistant bimetallic tube manufactured by a two-step process |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR1248840A (en) | 1960-12-23 |
DE1608401B1 (en) | 1970-11-19 |
CH394618A (en) | 1965-06-30 |
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